Ten Lessons 2nd Online Ed

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC
TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

based on
Das Sabaq of Mawlana Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi
Revised & Edited by

Aamir Bashir
Copyright Dr al-Sadah Publications 2011

First Online Edition Dec 2011
Second Online Edition Jul 2012
ilmresources.wordpress.com
General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered
duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.
In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
List of Tables
ii
Acknowledgments
iii
Foreword
LESSON 1
LESSON 2
LESSON 3
LESSON 4
LESSON 5
LESSON 6
Subject and Predicate

Past Tense Verb

Verb, Subject, Object

Prepositions
Pronouns
1
7
11
19
25
31
LESSON 7
Present and Future Tense Verb
39
LESSON 8
Adjective
49
LESSON 9
Imperative & Prohibitive
57
LESSON 10
Singular, Dual, Plural
67
LIST OF TABLES
3.1
Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (

)
12
3.1a
13
3.2
Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (

)
14
3.2a
15
5.1
Prepositions (
)
25
6.1
) Pronouns
Unattached (

31
6.2
7.1
)Pronouns
Attached (

32
Verb Forms of (
) in Active Voice (
)
39
7.1a
40
7.2
Verb Forms of (
) in Passive Voice ()
41
7.2a
42
9.1
)
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (

58
9.2
)
Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (

9.2a
9.3
) in Active Voice
Creating Second Person Prohibitive (

9.4
59
) in Active Voice
Second Person Prohibitive (

9.4a
10.1
Singular, Dual, and Plural
58
60
60
61
68
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a
success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on
behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would
also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also
indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (20112012 academic year) who
suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My
prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (20112012), including Ahmad Hatim
who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable
feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions.
May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
iii
FOREWORD
This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was
based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten
Lessons] by Mawlana Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a
part of the Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years.
In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that
they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available
online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty
with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the
student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Ulooms eAlim
program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors
and students regarding improvement of the text.
Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan
2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had
remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to
make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole
text during the first term of 20112012 academic year, while teaching it to first year
students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made
the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time.
Later, during the last two terms of 20112012 academic year, I got the chance
to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More
issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011
2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have
added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word
lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While
teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students
attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the
language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for
reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists
still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words.
If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less.
This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed
considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be
disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my
best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it.
Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some
mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers,
students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback
(suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at
the email address given at the end.
This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied
with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic
books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic
vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by
Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year.
They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten
Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of
the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general
Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive
introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise
information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I
recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the
semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half.
Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been
transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be
comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate
equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless,
non-English words have been italicized.
As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals
have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by
adding an s to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain.
The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin.
The following abbreviations appear in the text:
S = Singular
M = Masculine
D = Dual
F = Feminine
P = Plural
Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the
following abbreviations:
(S/M)
(D/M)
(P/M)
(S/F)
(D/F)
(P/F)
=
=
=
=
=
=
Singular masculine which means one male

Dual masculine which means two males
Plural masculine which means multiple males
Singular feminine which means one female
Dual feminine which means two females
Plural feminine which means multiple females
vi
I hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students.
I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have
contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also
request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us all
in their prayers.
And He alone gives success.

Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
91th Shaban, 1433 (1th July, 2012)
Email: ainbay97@yahoo.com
vii
LESSON 1
Subject and Predicate

Consider the following sentences: Mahmood is knowledgeable, Haamid is pious,
Khalid is a conqueror. These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are
called mubtada ( )and khabar () . The subject of the sentence is called
mubtada and it comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the
sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in
Mahmood is knowledgeable, Mahmood is the subject and the information about
him being knowledgeable is the predicate. Therefore, Mahmood is mubtada and
knowledgeableis khabar.
To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps:
1. Take out the is.
2. Translate the words into Arabic.
3. Give two dammahs (

) to both words in the sentence.
Examples:
1. Mahmood is knowledgeable.
2. Haamid is pious.
3. Khalid is a conqueror.
4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger.
( )
5. Naasir is a friend.
In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a

common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For
example, if the first sentence was the man is knowledgeable, it would be translated
as
.
It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the
tanween becomes a single fathah () , kasrah ( )or dammah ( ) as the case
).
In Arabic, a definite noun is called marifah ( ) and a common noun is called nakirah (
Lesson 1
may be, eg.

