Noorul Islam College of Engineering Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Cellular Mobile Communication S8 ECE TWO MARK

QUESTIONS
1. Define the term mobile. Any radio terminal that would be moved during operation. 2. Classify the mobile radio transmission systems. Simplex & Duplex. 3. State example for a half duplex system. Push to talk and release to listen. 4. State example for a Simplex system. Pager. 5. State the operations performed by control channel Call setup, call request, call initiation and other control purposes. 6. Define page. A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area in a simulcast fashion by many base station at the same time. 7. Define the term Roamer. A mobile unit that operates in a service area other than that from which service has been subscribed. 8. What is frequency planning ? The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all the cellular base stations within a system is called frequency planning. 9. What is trunking efficiency ? It is a measure of the number of users which can be offered a particular GOS with a particular configuration of fixed channels. 10. State the basic constituents of a cellular system. Mobile unit, cell site and mobile telephone switching office. 11. State the two different types of fading. Long term fading & short term fading. 12. Define rayleigh fading. It refers to the variation in the received signal which is due to the waves reflected from surrounding buildings and other structures.

13. Mention certain examples of wireless systems WLL, Pager, cellular mobile, cordless phones etc. 14. State the different types of Voice channel. Forward Voice channel and Reverse voice channel. 15. Define handoff ? When a mobile moves from one cell to another the control of this mobile is transferred from one cell to another. This process is referred as handoff. 16. Define cluster. The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies is called a cluster. 17. Give the equation which illustrates the relation between capacity of a system and cluster size. C = MKN 18. State the different classifications of channel assignment strategies. Fixed and dynamic. 19. What is the use of RSSI ? This is receive signal strength indicator. This information is sent to the cell site from the mobile unit so that the MTSO can decide for a handoff. 20. Mention the type of handoff used in CDMA. Soft handoff. 21. State the two different types of fading. Long term fading & short term fading. 22. Define rayleigh fading. It refers to the variation in the received signal which is due to the waves reflected from surrounding buildings and other structures. 23. Mention the three partially separable effects of radio propagation. The three partially separable effects of radio propagation are, Multi path fading Shadowing Path loss 24. What is an isotropic antenna? Isotropic antenna is appoint source antenna that radiates power equally well in all direction. 25. What is the feature of omni-directional?

Omni-directional antenna is an approximation of ideal isotropic antenna. As transmit antenna, they radiate well in all directions. As receiver antenna they receive signal from all directions. They have a unity gain. 26. Write short note on directional antenna. Directional antenna concentrates the radiated power in a particular direction. Directivity D is defined as, D= Power density at distance r Mean power density at distance r 27. Write down the empirical relation for path loss? Lp=Pt Pr Where Pt and Pr are power transmitted and power received. 28. Mention the basic propagation mechanisms, which impact propagation in mobile communication. The basic propagation mechanisms are, Reflection Diffraction Scattering 29. What is reflection? Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon an object, which has very large dimension when compared to the wavelength of propagating wave. 30. What is diffraction? Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver is obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities.

31. What is scattering? Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of objects with dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength and where the number of obstacles per unit volume is large. 32. Define Brewster angle? The Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of origin. It occurs when the incident angle q b is such that the reflection coefficient Is equal to zero. 33. Why we use 1mi intercept for mobile communication? Within a 1mi radius the antenna beam width of a high gain omni-directional antenna is narrow in vertical plan. Larger the elevation angle weaker the reception level. 34. What are the possible conditions in a point-to-point prediction model? The possible conditions in a point to point prediction model are, Non Obstructive direct path.

Obstructive direct path. 315. What are the merits of point-to-point model? The merits are, Produces an accurate prediction with a deviation of 8dB. Reduces the uncertainty range by including the detailed terrain contour information. 36. What is a smart antenna? A smart antenna system consist of an antenna array, associated RF hardware and a computer controller that changes array pattern in response to radio frequency environment. 37. What is EIRP? Effective isotropic radiated power is referenced to an isotropic source. The difference between ERP and EIRP is 2dB ERP=EIRP-2dB 38. Define Long term fading. The average power received over a long distance is referred as long term fading. 39. Define Short term fading. The power received over a very short intervals of distance or time is referred as long term fading. 40. State the classifications of long term propagation model. Indoor and Out door.

41. What is modulation? Modulation is the process of encoding information from a message source in a manner suitable for transmission. It generally involves translating a baseband message signal at frequencies that are very high when compared to baseband frequency. 42. What is amplitude modulation? In amplitude modulation , the amplitude of the high frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating message signal. 43. What is frequency modulation? Frequency modulation is a form of angle modulation in which the instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal is varied linearly with the baseband message m(t) 44. What are the two methods of generating an FM signal? There are basically two methods of generating an FM signal: direct method and indirect method. 45. What is power efficiency?

