UNIT-1

Global & Indian Energy Scenario

(Q.1) Explain in detail various energy resources with examples.(10 Marks) Ans:
*Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy Primary and Secondary energy: (1)Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). (2)Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earths interior, and potential energy due to earths gravity. (3)Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources Eg.coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Commercial and Non commercial energy :Commercial Energy: (1)The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as commercial energy. (2)The most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined petroleum products. (3)Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. Eg.Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc. Non-Commercial Energy:(1)The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified as noncommercial energy. (2)Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price used especially in rural households. Eg.Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating etc. Renewable and Non-Renewable energy :(1)Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Eg.wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power (2)The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be used without the release of harmful pollutants. (3)Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to vanish with time.

(Q.2) Explain Salient features of Electricity Act 2003 Ans:

Electricity Act, 2003 The government has enacted Electricity Act, 2003 which seeks to bring about a qualitative transformation of the electricity sector. *Objectives of Act: (1) The objectives of the Act are to combine the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity (2) For combining law to development of -electricity industry, -promoting competition therein,- protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas,- rationalization of electricity tariff,- ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies,- promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies,constitution of Central Electricity Authority. *The salient features of the Electricity Act, 2003 are:i) The Central Government to prepare a National Electricity Policy in consultation with State Governments. ii) To force complete the rural electrification and provide for management of rural distribution by Panchayats, Cooperative Societies, non-Government organisations etc. iii) Provision for licence free generation and distribution in the rural areas. (iv) Provision for private licensees in transmission and entry in distribution through an independent network. (v) Open access in transmission from the outset. (vi) Transmission Utility at the Central as well as State level, to be a Government company with responsibility for planned and coordinated development of transmission network. (vii) The State Electricity Regulatory Commission is a mandatory requirement (viii) Provision for payment of subsidy through budget. (ix) Provisions for theft of electricity made more strict. (x) Distribution licensees would be free to undertake generation and generating companies would be free to take up distribution businesses.

(Q.3) What is energy Security?Explain Few strategies to ensure Energy security of our country. Ans:(1) The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the imported energy sources for its economic growth. (2) India will continue to experience an energy supply shortfall throughout the future period. India has been unable to raise its oil production (3) Oil demand is raising 10%/year which has led to very big oil import bills. In addition, the government subsidises refined oil, thus increases the overall monetary loss to the government. (4) Estimates indicate that oil imports will meet 75% of total oil consumption requirements and coal imports will meet 22% of total coal consumption requirements in 2006. (5)This energy import dependence subjected to external price increase and supply variations, which threaten the energy security of the country. (6)Increasing dependence on oil imports means ,to depend on imports from the Middle East, a region susceptible to disturbances and resulting disruptions of oil supplies. (7)To deal with oil prices variations ,measures should be taken to reduce th oil dependence of economy. *Some of the strategies that can be used to meet future challenges to their energy security are: Building stockpiles Diversification of energy supply sources Increased capacity of fuel switching Demand restraint, Development of renewable energy sources. Energy efficiency Sustainable development

(Q.4) What is green house effect? What are the key green house gases? Discuss harmful effect of harmful gases? OR (Q.4) Write a short note on-Green house effect. Ans:
Green house Effect:(1) The heating up of earths atmosphere due to trapping of long wavelength infrared rays by CO2 layer in the atmosphere is called Green house gases. (2) The main reason for the increased concentration of CO2 is its combustion of fossile fuels and other human activities. (3) The name green house effect comes from fact that-This effect is used in horticulture for growing green plants in enclosure made by glass which act as heat trap. (4) The Key Green house gases are- (1)CO2 (2)CFC (3)Methane (4)Ozone (5)Nitrous oxide