becomes . Alif-laam is mainly used in place of the definite
article the. It gives distinction to a word. For example, a man is any man and
the man is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of a whole
category/class. For example,
means mankind and means all praise.
If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To
change a word to its feminine form, add the round taa ( )to the end of the word.
For example, the man is pious is written as

. Now if you want to say the
. Similarly, the girl is knowledgeable will be

woman is pious, you will say
written as .
Word List
Arabic
English
father
mother
son
boy
daughter, girl
Singular
Plural
paternal uncle
paternal aunt
maternal uncle
maternal aunt
brother
sister
grandfather
grandmother
grandson
granddaughter
man
woman

Arabic
English
Singular
male child, infant, toddler

female male child, infant, toddler
strong
weak
ice, snow
cold
water
sweet
small
fat
pious
worshipper
intelligent, smart
hard-working
beautiful
thankful, grateful
truthful
Lord
prophet, messenger
messenger
path
straight
Muslim
man, mankind
slave
leader, commander
Plural
Lesson 1
Arabic
English
brave
generous
coming (F)
respectful
and
merciful
going (M)
knowledgeable; scholar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Translate into Arabic.
Haamid is a father.
Mahmood is a son.
Khalid is an uncle (paternal).
Zayd is an uncle (maternal).
Bakr is a brother.
Saeed is a grandfather.
Hameed is a grandson.
The man is strong.
The child (M) is weak.
The ice is cold.
The water is sweet.
The son is small.
Hamzah is fat.
The brother is pious.
Exercise 2:
Plural
the hour; day of resurrection
Exercise 1:
Singular
The woman is strong.

The mother is beautiful.
The daughter is a worshipper.
The aunt (maternal) is intelligent.
The aunt (paternal) is hard-working.
The sister is beautiful.
The grandmother is thankful.

Aishah is intelligent.
Fatimah is small.
Maimoonah is a grand daughter.
The aunt (paternal) is pious.
The girl is fat.
The grandmother is pious.
The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.
Translate into English.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Exercise 3:
11.
1.
13.

3.
( ) 2.
12.

4.

14.

5.
15.
16.
6.
7.
17.

18.
8.

19.

9.

20.

10.

LESSON 2

Consider the following sentences: slave of Allah, messenger of Allah, door of the
house, the Messengers order, Mahmoods pen, Khalids book, Hameeds
house. These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf (
)
and mudaaf ilayhi (
).
One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other
(mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its
possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi.
For example, in the phrase Mahmoods pen, the pen is owned by Mahmood.
Therefore, pen is mudaaf and Mahmood is mudaaf ilayhi.
To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps:
1. Take out of or the apostrophe and the s, which show possession.
2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the s, reverse the sequence. Write
the second word first and the first word second. If you took out of, then
there is no need to reverse the sequence.
3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents.
4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
For example, to translate the phrase Mahmoods pen to Arabic, first take out
the apostrophe and s. It becomes Mahmood pen. Then, change the order of the
words to pen Mahmood. Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents.
You get . Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two
kasrahs. You get . Following the same method, Khalids book becomes
. For a sentence with of, such as ring of gold, first remove the of. It
becomes ring gold. Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get
. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
You get
.
The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those
rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the
mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah.
will become

. It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween.
For instance, in the above example, will not accept alif-laam or tanween.
Lesson 2
Word List
Arabic
English
Singular
wall
home, house
door
window
room
roof
ceiling
bed
pen
heat
sun
day
judgment; religion
to establish, establishing
Plural
ritual prayer (salah)

to give, giving
poor due (zakah)

city, town
country; city, town

city, town
people
light
lamp
darkness

Arabic
English
Singular
night
finger, toe
foot; leg
tall, long
leader, governor
short
expensive
high
winter
summer
spring
autumn, fall
new
old
book
note-book
jouney, travel
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Haamids son/son of Hameed

Khalids mother/mother of Khalid
Fatimahs sister/sister of Fatimah
The houses wall/wall of the house
The rooms door/door of the room
The rooms window/window of the room
The houses roof/roof of the house
The rooms ceiling/ceiling of the room
Hameeds bed/bed of Hameed
The grandfathers pen/pen of the grandfather
The suns heat/heat of the sun
Plural
Lesson 2
Exercise 2:
1.

6.

3.

8.
2.

7.
9.
4.
10.

