WORD ORDER Word order is very important in English; but it is not complicated, and can be reduced to a few basic

rules or principles. 1.1 In a normal (declarative) sentence, the subject of a sentence comes directly in front of the verb. The direct object (when there is one) comes directly after it: Examples: The man wrote a letter. People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones. The president laughed. 1.2. Note that by the subject, we mean not just a single word, but the subject noun or pronoun plus descriptive phrases that go with it. The rest of the sentence - i.e. the part that is not the subject - is called the predicate. Example: People who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones. 1.3. If a sentence has any other parts to it - indirect objects, adverbs or adverb phrases - these usually come in the following places: 1.3.1 The position of the indirect object The indirect object follows the direct object when it is formed with the preposition to: : The indirect object comes in front of the direct object if to is omitted Example: The doctor gave some medicine to the child. or: The doctor gave the child some medicine. 1.3.2. Adverbs or adverb phrases can come in three possible places: - Before the subject (Notably with common adverbs or adverb phrases) Example: Yesterday the man wrote a letter. - After the object (Virtually any adverb or adverb phrase can be placed here) Example: The man wrote a letter on his computer in the train. - In the middle of the verb group. (Notably with short common adverbs) Example The man has already written his letter 1.4 In standard English, nothing usually comes between the subject and the verb, or between the verb and the object. There are a few exceptions. The most important of these are adverbs of frequency and indirect objects without to. Example: The man often wrote his mother a letter. I sometimes give my dog a bone. If you always apply these few simple rules, you will not make too many word order problems in English. The examples above are deliberately simple - but the rules can be applied even to complex sentences, with subordinate and
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Jawaban

coordinated clauses. The director, [who often told his staff (to work harder),] never left the office before [he had checked his e-mail.] 1.5 QUESTIONS: Remember this simple and common English phrase: How do you do? The structure of almost every simple question in English is based on this same model: (Question word) - Auxiliary or modal - subject - main verb - (plus the rest of the sentence): Examples What did Tom Cruise do? Did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English quickly? How quickly did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English ? Has the representative from that German company sent us his invoice yet? 2: Exceptions Of course, there are exceptions to many rules, and writers and speakers sometimes use different or unusual word order for special effects. But if we concentrate on the exceptions, we may forget the main principles, and the question of word order may start to seem very complex! So here are just a few examples: you should realise that they exist, but not try to use them unless either they are essential in the context, or else you have fully mastered normal word order patterns. (Don't try to run before you can walk!) A few examples: - Never before had I seen such a magnificent exhibition. (After never or never before, subject and verb can be - and usually are inverted). - Hardly had I left the house, than it started to rain. (When a sentence starts with hardly, subject and verb must be inverted.). - Had I known, I'd never have gone there. (Inversion occurs in unfulfilled hypothetical conditional structures when if is omitted.. See the page on conditional clauses for more details) - The book that you gave me I'd read already. (The long object, The book that you gave me, is placed at the start of the sentence for reasons of style: this unusual sentence structure is not necessary, just stylistic). 3: Going further: other issues of word order. Specific word order issues are also considered on other pages:

Word order in relative clauses Word order with phrasal or prepositional verbs
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Determining the order of adjectives

Action Verbs Action verbs are verbs that show the performance of an action. They are dynamic verbs that show something happening. There are regular and irregular action verbs. Regular Verbs Simple Past / Past Participle Spelling Rules The simple past tense is formed by adding -ed to the end of the verb. However there are several rules depending on the spelling of the verb, these are:If the base of the verb ends in:

-e only add -d (raid - raided) a consonant plus -y the y is turned into -ied (study - studied / try - tried) -c add -ked (panic - panicked) a single vowel plus a consonant and is stressed on its final syllable the consonant is usually doubled and -ed added (plan - planned) -p, g or -m the consonant is usually doubled and -ed added (ram rammed / tap - tapped / gag - gagged) -l the consonant is usually doubled (travel - travelled)

Regular Verbs Base Form Present Simple Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous Past Simple Past Progressive/Continuous Past Perfect Simple
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To walk I walk every day. I have walked twice so far today. I have been walking for 2 hours. I walked yesterday. I was walking yesterday when I saw a bear. I had walked for five miles by the time I got home.

Present Progressive/Continuous I am walking. (now)

Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous Future Simple Future Progressive/Continuous Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Progressive Irregular Verbs

I had been walking for 2 hours when I saw the bear. I will go for a walk tomorrow. I am walking tomorrow. I will have already gone for a walk by the time I meet my friends. I will have been walking for 2 hours by the time I meet my friends.