Power efficiency describes the ability of a modulation technique to preserve the fidelity of the digital message at low signal power levels. It is expressed as the ratio of the signal energy per bit to noise power spectral density

46. What is bandwidth efficiency? Bandwidth efficiency reflects how efficiently the allocated bandwidth is utilized and is defined as the ratio of the throughput data rate per Hertz in a given bandwidth. 47. Briefly explain equalization. ISI has been recognized as a major obstacle to high-speed data transmission over wireless channels. Equalization is nothing but, any signal processing operation that minimizes ISI. 48. Why we need adaptive equalizer? Since the mobile fading channel is random and time varying, adaptive equalizers are needed to track the time varying characteristics of the mobile channel. 49. Why we go for non- linear equalization? Non-linear equalizers are used in applications where the channel distortion is too severe for a linear equalizer to handle, and are commonplace in practical wireless systems. 50. Give three effective non- linear equalization methods. a) Decision Feedback Equalization b) Maximum likelihood Symbol Detection c) Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation 51. What is RAKE Receiver? RAKE Receiver attempts to collect the time-shifter versions of the original signal by providing a separate correlation receiver for each of the multipath signals. 52. What is search window? The range of time delays that a particular correlator can search is called a search window. 53. Define threshold extension technique. This technique is used in FM demodulators to improve detection sensitivity to about (SNR)in = 6dB. 54. Define absolute bandwidth. The absolute bandwidth of a signal is defined as the range of frequencies over which the signal has a non-zero power spectral density. 55. Define half power bandwidth. The half-power bandwidth is defined as the interval between frequencies at which the PSD has dropped to half power, or 3dB below the peak value.

56. Define spectral efficiency. Spectral efficiency is defined as the ratio of transmission rate to the required bandwidth. 57. What large-scale fading? Large-scale fading is caused by shadowing due to variations in both the terrain profile and the nature of the surrounding .

58. What is antenna diversity? By selecting the best signal all the times, a receiver can mitigate small-scale fading effect and this is called antenna diversity or space diversity. 59. What is macroscopic diversity? By selecting a base station which is not shadowed when others are, the mobile can improve substantially the average signal- to noise ratio on the forward link. This is called macroscopic diversity. 60. What are the space diversity reception methods? 1.selection diversity 2.feedback diversity 3.maximal diversity 4.equal gain diversity

61. What are the two types of speech coders? 1.waveform coder 2.vocoder 62. What is waveform coder and vocoders? Waveform coders essentially strive to reproduce time waveform of the speech signal as closely as possible. vocoders achieve very high economy in transmission bit rate. 63. What is quantization? Quantization the process of mapping a continuous range of amplitude of a signal in to a finite set of discrete amplitudes. 64. What are the types of quantization techniques? 1.uniform quantization 2.nonuniform quantization 3.adaptive quantization 4.vector quantization 65. What is vector quantization? Vector quantization is a delayed-decision coding technique which maps a group of input samples , called vector to a code book index. 66. What is sub band coding?

Sub band coding is one in which the sub band coder divides the speech signal in to smaller sub bands and encodes each sub bands separately according to some perceptual criterion. 67. What is the goal of speech coding? The goal of the speech coding technique is to transmit speech with the highest possible quality using least possible channel capacity .

68. State the different types of handoffs. Soft handoff, hard handoff, forced handoff, delayed handoff and mobile associated handoff. 69. What is intersystem handoff ? During a course of a call, if a mobile moves from one cellular system to a different cellular system controlled by a different MSC it is referred as intersystem handoff. 70. What is co channel interference ? Interference between signals from cells that operate in same frequency is referred as channel interference. 71. What is grade of service ? It is a measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system during the busiest hour. 72. What is cell splitting ? It is a process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells. 73. What is sectoring ? The process of using directional antennas in a cell is referred as sectoring. 74. State the different techniques used for improving coverage and capacity in cellular systems. Cell splitting, Sectoring, Repeaters for range extension and Microcell zone. 75. State the expression that relates co channel reuse ratio (Q) to radius (R) of a cell Q = D/R D Distance between center of co channel cells 76. State the expression used to locate co channel cells. N = i2 + ij + j2
77

. Define the term dwell time. The time over which a call may be maintained within a cell without handoff.

78. State the advantage of umbrella cell approach. It provides large area coverage to high speed users while providing small area coverage to users traveling at low speeds.

79. Define co channel cells. The cells that operate with the same set of frequencies are referred as co channel cells. 80. What is GOS. It is a measure of the ability of the user to access a trunked system during the busiest hour. 81. Define Holding time. Average duration of a typical call. 82. Define Request rate. The average number of call requests per unit time. 83. What is trunking efficiency? It is a measure of the number of users that can be offered a particular GOS with a particular configuration of fixed channels. 84. Define the term Erlong. One Erlong represents the amount of traffic intensity carried by a channel that is completely occupied. 85. State the relation between traffic intensity (Au ) and holding time (H). Au = lH. l = request rate 86. State the two types of trunked system. Blocked call cleared system and Delayed call cleared system

87.How many co channel interferes are present in the first tier for a cluster size of 7? Six

88. Mention the type of handoff used in CDMA. Soft handoff. 89. State the techniques used for SSB generation. Filter method and balanced modulator method. 90. State the types of modulation schemes used in mobile communication. GMSK, GFSK and DQPSK. 91. Give the equation used to represent a BPSK signal. SBPSK (t) = m(t) 2 92. What is coherent detector ? Eb cos (2fct + c) Tb