5.
Exercise 3:
1. Mahmoods pen is expensive.
2. The houses wall is long.
3. The houses roof is high.
4. Haamids son is tall.
5. Fatimahs sister is short.
6. Days of Summer are long.
7. Days of Winter are short.
8. Door of the house is high.
9. Ceiling of the room is expensive.
Exercise 4:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.

10
LESSON 3

Past Tense Verb
In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance
with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it
should be noted that means he (S/M) did, means they (D/M) did,
means they (P/M) did, means she (S/F) did and so on. These verbs are in
active voice (
) .
(seeghah). Looking at the table below,

In Arabic, each verb form is called
we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name.
This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or
feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic,
, , and , respectively; first

the words for singular, dual and plural are
person is called , second person is called , and third person is called

;
and masculine is called , and feminine is called
. Thus, singular masculine
in Arabic. Dual masculine of the
of the third person will be called

third person will be called
, and plural masculine of the third person
will be called
, and so on.
In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is
no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and
and , respectively.
plural first person will be called
11
Lesson 3
We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense
verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.
Table 3.1
)
Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
He did.
Dual
They did.
Plural
They did.
Singular
She did.
Dual
They did.
Plural
They did.
Singular
You did.
Dual
You did.
Plural
You did.
Singular
You did.
Dual
You did.
Plural
You did.
Singular
I did.
Dual/
Plural
We did.
12

Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 3.1a
Note: In the tables above, has been translated as he did and as she
did. It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean it (masculine)
did and it (feminine) did, respectively. The same is true of other forms. The
masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any
feminine thing or person.
13
Lesson 3
Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice

Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a
dammah on the first letter ( )of , and a kasrah on its second letter (). It will
become . Its meaning will change to he (S/M) was done upon. This is passive
voice (
). Similarly, will become , will become , will
become , and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called
conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized
with their meanings.
Table 3.2
)
Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Faminine
Plurality
English
Singular
He was done.
Dual
They were done.
Plural
They were done.
Singular
She was done.
Dual
They were done.
Plural
They were done.
Singular
You were done.
Dual
You were done.
Plural
You were done.
Singular
You were done.
Dual
You were done.
Plural
You were done.
Singular
I was done.
Dual/
Plural
We were done.
14
Arabic

Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be
written in Arabic.
Table 3.2a
Note: In these two tables, has been translated as he was done and as she
was done. As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.9 & 3.9a, these forms
could also mean it (masculine) was done and it (feminine) was done,
respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any
masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.
15
Lesson 3
Creating Conjugation Tables from

Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of
other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that
of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is

composed of three letters. The first is called , the second is called ,
and the third is called . Now all that remains to be done is to identify which
letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given
above. Consider, the verb ( he helped). Comparing this to of Table 3.1 or
Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, is the , is the , and is
the . Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the
rest of table.
)of various verbs

Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms (

and their meanings. Their remaining forms can be created from them.
Word List For Verbs
English
Arabic
he wrote
he read
he found
he cooked
he cut
he filled
he sought, he demanded
he asked
he made
he took
he ate
he ran, he fled
he went
he opened
16
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
English
Arabic
he hit
he entered
he put (something)
he helped
he joined, he arrived
he returned
he slaughtered
he oppressed
he imprisoned, he detained
I wrote.
They (P/F) read.
You (S/M) found.
You (P/F) cooked.
They (P/F) cut.
We filled.
You (P/M) demanded.
They (D/M) asked.
They (D/F) made.
You (S/F) took.
Exercise 2:
1. It (S/M) was eaten.
2. They (P/M) were cut.
3. They (P/F) were made.
4. They (P/F) ran.
5. You (S/M) went.
6. You (P/M) were found.
7. It (S/F) was opened.
8. He was hit.
9. They (P/F) entered.
10. It (S/F) was placed.
17
Lesson 3
Translate into English and identify the seeghah.
Exercise 2:
9.
1.
11.
3.
12.
4.
13.
5.
10.
14.
2.

6.
15.
7.
16.
8.

Translate into English and identify the seeghah.
Exercise 3:
7.
1.
9.
3.
8.
10.
11.
12.

18
2.
4.
5.
6.

LESSON 4
Verb, Subject, Object

In Arabic, the word sequence in a verbal sentence is as follows: verb (
), then
), and finally the object ().
subject (

( verb) = the action being done.

( subject) = the person doing the action.