The only rule is that there are no rules for the spelling of irregular verbs, they have to be learnt. Sorry! For example:To run Present Simple Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous Past Simple Past Progressive/Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous Future Simple Future Progressive/Continuous Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Progressive I run every day. I have run twice so far today. I have been running for 2 hours. I ran yesterday. I was running yesterday when I saw a bear. I had run for five miles by the time I got home. I had been running for 2 hours when I saw the bear. I will go for a run tomorrow. I am running tomorrow. I will have already gone for a run by the time I meet my friends. I will have been running for 2 hours by the time I meet my friends. Present Progressive/Continuous I am running. (now)

Regular Verbs Simple Past / Past Participle Spelling Rules The simple past tense is formed by adding -ed to the end of the verb. However there are several rules depending on the spelling of the verb, these are:4

If the base of the verb ends in:

-e only add -d (raid - raided) a consonant plus -y the y is turned into -ied (study - studied / try - tried) -c add -ked (panic - panicked) a single vowel plus a consonant and is stressed on its final syllable the consonant is usually doubled and -ed added (plan - planned) -p, g or -m the consonant is usually doubled and -ed added (ram rammed / tap - tapped / gag - gagged) -l the consonant is usually doubled (travel - travelled)

Regular Verbs Base Form Present Simple Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous Past Simple Past Progressive/Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous Future Simple Future Progressive/Continuous Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Progressive Irregular Verbs The only rule is that there are no rules for the spelling of irregular verbs, they have to be learnt. Sorry! For example:To run
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To walk I walk every day. I have walked twice so far today. I have been walking for 2 hours. I walked yesterday. I was walking yesterday when I saw a bear. I had walked for five miles by the time I got home. I had been walking for 2 hours when I saw the bear. I will go for a walk tomorrow. I am walking tomorrow. I will have already gone for a walk by the time I meet my friends. I will have been walking for 2 hours by the time I meet my friends.

Present Progressive/Continuous I am walking. (now)

Present Simple Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive/Continuous Past Simple Past Progressive/Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous Future Simple Future Progressive/Continuous Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Progressive

I run every day. I have run twice so far today. I have been running for 2 hours. I ran yesterday. I was running yesterday when I saw a bear. I had run for five miles by the time I got home. I had been running for 2 hours when I saw the bear. I will go for a run tomorrow. I am running tomorrow. I will have already gone for a run by the time I meet my friends. I will have been running for 2 hours by the time I meet my friends.

Present Progressive/Continuous I am running. (now)

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: Website : Bahasa Inggris : 10 : siti fauziah bu / pak ... q mo tnya donx ... bisa tlong dibuatin contoh kalimat nouns as adjective gk ?

Pertanyaan

: sekalian pngertian dari nouns as adjective tu apa . sblm & sesudahya mksh .. : Operator TIT Noun as Adjective As you know, a noun is a person, place or thing, and an adjective is a word that : describes a noun: adjective noun clever teacher
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Penjawab

Jawaban

small black

office horse

Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. In that case, the first noun "acts as" an adjective. noun as adjective noun history ticket race teacher office horse

The "noun as adjective" always comes first If you remember this it will help you to understand what is being talked about:

a race horse is a horse that runs in races a horse race is a race for horses a boat race is a race for boats a love story is a story about love a war story is a story about war a tennis ball is a ball for playing tennis tennis shoes are shoes for playing tennis a computer exhibition is an exhibition of computers a bicycle shop is a shop that sells bicycles

The "noun as adjective" is singular Just like a real adjective, the "noun as adjective" is invariable. It is usually in the singular form. Right boat race toothbrush shoe-lace boat races toothbrushes shoe-laces Wrong NOT boats race, boats races NOT teethbrush, teethbrushes NOT shoes-lace, shoes-laces

cigarette packet cigarette packets NOT cigarettes packet, cigarettes packets In other words, if there is a plural it is on the real noun only. A few nouns look plural but we usually treat them as singular (for example news, billiards, athletics). When we use these nouns "as adjectives" they are unchanged:
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a news reporter, three news reporters one billiards table, four billiards tables an athletics trainer, fifty athletics trainers

Exceptions: When we use certain nouns "as adjectives" (clothes, sports, customs, accounts, arms), we use them in the plural form:

clothes shop, clothes shops sports club, sports clubs customs duty, customs duties accounts department, accounts departments arms production

How do we write the "noun as adjective"? We write the "noun as adjective" and the real noun in several different ways:

two separate words (car door) two hyphenated words (book-case) one word (bathroom)

There are no easy rules for this. We even write some combinations in two or all three different ways: (head master, head-master, headmaster) How do we say the "noun as adjective"? For pronunciation, we usually stress the first word:

shoe shop boat-race bathroom

Can we have more than one "noun as adjective"? Yes. Just like adjectives, we often use more than one "noun as adjective" together. Look at these examples: car production costs: we are talking about the costs of producing cars noun as noun as adjective adjective

noun costs

production costs car production costs

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England football team coach: we are talking about the coach who trains the team that plays football for England noun as noun as noun as adjective adjective adjective noun coach team coach football England football team coach team coach

Note: in England football team coach can you see a "hidden" "noun as adjective"? Look at the word "football" (foot-ball). These two nouns (foot+ball) have developed into a single noun (football). This is one way that words evolve. Many word combinations that use a "noun as adjective" are regarded as nouns in their own right, with their own dictionary definition. But not all dictionaries agree with each other. For example, some dictionaries list "tennis ball" as a noun and other dictionaries do not. government road accident research centre: we are talking about a centre that researches into accidents on the road for the government noun as adjective noun as noun as noun as adjective adjective adjective noun centre research centre accident research centre road accident research centre government road accident research centre

