Andrew Lee- Political Philosophy Page 1 of 3, Machiavelli

3/26/04- Machiavelli and the Transformation of Western Politics Ancients- Aquinas; Moderns- Machiavelli Jonathan Swift- Battle of the Books, Hobbes, Rousseau, Nietzsche, Locke Machiavelli, Ch. 15- Announces the rejection of Classical Approach Ch.6- To introduce something new in Politics/Morality Dangerous; Gradual introduction of new things Machiavelli- Aristotles Politics/Ethics; Accomplished more than ancient tradition. Aiming lower than characteristic goals. Plato/Aristotle emerged as thinkers- Moderns addressing a pre-existing tradition of thought. Machiavelli Turned Plato/Aristotle, Observes current world- First political philosopher who quotes himself Princes keep faith (Ch.3 Ch. 18), Keep truths (foreshadowing). Deceptive manipulative: Frederick the Great- Anti-Machiavellian; Unjust man- praises injustice ~ injustice in perception ?- How does Machiavelli find it a good thing to do? Essence of what he knows about Politics- Princes and fortune. 1st Chapter- Table of contents, Republics or Principalities, Used to living free. 2nd Chapter- ~Republics, Pricnipalities, Prince and Republics= Object of Conquest. Under republic or living free. Old Principalities, Ch. 2- Wholly New Principalities, Things H. Principalities Observations. 1) Ordinary industry= Maintain himself. 2) Extraordinary/Excessive force ~take away from you; Fortune 3) Natural good will of his own; ~hated, of mixed Principalities 3/29/04- Ch.3-7, Machiavelli Innovation of Novelty- Ch. 3, Monarchy/Hereditary monarchy new things; Mixed principality, conquest/holding of new territory. Howproceed in reasoning? Characteristically Machiavellian, general rules/teachings: Rules must be tested by relevant particular examples. You must test against the rules. Ch.4- French v. Turk, carries analysis a step further, republics. Acquisitions are something difficult. Hereditary prince v. Ch. 2, Natural prince ~ ordinary industry. Transition from Ch.2 Ch. 3. When you conquer a place, you do lot fo damage, ppl love you b/c of interest. Driven out= 2nd conquest 1. Punish offenders 2. Expose suspects 3. ~ Weaknesses. Do your friends in anyway. Ch. 18- King Louis, ~keeping faith, unless valid/strong. Conquered territory, Mr. ~Nice Guy. Conquered once or twice explicit eventually. ~ worry about faith. Develops Ch. 3 to becoming an accomplice. Human beings have moral obligations. Justice= obstacle. Archetype- violation of moral principles benefits both sides, beneficial to territory. ~#2 conquering. Acquisitions origins of nationalism, language/customs, if ruled by Princes 1) Killed royal family 2) ~ Changing of laws/taxes live there in person 1) Colonies 2) Troops, expel/disperse inhabitants, balance of power 1) Garrisons bad, colonists good 2) Anti-Aristotle, judicious choice 3) Councils of moving- 1. Weaken powers- keep attached; 2. ~lead strong foreigners in that rear area. Middle Romans- Political ills are a consumptive fever. Difficult to diagnose. Romans- political prudence/wisdom in Evil to brew, see that and to act, but wait problem out beyond repair,= chance or fortune Venice, Florence, Papacy, Naples One- Thus: ~Lombardy, Right= prince ~blame, Wrong= failure= blame Ch.4- ~ Rebellion, Structure of rule. Former harder to conquer, easier to hold (Unity). Easier to conquer, harder to hold (~Unity); Barons Republics than other Eliminate republic or living in it. Ch. 6- Moves to Theme- New prince is new principality, most difficult because of new mode/orders. Moses, Cyrus, Theseus, Romulus, mere executor, Founder- New founder.