( object) = the person or the thing to whom or to which the action is being
done.
gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the
Rule: The

gets a fathah (or two fathahs).
Examples:
1. Haamid helped Mahmood. In this sentence, the

is helped, Haamid is
and Mahmood is the . When translating this sentence into

the

Arabic, the Arabic word for helped ( )will come first followed by the
)with two dammahs, and then the mafool, Mahmood

faail, Hamid (
.
( )with two fathahs. The final sentence will be
)opened ( ) a door (). The same order used for the last
2. A servant (
second and last) will apply here. Remember,

example (
first,
will get two dammahs and the will get two fathahs. The full
the

.
sentence will be
Notes:
If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the
end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single
fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs
will change to a single dammah). Thus, the servant opened the door will
. Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah

be written as
to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained.
19
Lesson 4
or a . For
Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a

example:

Mahmoods servant opened the door.
The servant opened the door of the house.
Mahmoods servant opened the door of the house.

In this case, it is important to remember that the mudaaf does not accept an
alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both.
or will show on the mudaaf alone

Moreover, the effect of being a

and not the mudaaf ilayhi.
Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he read
he stopped (someone)
he wrote
he defeated
he cooked
he ate
he hit; he beat
he worshipped
he broke (something physical)
he tore
he helped
he cheated, he deceived
he heard
he made (someone into someone

or something into something)
he profited
20
English
Arabic
he understood
he looked (at/towards)

)(
he broke (something nonphysical)
he gave an example
)
(
he remembered
he separated
he created, he made; he originated
he was ungrateful; disbelieved
he killed
he sat (down)
he imposed; he made something

obligatory
)(
Word List for Nouns & Particles

English
book
letter
army
girl
meat
uncle (paternal)
bread
rice
dog
(drinking) glass
garment, dress; cloth
friend
Arabic
Singular
Plural
21
Lesson 4
English
Arabic
Singular
Plural
mother
messenger; prophet
religion
sky
building; roof
land, earth
bed; spread; mattress
Satan, the Devil
not
trade
ear
heart
transgressor
oath; pledge; promise
Muslim
speech
man
example
blessing
sea
chicken, hen
servant
door
Exercise 1:
Translate into Arabic
1. Hameed read a book.

2. Naseer stopped Mahmood.
3. Khalid wrote a letter.
22

)

(

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Tariq defeated the army.

The girl cooked the meat.
The uncle (maternal) ate the bread.
I ate the rice.
I hit the dog.
You (P/M) worshipped Allah.
You (S/F) tore the cloth.
Hameeds friend helped Khalids grandson (sons son).
The girls mother broke the glass.
Exercise 2:
applicable.
, and , where
Translate into English and identify the
,
1.
( )

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
23
LESSON 5
Prepositions
The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite
frequently.
Table 5.1
Prepositions ()
from; than
to; up to
on; upon
for; belongs to
as, like
up to, until
about; from; regarding
by (for oath)
in; regarding
with; at
The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter.
Below, we give examples of each of these.
Zayd is in the house.
I wrote with the pen.
from the house to the mosque
Zayd sat on the chair.
The car belongs to Zayd.
Ahmad is like a lion.
I slept until the morning.
She asked about the book.
By Allah!
Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that
occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention
them as well. They are as follows:
1.
: by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted. Example:

By Allah!
25
Lesson 5
2 & 3. : since. These are used to define a time period. Example:
I have not gone to the school since Friday.
4.
5.
is always singular. Example:

: many a, so many. The noun used after

I helped so many men.
: besides, except. Example: I taught the children
except Zayd.
6.
: besides, except. Example:

I stopped the men
except Amr.
7.
: besides, except. Example: The people came except

Khalid.
Word List for Verbs

English
Arabic
he went
he killed
he cut
he milked
he wrote
he ate
he asked
he made
he looked (at)

)(
he opened
he sat
he read
it (M) fell
it (M) was prescribed (upon)
)(
he broke
26

Word List for Nouns
English
village
city
lion
sword
cloth; clothes
scissors
Arabic
Singular
Plural
cow
milk
large bowl
card
pencil
biscuit
butter
cream
teacher
student
lesson
night-time
sleep; sleeping
day-time
buffalo
white; whiter
gold
silver
stone
moon
27
Lesson 5
English
star
lock
key
garden
grass
praise
right guidance
Arabic
Singular
Plural
people
clouds (collective noun)
something which is under
control
between; among, amidst
sky
land, earth
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Jew; Jewish
Christian
part, portion
good deed
)

(

world
hereafter
28
English
fly
food
ritual prayer (salah)
door
room
bed
Arabic
Singular
today
tomorrow
yesterday
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Plural
Zayd went from the village to the city.

