OP-AMP ACTIVE FILTERS

8.35 The circuit shown in Figure P8.35 is an active filter with C = 1 F, R = 10 k and RL = 1 k. Determine (a) the gain (in decibels) in the passband; (b) the cutoff frequency; (c) whether this is a low or high pass filter. 1. First, identify the type of filter: LP or HP or mixed configuration i.e. BP or BR 2. If it doesnt resemble directly to the above standard type (as is the case here), derive an expression for Gain (transfer-function) 3. Since it is in inverting configuration, use gain = ZF / ZS (see eqn 8.45, pg 413).

vo ( j ) = jRC vS
4. Compare your expression with the high-pass filter (see eqn 8.56, pg 415 for HP filter). Any relationship? (hint: value of Rs=0)

8.35 continued 5. The above expression gives you gain! Convert it in decibel units (logarithmic computation).

vo | ( j ) | dB = 20 . log( RC ) vS
6. The Gain at cut-off frequency is found by | AHP ( j0 ) | dB = 20. log(RC) 3dB equating to 0 in the Gain expression.

7. By varying the frequency from 0 to a large number, and observing the Gain magnitude, you will be able to tell if it is a LP (high gain at low freq. and 0 gain at high freq.s) or, a HP (0 gain at low freq. and high gain at high freq.s) 8. More details of active filters can be found from pg 413 to pg 418.

| AHP ( j ) | dB = 20. log(RC)

OP-AMP ACTIVE FILTERS

8.36 The op-amp circuit shown in P8.36, is used as a filter. C =0.1 F, RL =333 , R1 =1.8 k and R2 = 8.2k. Determine (a) whether the circuit is a low- or high-pass filter; (b) the gain Vo / Vs in decibels in the pass-band, that is at the frequencies being passed by the filter; (c) the cutoff frequency.

1. First, identify the type of filter: LP or HP or mixed configuration i.e. BP or BR 2. Use similar argument as in the previous example (this is a standard filter configuration! so you would be able to use the expression for gain directly). (see pg 414-415 for HP filter)

AHP ( j ) =

jCR2 (1 + jR1C )

| AHP ( j ) |=

( / 0 )( R2 / R1 ) 1 + ( / 0 ) 2

Now at =0; the num. is 0, hence, AHP ( j ) = 0

The pass-and in HP is from 0 to

At cut off freq. = 0 | AHP ( j0 ) | =

Lim | AHP ( j ) |= 2 R1
R

R2 / R1 2

8.2 /1.8 2

Pass band Gain in decibel scale : | AHP ( j0 ) | dB = 20. log(R2 / R1 ) = 13.17dB

At cut off freq. it will reduce to 13.17 3 = 10.17 dB
The cut-off frequency 0 = 1/R1.C = 5555rad/s = 884.1Hz