Newpapers often use many nouns together in headlines to save space. Look at this example: BIRD HEALTH RESEARCH CENTRE MURDER MYSTERY To understand headlines like these, try reading them backwards. The above headline is about a MYSTERY concerning a MURDER in a CENTRE for RESEARCH into the HEALTH of BIRDS. Note, too, that we can still use a real adjective to qualify a "noun as adjective" structure:

empty coffee jar honest car salesman delicious dog food rising car production costs famous England football team coach

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It is possible to combine the following two sentences to form one sentence containing an adjective clause: The children are going to visit the museum. They are on the bus. The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum. | adjective clause | In the sentence above, there are two other ways to write the sentence correctly using the second sentence as the adjective clause. The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum. The children on the bus are going to visit the museum. Some other sentences can be combined into a sentence using adjective clauses in a variety of ways, and they are all correct. Note the variety of ways in which the following two sentences can be combined. Jawaban : The church is old. My grandparents were married there. The church where my grandparents were married is old. The church in which my grandparents were married is old. The church which my grandparents were married in is old. The church that my grandparents were married in is old. The church my grandparents were married in is old. In the sentences above, the adjective clauses are underlined. All answers are correct. Note the use of the word "in" and how and where it is used. A. Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify nouns. The teacher has a car. (Car is a noun.) Its a new car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.) The car that she is driving is not hers. (That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car. Its a clause
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because it has a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); its an adjective clause because it modifies a noun.) Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always follow the nouns they modify.

B. A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the result of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can combine two independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these steps: 1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun and pronoun which refer to the same thing). Here are two examples: The book is on the table. + I like the book. The man is here. + The man wants the book. 2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want to make dependent. See C. below for information on relative pronouns. The book is on the table. + I like which The man is here. + who wants the book 3. Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there). The clause is now an adjective clause. The book is on the table. + which I like The man is here. + who wants the book 4. Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase it modifies (the repeated noun): The book which I like is on the table. The man who wants the book is here.

C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns. 1. These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which. These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.
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WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing (but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb. WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb. WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition. THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a preposition). 2. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where. WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns (see WF11 and pro in Correction Symbols Two). It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Here are examples with whose: The man is happy. + I found the mans wallet. = The man whose wallet I found is happy. The girl is excited. + Her mother won the lottery. = The girl whose mother won the lottery is excited. WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted. Here is an example with when: I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.= I will never forget the day when I graduated. The same meaning can be expressed in other ways: I will never forget the day on which I graduated. I will never forget the day that I graduated. I will never forget the day I graduated.

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WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where: The building is new. + He works in the building. = The building where he works is new. The same meaning can be expressed in other ways: The building in which he works is new. The building which he works in is new. The building that he works in is new. The building he works in is new Media Pelajaran Kelas Penanya Pertanyaan Penjawab : Website : Bahasa Inggris : 10 : Lionika Desilva bisa minta tolong di jelaskan gak kalimat Yes No Questions pada direct indirect : speech? tolong selengkapnya dan sejelasnya yaa. sekalian contohnya : Operator TIT Tense change As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): Direct speech Present simple She said, "It's cold." Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online." : Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday." Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."
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Indirect speech Past simple She said it was cold. Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.

Jawaban

Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999. Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years. Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday. Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." contoh:

Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

He said "Do you love me?" menjadi He asked me Whether I loved her He said " Does She lie you?" jadi He asked me if She liked me

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: Website : Bahasa Inggris : 10 : puput tolong dong beri'in contoh dialog yang menggunakan refuse sentence, offering sentence, dan accepting sentence.. : tolong ia

Pertanyaan

Penjawab

makasih :) : Operator TIT UNDERSTANDING OR EXPRESSING REQUEST, ASKING, GIVING AND REFUSING PERMISSION (Mengungkapkan permintaan, memberi dan memberikan ijin)

Jawaban

Study the following dialogue. Jane : Is it a new car John? John : Yes, it is a brand new Peugeut 307. Is it all right if I park my car here? Jane : Im sorry thats not allowed. It is too close to the intersection. The car on the right side can not see it.

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John : Over there, I think. There, it will not disturb the traffic. Jane : Yes, thats fine. It is behind my house. What brings you here? John : I remember you bought a Nikon camera long time ago. Jane : Oh, my old camera. Yes, I did. Why? John : Do you mind if I borrow that camera for a few days? Jane : Sure, John, but are you kidding? You drive an expensive car but you dont have a camera. John : it is urgent. I dont know where mine is. My friend from British Consulate called me last week. I have to take pictures of Queen Elizabeth at the Buckingham palace next week. Her photos will be exhibited in Time magazine next month. Jane : Wow! Congratulations, John. John : Thank you, Jane.

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