Mahmood killed the lion with the sword.
I cut the cloth with the scissors.
She milked the cows milk in the bowl.
You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the box.
You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils.
They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream.
By Allah (oath).
The teacher asked the students about the lesson.
Allah made the night-time for sleeping and the day-time for working.
Buffalos milk is whiter than cows milk.
Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid.
I looked towards the moon and the stars.
They (P/M) opened the lock with the key.
We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.
Exercise 2:
Translate into English

2.

3.

1.
29
Lesson 5
4.

30
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
LESSON 6

Pronouns
A pronoun is called in Arabic. Its plural is . There are a number of
different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are
) . These dameers are not joined to any word but appear as

unattached (

separate words. They can appear as mubtada. These should be memorized.
Table 6.1
) Pronouns
Unattached (

Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns
English
Arabic
Singular
he
Dual
they
Plural
they
Singular
she
Dual
they
Plural
they
Singular
you
Dual
you
Plural
you
Singular
you
Dual
you
Plural
you
Singular
Dual/
Plural
we
31
Lesson 6
)dameers. They are also called possessive (

Below, we list the attached (

)
and objective (
)dameers. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which
indicate possession ( ;) and by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to
the object ().
Table 6.2
)Pronouns
Attached (

Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns
English
Arabic
Singular
his, him
Dual
their, them
Plural
their, them
Singular
hers, her
Dual
their, them
Plural
their, them
Singular
your, you
Dual
your, you
Plural
your, you
Singular
your, you
Dual
your, you
Plural
your, you
Singular
my, me
Dual/
Plural
ours, us
32

Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers
He is Zayd.
I am a student.
You are hardworking.
Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers

These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples
below.
1. After a noun, showing attribution/possession () :
his (S/M) pen

your (S/M) book
my book
her (S/F) book.
2. After a verb, indicating the object ():
I helped him
I commanded you
you (S/M) helped me.
3. After a particle:
in it
for him
from you (S/M)
to/towards us
indeed you (P/M)
on him.
Word List for Verbs

English
Arabic
he rode
he broke
he fell
33
Lesson 6
English
Arabic
he raised (someone or something)
he played
he looked
)(
he worshipped
he remembered
he ate
he provided livelihood/sustenance
he sealed, he put a seal
he cheated, he deceived
he left; he abandoned
he snatched
he created
he presented
he took
he did (good deeds); he acted

(righteously)
(
)

Arabic
English
father
mother
tongue
Singular
Plural

) (
head
nose
hand
tooth
chest
34

Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
handkerchief
car
bicycle
shoe
foot
ball
mango
apple
garden
melon, watermelon
cucumber
field; arable land
themselves
darkness
)
(

heart
hearing; also used for ears
eyesight; glance; also used for
eyes
veil, covering
lightning
Lord
fuel
people
stone
husband; wife; spouse
clean, pure (F)

angel
35
Lesson 6
Arabic
English
Singular
covenant
above
Mount Sinai
whoever
then; so; therefore;

sometimes, it is not translated
compensation, reward
color
bright yellow
with
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Plural
My father
His mother
Her tongue
Your (S/M) head
Your (S/F) nose
My hand
Their (P/F) teeth
His chest
Our handkerchief
I rode in your (S/M) car.
She broke my bike.
The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot.
I stopped them (P/F).
They (P/M) raised me.
You (P/M) played with the ball.
They (D/M) looked at me.
You (D/F) worshipped Him.
My mother remembered me yesterday.
You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon
and a cucumber in your field.
36

Exercise 2:
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

11.
12.