If the receiver has prior knowledge of the transmitted signal then the receiver is known as coherent detector. 93. What is CPFSK ? Continuous phase frequency shift keying. It is another name for MSK. 94. What is QAM ? Quadrature amplitude modulation. 95. What is 3 dB bandwidth ? Half power bandwidth is referred as 3 dB bandwidth. 96. What is a diversity receiver? Diversity receiver is the diversity scheme applied at the receiver end of the antenna in all effective technique for reducing interference, where selective combiner is used to combine two-correlated signal. 100. What is the expression for effective equivalent aperture A? A= l 2 Z0 4p2 RL l-Operating wavelength. Z0 -Intrinsic Impedance (120p ). RL-Load resistance. 101. Expand PCS, PLMR, NLOS and DECT. PCS - Personal Communication Systems. PLMR Public Land Mobile Radio NLOS Non Line Of Sight DECT Digital Equipment Cordless Telephone 102. What are main subsystems of GSM architecture? i) Base station subsystem (BSS) ii) Network &switching subsystem (NSS) iii) Operation support subsystem (OSS) 103. What are frequencies used in forward and reverse link frequency in GSM? (890-915) MHz- reverse link frequency (935-960) MHz- forward link frequency 104. What are the channel types of GSM system? i) GSM traffic channel ii) GSM control channel 1. Broad cost channel 2. Common control channel 3. Dedicated control channel 105. What is CDMA digital cellar standard (is 95)? IS-95- interim standard

IS 95 allows each user with in the a cell to use the same radio channel and user in adjacent cell also use the same radio channel since this is a direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA system. 106. What are frequencies used in forward and reverse link frequency in IS-95? (824-849) MHz- reverse link frequency (869-894) MHz- forward link frequency 107. If a cellular operator is allocated 12.5 MHz for each simples band and if bt is 12.5 MHz bguard is 10 KHz & Bc=10khz find the number of channel available in an FDMA system. N= (bt --2 bguard) / Bc N=(12.5 MHz-2(10 KHz))/ 10khz =416channel 108. State certain access technologies used in mobile satellite communication systems. FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. 109. Compare and contrast CDMA & TDMA. CDMA more secure Infinite No. of users TDMA less secure Limited no. of users 120. Advantages of packet switching. No dedicated path needed More traffic can be handled Higher Efficiency. Explanation

Part- B 1. Explain elaborately about types of handoffs. Hard handoff Soft handoff Forced handoff Delayed handoff Mobile assisted handoff 2. Explain in detail about dropped call rate and cell splitting. Definition of dropped call rate Consideration of dropped calls Relation ship among capacity, voice quality and dropped call rate Formulae for dropped call rate Diagram for cell splitting Theory for cell splitting

3. Explain the different techniques of improving coverage and capacity in cellular system Explanation about cell splitting Explanation about sectoring Explanation about Mirozone approach 4. Derive the expression for Erlang B and Erlag C formulas Explanations about Blocked call cleared system and Delayed call cleared System Derivation for Erlang B formula Derivation for Erlang C formula

5. Explain in detail about usage of repeater for coverage improvement. Repeaters Usage in providing coverage.

6.Explain about equalisation and RAKE receiver? Fundamentals : Operation Block diagram of communication system using adaptive equaliser &a basic linear equalizer during training. Training a generic adaptive equaliser: Block diagram of a basic linear equalizer during training. Equalisation techniques: RAKE receiver: 7. Write about speech coding? Goal of all speech coding system is to transmit speech with the highest possible quality using the least possible capacity. Waveformcoders Vocoders Characteristics of speech signals: Quantization techniques: Adaptive quantisation: Vector quantisation Adaptive differential pulse code modulation(ADPCM) Frequency domain coding of speech:types 8. With necessary diagrams explain minimum shift keying. Diagrams Derivation for MSK CPFSK Theory Advantages 9. Compare the different digital modulation schemes. Comparison based on

Bandwidth Data rate Complexity of transmitter and receiver Modulation relations Compression of message signal Power efficiency 10. With necessary diagrams explain Gaussian minimum shift keying. Diagrams Derivation for GMSK Block diagram of GMSK Theory Advantages 11. Describe in detail about any one analog modulation scheme. Amplitude modulation or frequency modulation Basic derivation Modulation index Bandwidth occupied Transmitter and receiver block diagrams Explanation of block diagrams 12. Explain in detail about DQPSK. Diagrams Derivation for DQPSK Block diagram of DQPSK /4 QPSK Theory Advantages 13. Compare and contrast the features of FDMA,TDMA and CDMA Comparision based on Bandwidth Security Efficiency 14. Describe the cellular Packet switched Architecture. Diagram Explanation Comparison 15. Explain various wireless data services Types CDPD Explanation 16. With neat diagram explain the forward CDMA channel Structure Frequency Hopping

Explanation Direct Sequence 17. Compare Circuit Switching and Packet Switching. Comparision based on Bandwidth Security Efficiency