ROUND OFF Example: 83 495 83 000 3 2 1 0 Rules to remember for rounding off 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 retain the digit. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 add by 1.

1. Rounding off to the nearest tens, hundreds or thousands. Tens Hundreds Thousands 10 100 1 000 One zero Two zeros Three zeros 4 5 6 7

+ 1

(Nearest thousands)

8 9

Tens Hundreds Thousands

+1

(10) circle 1 digit from the right. (100) circle 2 digits from the right. (1 000) circle 3 digits from the right.

Examples 1: Round off 5 246 to the nearest tens (10). 5 24 6 5 25 0 (answer) o If the 1st digit from the right 6 is larger than 5 (see diagram 1) add 1 to the digit 4 and replace 1 zero at the end.

Examples 2: Round off 48 379 to the nearest hundreds (100).

+1

48 3 48 4

7 0

9 0 (answer)

If the 2nd digit from the right 7 is larger than 5 (see diagram 1) add 1 to the digit 3 and replace 2 zeros at the end.

PLACE VALUE

Place value Digit value

Ten Thousands Hundreds Thousands 20 000 5 000 100

Tens 80

Ones 3

Example: 3 8 9 2 4 5

5 4 2 9 8 3

one tens hundreds thousands ten thousands hundred thousands

ADDITION
Example: Adding two numbers. 3 0 5 4

+
Step 1

4 7 8

Write the problem in the columns. Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

3 +
Step 2

0 4

5 7

4 8

Then, add the ones column. 1 Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

3 +

0 4

5 7

4 8 1 2

8 ones + 4 ones. = 12 ones.

Step 3 Next, add the tens column. 1 Thousands Hundreds

1 Tens Ones

0 4

5 7 1 3
= 13 tens

4 8 2
= 1 hundreds 3 tens.

1 tens + 5 tens + 7 tens.

ADDITION
Adding three numbers (without trading) Example: (2 051 + 1 228 + 510 = Add the first two numbers (a). Add the other number to this sum, as illustrated below (b). )

2 0 5 1 1 2 2 8 3 2 7 9 3 2 7 9 5 1 0 3 7 8 9

(a)

(b)

Adding three numbers (with trading) Example: (3 029 + 4 876 + 698 = Add the first two numbers (a). Add the other number to this sum, as illustrated below (b). 1 1 1 1 1 )

3 0 2 9 + 4 8 7 6 7 9 0 5 (a) +

7 9 0 5 6 9 8 8 6 0 3 (b)

SUBTRACT
Subtract two numbers (with trading) Example : 6 8 2 3 4 7 6 9

Step 1 Write the problem on the columns. Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

Step 2

6 4

8 7

2 6

3 9

First, subtract the ones. Thousands Hundreds Tens

1

Ones
10 +

6 4

8 7

2 6

3 9 4

Subtract the bottom ones place digit from the top ones place digit (3 9). We do not know how to do this, so we need to rearrange the number to make the top value larger.

Regroup 1 tens into 10 ones, make the 3 into 13 . 13 ones 9 ones = 4 ones. The 4 is placed below the line in the ones place column.

Next, subtract the tens. Thousands Hundreds

7

Tens
10 + 1

Ones

6 4

8 7

2 6 5

3 9 4

The top tens place value becomes 1 after trading one tens from it. Regroup 1 hundreds into 10 tens 10 tens + 1 tens = 11 tens. 11 tens 6 tens = 5 tens. Then, subtract the hundreds. 5 Thousands Hundreds
7

Tens
1

Ones

6 4

8 7 0

2 6 5

3 9 4

7 hundreds 7 hundreds = 0 hundreds. Finally, subtract the thousands. Thousands Hundreds

7

Tens
1

Ones

6 4 2

8 7 0

2 6 5

3 9 4

6 thousands 4 thousands = 2 thousands.

6 823 4 769 = 2 054

Subtract three numbers (without trading) Example: (6 994 3 012 251 = Subtract the first two numbers (a). Subtract the other number from this remainder, as illustrated below (b). Subtract from right to left. )

6 9 9 4 3 0 1 2 3 9 8 2 (a)
Subtract three numbers (with trading) Example: ( 6 994 3 012 251 = Subtract the first two numbers (a). )

3 9 8 2 2 5 1 3 7 3 1 (b)

Subtract the other number from this remainder, as illustrated below (b). Subtract from right to left.

