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+ + =
A
(5)
where m ,
b
c and
b
k are the mass, damping coefficient and horizontal stiffness of the
isolated mass, respectively;
b
u is the displacement of the base isolator relative to the
ground; ( )
b
u
is the friction coefficient of the sliding surface, which is a function of sliding
velocity; and
i
g
u
t t
e e e
(
= +
(
A A
(7)
The sliding displacement of the base isolator between time
1 i
t
and
i
t can be obtained from
Eqs. (6) and (7) as:
1
1 1
2 2
1 2
( ) ( cos sin )exp( )
( ) sgn( ) ( )
b d d n
i i
g g
i i i
b b g g g
n n n
u A B
u u
u g u u u u
t t
t e t e t e t
t
e e e
= +
(
+ +
(
A A
(8)
At the beginning of each time step, the sliding displacement is equal to that at the end of the
previous time step, i.e.
1
0 ( )
i
b b
u u
= .
The coefficient A of Equation (6) can be obtained as:
1 1 1
2
1 2
( ) sgn( ) ( )
i i i i
b b b g g g
n n
A u u g u u u u
t
e e
(
= +
(
A
(9)
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Advanced Base Isolation Systems for Light Weight Equipments
113
The derivative of Eq. (8) respect to t leads to:
1
2
( ) ( sin cos )exp( )
( cos sin )exp( )
b d d d d n
i i
g g
n d d n
n
u A B
u u
A B
t
t e e t e e t e t
e e t e t e t
e
= +
+
A
(10)
Backsubstitution of
1
0 ( )
i
b b
u u
=
into Eq. (10) results in:
1
1
2
1
( )
i i
g g
i
b n
d n
u u
B u A
t
e
e e
= + +
A
(11)
The sliding acceleration of the base isolator relative to the ground can be given by:
2 2
2 2
2
( ) ( cos sin )exp( )
( sin cos )exp( )
( cos sin )exp( )
b d d d d n
n d d d d n
n d d n
u A B
A B
A B
t e e t e e t e t
e e e t e e t e t
e e t e t e t
=
+
+ +
(12)
3.3.1 Condition for non-sliding phase
The kinetic friction coefficient has been considered as the same as the static friction
coefficient. Therefore, as the summation of the inertia and restoring forces imposing at the
base raft is lower than the quasi-static friction force, i. e.:
min
( )
b g b b b b
m u u c u k u mg + + + <
(13)
Then the structure will behave as a conventional fixed base structure, and the sliding
displacement, sliding velocity and relative acceleration are:
constant
b
u =
, 0
b b
u u = =
(14)
3.3.2 Initiation of sliding phase
The base isolated rigid mass will behave as a fixed base structure unless the static friction
force can be overcome. During the sliding phase, the equation given in the following should
be satisfied:
min
( )
b g b b b b
m u u c u k u mg + + + >
(15)
Because the time increment adopted in the time history analysis (e.g. 0 0005 . sec t A = ) is quite
smaller than that of the sampling time of the earthquake history, it is reasonable to assume
that the direction of sliding at the current time step is the same as the previous time step. It
should be noted that the direction of sliding remains unchanged during a particular sliding
phase. At the end of each time step, the validity of inequality Eq. (15) should be checked. If
the inequality is not satisfied at a particular time step, then the structure enter a non-sliding
phase and behaves as a fixed base structure.
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Earthquake-Resistant Structures Design, Assessment and Rehabilitation
114
3.3.3 Simplified mathematical model for DO-FPS isolator
The simplified model based on the equilibrium at the slider of the DO-FPS isolator can be
shown in the following. As shown in Fig. 28, horizontal forces
1
F and
2
F imposing at the
concave trench and spherical sliding surfaces, respectively, can be expressed as:
1 1 1
1
sgn( )
W
F u W u
R
= +
(16)
and
2 2 2
2
sgn( )
W
F u W u
R
= +
(17)
where W is the vertical load resulting from the superstructure ;
1
R and
2
R represent the
radii of curvature of the concave trench and spherical sliding surfaces, respectively;
1
u and
2
u depict the horizontal sliding displacements of the slider relative to the centers of the
concave trench and spherical sliding surfaces, respectively; represents the friction
coefficient for the Teflon composite interface which depends on the sliding velocity; and
1
u
and
2
u