13.
37
LESSON 7

Present and Future Tense Verb
We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will
discuss
which is equivalent to present and future tense.
( past tense)
and
( present/future tense), as well as ( pronouns) are the foundations
of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all
future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of
).
( present and future tense verb) in active voice (
Table 7.1
Verb Forms of (
) in Active Voice ()
Person
Gender
Plurality
Singular
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
(
)
Dual
Plural
Singular
Second
Person
)
(
Masculine
()
Dual
Plural
39
English
Arabic
He/It is doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
She/It is doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
Lesson 7
Table 7.1 Continued
You are doing or

will do
You are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
I am doing or will
do
We are doing or
will do
Singular
Feminine
Dual
(
)
)
(
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
First
Person
Plural
Singular
Dual/
Plural
Second
Person
) (
Table 7.1a
40
Creating Passive Voice

In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting

( past tense active
voice) to
( past tense passive voice). Now, we discuss the method of
converting
from active to passive voice. , which means he does or will
do, is in active voice (

). To convert this

to
, we
give the first letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. becomes ,
becomes , becomes , becomes , and so on.
Table 7.2
Verb Forms of (
) in Passive Voice ()
Person
Gender
Plurality
Singular
Masculine
Third
Person
)
(
)(
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
)
(
Dual
Plural
Singular
Masculine
Second
Person
(
)
)(
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
)
(
Dual
Plural
41
English
Arabic
He/It is being done

or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
She/It is being done
or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
They are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
You are being done
or will be done
Lesson 7
Table 7.2 continued
I am being done or
will be done
We are being done
or will be done
Singular
Dual/
Plural
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
First
Person
( )
Table 7.2a
42

Note: When a passive verb is used, the

( subject) is not mentioned. Rather, the
( object) takes the place of the

( subject) and is called
( subject of
the passive verb) or

( substitute subject). Since it takes the place of the

, it also gets a dammah.
Examples:
The boy was hit.

The woman was stopped.
The door will be opened.
The wall will be broken.
Note: In the tables above, the first letter of each seeghah of

, both
and
, is called
( plural:
) . As can be seen in the table, these
are , , , and .
Relationship between the Seeghahs of

and
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ayn kalimah of the
and
can vary in a number of different ways. It
of a
can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in
and/or
. It is beyond the
scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is,
nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ayn kalimah of any given
and its corresponding
.
Word List for Verbs
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he wandered about
he made (someone into someone or

something into something)
he went
he came to know
43
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he worshipped
he realized; he became aware
he heard
he played
he wore
he became sad, he grieved
he slaughtered
he drank
he read
he cooked
he made (something)
he opened
he washed
he laughed
he was angry (with someone)
) (
)(
he broke (something non-physical);

he nullified
he commanded, he ordered
he concealed
he wrote
he cut
he helped
he deceived, he cheated
he colored, he dyed
he raised
he sent
44
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he ate
he remembered; he mentioned

Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
potato
tea
food
newspaper
spoon
lock
key
washerman
cloth; clothes
pond, pool
laughter
friend
house
prayer leader; leader
people
what?; do?; will?; etc.
(depending on the context)
sinfulness
disbelief, infidelity
today
tommorrow
45
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
Singular
day after tomorrow

a year ago
day before yesterday

letter
paternal uncle
fear
promise; pledge
piety, righteousness
that; to
cow
that, which
speech
rope
remembrance
prophet
fruit
library
magazine
article; essay
Exercise 1:
1.

7.
2.
8.
3.
9.
4.
Plural
10.

5.
11.

6.
12.
46
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
They (P/M) came to know.

You (P/F) are reading.
She is cooking.
He is grieving.
They (P/F) are cooking.
I am making food.
We will drink.
You (S/F) will go.
You (S/M) will stop.
They (D/M) will go.
Exercise 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
I will read your (S/M) newspaper.

They (P/F) will cook a potato for you (P/M).
You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon.
Your (P/M) uncle (paternal) will open the lock with his key.
The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond.
Haamid is laughing in his house.
I am hearing his laughter in my house.
Khalids friend will go to your (S/M) house.
We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people.
Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and disbelief?
Today I read your (S/F) letter.
Tomorrow I will go to her uncles (paternal) house.
Are you (S/F) angry with him?
Exercise 4:
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

47
Lesson 7
Exercise 5:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Is being read (S/M, third person)

Is being written (S/M, third person)
Will be broken (S/M, third person)
Will be cut (S/M, third person)
She is being helped.
You are being stopped (S/M)
I am being stopped.
We are being helped.
You (S/F) will be stopped.
You (S/M) are being cheated.
Exercise 6:
1. The rope is being cut.

