Problem-1: Given a set of three generators with the following cost characteristics: C1 (P1 ) = 0.00128 P12 + 6.

48 P1 + 459
C 2 (P2 ) = 0.00194 P22 + 7.85 P2 + 310 C 3 (P3 ) = 0.00482 P32 + 7.97 P3 + 78

Tutorial Problems Module-1: Power System Economic Operations

The operating limits of the generators are given as follows: 150 MW P1 600 MW
100 MW P2 400 MW 50 MW P3 200 MW

1. Find the optimal economic dispatch if the system demand is 850 MW. 2. What is the system marginal cost? 3. Also determine the incremental costs of each generator. Problem-2 Consider two generators whose cost characteristic and generation limits are given as follows:
2 C1 (P 1 ) = 0.00253P 1 + 850 $ / hr 1 + 3.19 P

100 MW P 1 600 MW

The total system loss can be expressed as follows:

2 + 5.11P + 1687 $ / hr C 2 (P2 ) = 0.00325 P2 2

100 MW P2 750 MW

5 2 + 7 10 5 P 2 , MW PLoss ( P 1 , P2 ) = 12 10 P 1 2

Given that the system demand is 900 MW, find the optimum dispatch that minimizes the total system losses while meeting the total system demand and losses. You may ignore the generating limits for this problem, if the limits are binding. Problem-3: In the 2-bus system configuration shown, the total load is concentrated at bus-2 and hence the

2 transmission loss function can be expressed as PLoss = aP 1 , where a is a loss coefficient which

is usually determined empirically. You are given that, when 120 MW power is injected at bus-1, a transmission loss of 14.4 MW is incurred. Determine the optimum dispatch for the two units and the total system load at bus-2, if the marginal cost of supplied power is $22/MWh.

Given that the incremental cost functions for the two generators are as follows:
dC1 = 0.04 P 1 + 14 $ / MWh; dP 1 dC2 = 0.05 P2 + 20 $ / MWh dP2

Problem-4: Consider three utilities interconnected by tie-lines as shown below. Their cost characteristics, power output capabilities and demand are given in the table below.
A B

Utility, m A B C

a
2 Cm = am Pm

b 18.0 12.5 9.1

C 5.1 2.9 1.6

PMAX 400 400 600

PMIN 50 60 100

Utility Demand, PD 250 250 350

+ bm Pm + cm

0.09 0.06 0.04

a. For each utility meeting its own demand, find their operating and marginal costs. b. If the utilities coordinate their dispatch to minimize the total system cost, find the optimal dispatch and system marginal cost assuming that there is no transmission constraint. What inter-utility transactions are obtained from the coordinated dispatch? c. Let us assume that the transactions are carried out one after the other in sequence. Examine if the choice of a sequence (i.e., the order of the transactions) has any bearing on the resulting payments / receipts to / from each utility, if all utilities agree to operate on split the savings principle.