Lecture 4 - 2003

Pure Twist
pure twist around center of rotation D => neither axial () nor bending forces (Mx, My) act on
section; as previously, D is fixed, but (for now) arbitrary point.
as before:
a) equilibrium of wall element:
d
q +
|

d

|
t = 0
ds
\
dx
.
b) compatibility (shear strain)
d
u +
d
v = = 0
small deflections
ds dx
c) tangential displacement (v) in terms of , and (geometry)
v
=

cos
( )
+ h
p

( )
+

sin
x x x x
N.B. h
p
=>h
D
from definition of problem
further assumptions:
1) preservation of cross section shape => = (x); = (x) = (x)
2) shear though finite is small ~ 0 =>
d
u =
|

d
v
|
ds
\
dx
.
3) Hooke's law holds => = E
u
axial stress
x
----------------------------- from equilibrium --------------------------------
pure twist

( dA = N
x
(
h
p
dA =
(
q h
p
ds = T
p

( ( ( dA = N
x
= 0

( y dA = -M.z

( )
dA = ( qcos


( cos
( )
ds = V
y
( y dA = M
z
= 0




( sin
( )
ds = V
z
( z dA = M
y
= 0
( z dA = M
y

( )
dA = ( qsin

pure twist also => only is finite i.e. other displacements (and derivatives) = = 0 =>
v
( )
+

sin =
x
cos
x
( )
+ h
p


becomes
v
= h
D


x x x x
using negligible shear assumption
d
u =
|

d
v
|
=>
d
u = h
D


and integration along s =>
ds
\
dx
.
ds x
1 notes_13_pure_twist.mcd

u =

(
h
D
ds + u
0
x
x
(
( )

( ) which showed u linear with y and z => plane sections plane. previously u = 'Y ' Z + u
0
x
|

|

here - only if h
D
is constant so it can come outside h
D
( 1 ds - is u (longitudinal

. \
displacement) linear. u is defined as warping displacement (function).
stress analysis can be made analogous for torsion and bending IF the integrand h
D
ds thought to
be a coordinate. calculation of stresses will involve statical moments, moments of inertia and
products of inertia which will be designated "sectorial" new coordinate =
wrt arbitrary origin and wrt normalized sectorial coordinate (as before like wrt center of area)
d = h
D
ds = d
the warping function then becomes:

( ) = + u
0
x u = + u
0
x ' ( )
x
b) warping stresses
as before: axial strain = du/dx => u' = + u'
0
x '' ( ) and
= E u' = '' + E u'
0
x E ( )

( )
(
(
'' + E u'
0
x ( dA = 0
determines u'
0
x
(
E ( )
)
dA = 0
=>

( dA ( dA

and stress becomes:

( ) = E'' = '' + E'' = '' E u'
0
x
A
E E
A
|

|

( dA ( dA

|

E E that is: = '' = '' where
=
\
A
. A
this defines the normalized coordinate in the same sense as y and Y etc.
..............................................................
as an aside:
u' =
=>
u = + constant d = h
D
ds '' '
in this sense, is defined as the unit warping function
displacement per unit change in rotation
dependent only on s within a constant
................................................................
2 notes_13_pure_twist.mcd
shear flow follows from integration of
d
q +
|

d

|
t = 0 along s as above and leads to :
ds
\
dx
.

d
d
s
q =
\
|

d
d
x

.
|
t
=>
q s, x) =
(
d
t ds + q
1
x (
(
dx
( )

using the expression for axial stress = E u' = '' E

s
|

s
|
( ( )
(
|

d

|
t ds = q
1
x

s
'''t ds = q
1
x

q s, x) = q
1
x
(
\
dx
.
( ) ( E ( ) + E'''

\
(
0
t ds
.
0

0
where q
1
x ( ) is f(z) and represents the shear flow at the start of the region. it is 0 at a stress free
boundary which is convenient for an open section: q
1
x ( ) = 0
as before if we designate the integrals which are the static moments of the cross section
area: e.g. Qy and Qz:

s
Q

= ( dA = ( t ds
= "sectorial statical moment of the cut-off portion of the cross section"

0
(
therefore:
q s, x) = E'''Q


designate torsional moment wrt D by T
(
h
D
dA =
(
q h
D
ds = T

( (


now, since d = h
D
ds = d =>
(
q h
D
ds = ( q d and using integration by parts
(

parts:

( ) ( ) 0
=
( u dv = (uv) b uv ( ) ( v du
u q v =

du = dq dv = d
integration along s and as dq = q/s*ds


( q d = q(s = b) q(s = 0) ( dq = q(s = b) q(s = 0)
(

q
ds

(
s

q(s = b) = 0
and
q(s = 0) = 0
as q(s=b) and q(s=0) = 0 (stress free ends)
now using equilibrium:
d
q +
|

d

|
t = 0
ds
\
dx
.
3 notes_13_pure_twist.mcd


( q d = 0
(

q
ds =
(

d
d
x
t ds
substituting = '' from above
d
= ''' =>

(
s
(
E
dx
E

E E ( q d =
(

d
t ds = '''( t ds = '''I

(
dx

where


similar to Iz
I

= ( dA = ( t ds I
z
= ( y y dA = ( y yt ds
N.B. sometimes this

is represented by Iyy

going back to the relationship for torsional moment, where we have derived relationships for
(
q h
D
ds
(

=>

T

T

=
(
q h
D
ds = ( q d = '''I

therefore: ''' =
E I

E
(

if we think of a distributed
torsional load (moment/unit
length) m
D
;
equilibrium over element dz =>
T
T + dT/dx*dx
mD
T

+ m
D
dx +

T

+

|d
T

|
dx
(
(
= 0
=>
T'

= m
D
\
dx
.
and just as M'
y
= V
z
the warping moment M'

may be defined as M'

= T

M

thus: '' = and the stresses are as follows:

E I

E ( ( = '' =
and ... from q s, x) = E'''Q

q s, x) = t = Q

I

I

4 notes_13_pure_twist.mcd
c) Center of twist
calculation of the sectorial quantities assumes center of twist y
D
and z
D
are known. the
second and third equilibrium conditions above require:

( y dA = 0 ( z dA = 0
for pure twist


E using = '' this requires ( y dA = 0 and ( z dA = 0 as E 0 and '' 0

now for some geometry: determine distance from tangent to wall from h
D
in terms of the coordinates of the
center, the angle () that the y axis would have to rotate to line up with the positive direction of the tangent and
the perpendicular distance from the origin of the centroidal coordinates h
C
ds
hC
hD
a
b
C
y
z
tangent




D
parallel to
yD
zD
h
D
= h
C
a b
a = y
D
cos =
( ) ( )
b z
D
sin
cos
( )
=

( )
= cos

|
= sin
2
\
2
.
sin
( ) ( )
= sin

|
= cos
\
2
.
tangent
h
D
= h
C
a b = h
C
y
D
cos
( )
= h
C
y
D
sin
( ) ( )
z
D
sin
( )
+ z
D
cos
multiply by ds and apply geometry:

ds
dy
dz

y,
( )
ds + z
D
cos h
D
ds = h
C
ds y
D
sin
( )
ds
dscos
( ) ( )
= dz = dssin
( )
= dy = ds
(
cos
( )
z, dssin
( ))
dy = dscos
( )
ds + z
D
cos h
D
ds = h
C
ds y
D
sin
( )
ds = h
C
ds y
D
dz + z
D
dy
sectorial coordinate = hds =>
h
D
ds = d
D
= h
C
ds y
D
dz + z
D
dy = d
C
y
D
dz + z
D
dy
5 notes_13_pure_twist.mcd
I
z
I
y
z
D
which is now integrated:

D
=
C
y
D
z + z
D
y
and introduced into the equilibrium equations above where is
D
:

( y dA = 0 and ( z dA = 0 =>


(

D
y dA = 0 =
(
(

C
y
D
z + z
D
y
)
y dA
and ....
(

D
z dA = 0 =
(
(

C
y
D
z + z
D
y
)
z dA
( ( ( (

now using second moment nomenclature (including treating as a coordinate) =>

(

C
y dA y
D
( y z dA + z
D
( y y dA = 0
becomes

(


I
zc
y
D
I
yz
z
D
I
z
= 0
recall that I
yc
is referred to C for
and .......

(

C
z dA y
D
( z z dA + z
D
( y z dA = 0
becomes
I
yc
y
D
I
y
+ z
D
I
yz
= 0
(


which provides two equations in two unknowns y
D
and z
D
Given
I
yc
y
D
I
y
+ z
D
I
yz
= 0 I
zc
y
D
I
yz
+ z
D
I
z
= 0
|

y
D
|
:= Find
(
y
D
, z
D
)

\
z
D
.
y
D

I
yc
I
z
I
yz

2
I
zc
and ...
z
D

I
zc
I
y
+ I
yz
I
yc
I
y
I
z
I
yz
I
y
I
z
I
yz
2
and for principal axes I
yz
= 0
I
yz
:= 0 y
D
:=
(
I
yc
I
z
I
yz
I
zc
)
z
D
:=
(
I
zc
I
y
+ I
yz
I
yc
)
|
2
| |
2
|
\
I
y
I
z
I
yz
. \
I
y
I
z
I
yz
.
I
yc
I
zc
y
D
I
y
and ...
z
D
I
z
6 notes_13_pure_twist.mcd