Andrew Lee- Political Philosophy Page 2 of 3, Machiavelli

3/31/04 Ch. 6 & 7- Highest themes- Moses, Theseus, Cyrus, Romulus- Virtues; New moules/orders- Invariable benefit. Believe it, armed prophets succeed, denounces of vices/ills of Italy. Moses- bring people back to first principals; Religion in politics, armed prophets. If you depend on the arms of others, security is unsure; Existing order of modes- replace it with the new usurpers of the old order will support you more to bring about the new order. Ch. 15- Character of moral innovations Ch. 8- overthrowing existing legal order, existing govt./prince; Glorious founder= traitor, criminal revolutionary; Treason doth never prosper: for if it does, none doth call it treason. New order in success/prosperity Ch. 7- Relying on Arms/Fortune; Father- pope, arms of France, starting in Romania; prudence is whatever; Transform into own virtue 4th paragraph- Pg. 29 & 30- arms; Harshness= Order, Civil Courts= next, lingering resentment, Raid for our harshness Acquiring & Acquisition- Governing well, = good for ruler, next pope blew it Two ways to become a prince: 1) through crimes; 2) the support of the people Ch.8- Crimes prince, virtue in crimes; ancient and modern examples Ch. 9- Tyrant- Prince, Virtues & Crimes= opposition, ~ Call attaining position by virtue Sicilia Gathycles- Syracuse military, kills all leader of the state; cruelty badly used or well used Liverotti di Fermo, Learn military arts. Formal/Advanced as a military leader, Conference of the Orsini (Crimes are provisional, undermining moral distinctions.); Well-used; Cruelties= growth w/time. Kindlier measures. Cruel in the beginning, but ended up living happily ever after. Observe first mode can reconcile at the end. Thus, use cruelty in the beginning, then turn to kindlier measures. Ch.9- Tyrants, support of people in community. Republic tyrant, Two diverse humans to every such city. Medical image, two diverse humors. People & the great. Two factions at odds w/each others. One or the other humor must be put into a humors. If you get into a crisis, concentration through one man leadership is best. No neglect necessity of princely governing in terms of crisis and funding. Axiomatically- princely concentration, ~dictatorshipRose. Honor, getting done w/ Republican, Rome- popular support means it is better to win over support of people. If you become prince by their support then you will always have competition, etc. Ch. 10- Forces of all principalities, started on the offensive, seems to end that section. Ecclesiastical principalitiesdifferent, subsist by supervise causes. Church bad- ~ mercenaries, revolutionary forces. 4/2/04- Machiavelli Armed prophet succeed, Unarmed prophets fail. Ecclesiastical- ~Military forces, End Ch. 12, Church whose priests ~ mercenary forces; Provocative assertion. Good laws/good arms- overrun vs. Where good arms good laws Arms/Laws: How could it come to pass? Best Soldiers= everything else in place, weaving in religion & politics. Course is belief= armed prophet. Armed forces of Syracuse. Old Testament- David v. Goliath, David ~ need others arms- Rely on your own arms Must rely on himself- Genuine political competition; Compassionate/Virtuous Virtues/Vices- praise or blame, truth or imagination, ~guide you astray; Auguste; City of God Necessity- Observation, wicked appear to prosper= problem of power Machiavelli- rejects traditional virtues= new view prevails Stronger pragmatic tradition. Virtues- work, traits of character Virtue- crul measure. One way or the other. Inhumane monster Ch. 15- Ch. 16- Liberality or Parsimonious Fear above Love. Seeming.Reality; Pious, religious; faithful 4/5/04- Machiavelli- Ch. 19, everything else Use and acquisition of property; Acquire successfully ~Blame; Rejects classical tradition of morality Ch. 17- Property/Acquisition- liberality= uses up resources contemptible and hated, or ~ resources; MPX= destroys itself

Andrew Lee- Political Philosophy Page 3 of 3, Machiavelli

Property Life. Fear/Death; rely on fear more than love, escape being hated. ~ taking away property, defender of property. Ch. 18- Faith; Appearance vs. Realities Appear to have manifest justification. Keep your word Ch. 19- Virtuous/Vices/Avoiding Property Roman emperor, Marcus Aralias; Particular context of diversity of mode and outcome of acting. Models of Integrity & respect Violence, Severice- Mode of Deception, ruled for a long time Marcus- ~ owe to other people. Moved in smooth and orderly way. Period of good emperors. Chose ~ his son and passed onto someone with good qualities. Marcus- Philosopher- Commodes took power= savage/ bad & universally hated Roman empire= Machiavelli & of use, might have to deal with princes. Republic Would-be tyrants; princely rule necessities. Opposed by most serious philosophers. Moral exhortations good= failure. Successful moral niceties= political competition. ~Prince w/ people/great. Rome also has the army Soldiers= different/separate entity of community. Mercenary soldiery, Rome= alliances w/ the army Roman Empire promotes a balance of powers to Europe, Universal decadence. Machiavelli hopes for arena of great powers ~situation of one ready for exploitation. ~Ch. 20-23 (SKIPPING) Chapter 24- More experience, certain and ever lasting. Virtue or fortune. Chapter 25- Re-examining thematically, ~virtues/advantages of time. Depends on fortune. Accordance w/ necessities of the circumstance. Fortune does everything in human affairs. Human free will= . Free will lessens the role of fortune in human affairs. Much less, frequent and push back fortune.

Mode of proceeding. Pope Julius, impetuous. Remember to act differently. Overcome the influence of fortune. Fortune loves the young. Archetype of statesman= motion wide judgment. Almost of the blueconquering/unifying Italy.