*Harmful effects of Harmful gases:-

(1)Severe Storms and Flooding: (1)Extreme weather events, are striking more often and are expected to intensify and become more frequent. (2)In future more severe storms and floods along the world's crowded coastlines is likely to occur. (2) Food shortages: (1) There is general reduction in crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions. (2) Mid-continental areas and vast areas of Asia are likely to become dry. (3) Such changes could cause disruptions in food supply in a world . (3)Acid Rain: (1)Acid rain is caused by release of SO and NO from combustion of fossil fuels, which then mix with water
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vapour in atmosphere to form sulphuric and nitric acids respectively (2)The effects of acid rain are as follows: (3)Acidification of lakes, streams, and soils (4)Direct and indirect effects (release of metals, For example: Aluminum which washes away plant nutrients) (5)Killing of wildlife (trees, crops, aquatic plants, and animals) (6)Decay of building materials and paints, statues, and sculptures (7)Health problems (respiratory, burning- skin and eyes)

(Q.5)Explain salient features of Energy Conservation Act -2001 Ans:

The Government of India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act 2001. The Act provides the legal framework and institutional arrangement for an energy efficiency drive. *Salient features of Energy conservation Act-2001: (1) Standards and Labeling: (1) This will ensure that only energy efficient equipment and appliance would be made available to the consumers. (2) The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are: To develope minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified equipment , appliances. To prevent manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which is not as per standards. To introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment ,appliances. Ti circulate information on the benefits to consumers . (2) Designated Consumers : (1)The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are: (2)The government would notify energy intensive industries and other establishments as designated consumers; (3)Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered basically energy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport Sector, Power Stations, Transmission & Distribution Companies and Commercial buildings . (4)The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor; (5)Energy managers are required to be appointed by the designated consumers; (6)Designated consumers would agree with norms and standards of energy consumption as prescribed by the central government.

(Q.6)Explain Briefly Energy Reforms taking place in India. Ans:

Energy sector reforms: (1)Coal: (1) The government has recognized the need for new coal policy that would govern the future development of this industry. (2) One of the key reforms is that the government has allowed importing of coal to meet our requirements. Private sector has been allowed to extract coal for captive use only. (3) The main objective of some of the ongoing measures is to see that a competitive environment is created for the functioning of various entities in this industry. (4)This would not only increase the efficiency but also reduce the cost, which would ensure supply of coal on a larger scale at lower prices. (2)Oil and Natural gases: (1)Since 1993, private investors have been allowed to import and market liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene freely. (2)In 1997 the government introduced the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) in order to promote investment in the exploration and production of domestic oil and gas. (3)In addition, the refining sector has been opened to private and foreign investors in order to reduce imports of refined products. (3) Electricity: State level regulatory bodies have been set up to set tariffs and promote competition. Private investments in power generation were also allowed.

(Q.7)Explain long india.(10Marks) Ans:

term

and

short

term

energy

strategy

in

Short term Strategy: (1) Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products. (2) Optimum utilization of existing assets (3) Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses, including those in traditional energy sources. (4) Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for environmentally sound energy systems, including new and renewable energy sources. *Long Term Strategy: *Efficient generation of energy resources Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas Reduction of natural gas flaring Improving energy infrastructure Building new refineries Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production. Building new coal and gas power stations. Enhancing energy efficiency Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-economic, and environmental priorities Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards Labeling programmes for products and adoption of energy efficient technologies in large industries.

(Q.8)What is Energy conservation Building Code? List Salient features Ans:

(1)Aiming to stop wasteful use of energy and bridge the power demand-supply gap, the Government enacted the Energy Conservation Act (2)One of the important provisions of the EC Act is the Energy Conservation Building Codes for efficient use of energy and its conservation in the buildings or building complexes. (3)Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) sets the minimum energy performance standards for buildings. (4)It is essential that new buildings be designed and built with energy efficiency considerations. *Features of Energy Conservation Building Code: (1)ECBC encourage energy efficient design of commercial buildings so that they are designed in a manner that reduces the use of energy without affecting the building function, the comfort, health, (2)These codes eliminate building design practices that lead to unnecessarily high building energy use and energy cost. (3)Reduced capital investments in energy supply infrastructure. (4)Reduced environmental impacts. (5)Improved electricity reliability. (6)More efficient use of resource