3 17 10

4 10

7 4 8 0 2 3 8 9 5 0 9 1 -

5 0 9 1 4 6 1 4 6 3 0

(a)

(b)

MULTIPLY

Since it is multiply by 100, place the two zeros (00) to the right after product. 315 x 1 (00) 3 1 5 00 (answer) Points to note Tens has one zero (0) Hundreds has two zeros (00) Thousands has three zeros (000)

Generalizing from the pattern, have pupils consider: 485 x 100 is: 485 x 1 = 485

485 x 1 hundreds = 485 hundreds = 485 00 9 312 x 10 is: 9 312 x 1 9 312 x 1 tens = 9 312 = 9312 tens = 9312 0 75 x 1 000 is: 75 x 1 = 75 93 120 (answer) 48 500 (answer)

75 x 1 thousands = 75 thousands = 75 000 (answer)

Multiply any four-digit numbers with 10, two digit-numbers with 100 000 is the same way as multiply three-digit numbers with 100.

Tips (DIVISION)

(Divide four or five-digit number with two-digit) Build related time-table. Example: 42 252 12 =

0 0

1 12

2 24

3 36

4 48

5 60

6 72

7 84

8 96

9 108

3 12 4 3
1

5 2

2 5

1 2

2 6

6 6

2 0 2 5 4 1 1 0 2 2 0

FRACTION
Notes: A proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator, for example
2 and it is read as two over three or two thirds. 3

2 3

numerator denominator

a)

Same denominators
2 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 4 6

bigger
5 6 6 6

**The bigger the numerator, the higher the value b) Numerator of 1 and different denominators bigger
1 8 1 7 1 6 1 6 1 5 1 8 1 4 1 3 1 2

**The smaller the denominator, the higher the value. Notes: 1. To add fractions having the same denominator, add the numerators to get the numerator of the sum and use the same denominator. Example :
1 8

3 4 = 8 8

= 2.

1 2

simplest form

To add fractions with different denominators, change the fractions to its equivalent fractions.

: Examples addition of fractions,

a)

with same denominator

1 3 1 4

+ +

1 2 = 3 3 3 4 = 4 4

=1

b)

with different denominator

1 8

1 1 = 8 4 1 = 8 3 = 8

1x 2 4x 2 2 + 8

2 5

1 2 1 X2 = + 10 5 10 X 2 4 1 = + 10 10 5 = 10 1 = simplest form 2

DECIMAL

Place value: Whole number part Hundreds 1 Tens 7 Ones 3 Decimal part Tenths 8 Hundredths 9

100

70

8 9 = 0.8 = 0.09 10 100

Decimal
10

1 digit numerator 2 digits numerator = = = = 0.4 0.9 0.08 0.24

100 4 10 9 10 8 100 24 100

TIME
1 minute = 60 seconds 1 hour = 60 minutes

1 day = 24 hours 1 week = 7 days 1 month = 30 days 1 year = 12 months

1 year

= 365 days 1 decade = 10 years

1 leap year = 366 days

TABLE AKU metre cm 1 mm 0

TABLE AKU metre 1 0 cm 0

1 cm = 10 mm 10 cm = 100 mm

1 m 10 m

= 100 cm = 1000 cm

1 Km 1m 1 cm

= 1000 m = 100 m = 10 mm

MASS
kilogra m 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 gram 1 000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100

VOLUME OF LIQUID

Table Aku:

Shape and Space

Rectangle

4 sides

Triangle

3 sides

Square

4 sides

The perimeter of a shape is the sum of the lengths of all its sides.

Example 1: 6 cm 5 cm 3 cm

Perimeter = 6 cm + 3 cm + 6 cm + 3 cm = 18 cm

Perimeter = 5 cm + 5 cm + 5 cm + 5 cm = 20 cm

Area = Length x Breadth

Example 1 Breadth Length Example 2 a) Length = 10 cm

b) Breadth = 10 cm 5 cm 7 cm 3 cm

5 cm

NOTE : The Standard unit for area: Area = = = Length x Breadth 7 cm x 3 cm 21 cm2 1. Square centimetre (cm) 2. Square metre (m)