2. The cloth will be dyed.
3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being
raised.
4. The prophets are being sent.
5. Fruits are being eaten.
6. Allah is being remembered.
7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library.
8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow.
9. The promise was broken a year ago.
48
LESSON 8

Adjective
Consider the following phrases: truthful Muslim, pious man, large mosque,
small book, trustworthy servant. These phrases and other phrases of similar
(adjective) and
pattern are called
( the described). In the phrase small
(adjective), and book

book, small describes the book. Thus, small is
is
( the described).
To convert such a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps:

1. Translate the individual words into Arabic.
2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the
second word comes first.
3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation).
Example: We want to convert the phrase, truthful Muslim into Arabic. First, we
translate the individual words into Arabic. We get

. Next, we reverse the
order to get

. Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get
. Similarly, if we want to convert pious man into Arabic, we will first

translate the individual words into Arabic
. Next, we will reverse the
order of the words . Lastly, we will give two dammahs to both words
.
States of Nouns:
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that each noun is always in a
certain state. There are three states in total for nouns. These are as follows:
1. : This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a
noun is called
. For example,
or .
2.
: This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a
noun is called
. For example, or .
3. : This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. Such a noun
is called . For example,
or
.
49
Lesson 8
Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is . This is the
condition in which a appears at the end of a word or its substitute ( in the
) is dropped from the end.
example, ( he did not hit).

case of
Such a word is said to be

. For
and :
Additional Rules for
and the
1. Both the
have to be in the same state, i.e., if one is
,
then the other should also be

. Similarly, if one is
, the other
should also be
. For example, consider . Since has two
dammahs at the end, it is

; therefore, will also be given two
dammahs to make it
. Similarly, if for some reason was
,

would also have to be
. The phrase would then have been
( I helped a pious man). If had been ,
such as in
would also have been . The phrase would then have been such
as in ( I went to a pious man).
and the
2. Both the
should either be marifah or nakirah. Thus, if
the
has an alif-laam, the should also have an alif-laam. For
example, if were to be changed to ,

would also change to
and the
3. The gender of the
should be the same. Thus, if the
is feminine, the should also be feminine. To change a word to

its feminine form, just add a round taa ( )at the end of the word. For
and the pious teacher (F)
example, a pious teacher (F) will be

will be
.
4. If the
is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper
nouns alif-laam is used to change nakirah into marifah. However, all

proper nouns are considered marifah by default even without an alif-laam.
Since, the
is a proper noun; therefore, the will require an aliflaam to make it marifah. For example, when converting the conqueror
Khalid into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam to because it is already a
50
( ) because it
proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the
is not a proper noun. The sentence will be .

The following examples illustrate this point:
The king Mahmood will be .
The commander Taariq will be .
.
The poet Ghalib will be
These sentences can also be read (not written) as , ,
.
and
Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he drank
he defeated
he entered
he touched, he felt (by hand);

he examined
he provided
he conquered
he took
Word List for Nouns

Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
pious, righteous
father
son
most-forgiving
Lord
big, large
51
Lesson 8
Arabic
English
door
old
mat
Singular
Plural
good; excellent
article; essay
magazine
street
small, little
ship, boat
deep
sea
great; powerful
mountain
long
train
train engine
station
immoral person
man
bitter
medicine
beautiful, handsome; good

fan
sick, ill
woman
king
52
Arabic
English
army
capital city
Singular
Plural
today
skillful; outstanding
barber
store, shop
old man; scholar

mischievous

)(

boy
ugly
near, close
house
doctor
medical prescription
path
straight
torment; punishment
painful
mosquito
livelihood
trial, tribulation
night
dark
example
word
tree
good; pleasant (F)
53

)
(

Lesson 8
Arabic
English
root
firm, established
branch
commander, leader
city
fort, fortress, castle
hand; possession
conqueror
Pious father
The son Saeed
Most-forgiving Lord
Big door
The old mat
Good article
Good magazine
Big street
Small boat
Deep sea
Great mountain
Long train
Big engine
Small station
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Romans
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Plural
sky
Exercise 1:
Singular
I hit an immoral man.

You (P/M) took a beautiful fan.
The sick woman drank bitter medicine.
Brave Tariq defeated a big kings army and he entered his capital.
Today I will go to a skilled barbers shop.
54

6.
7.
8.
9.
This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child.

This is a handsome man and that is an ugly boy.
You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house.
Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for
her.
Exercise 3:
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

55
LESSON 9

Imperative (Positive Command) &
Prohibitive (Negative Command)
The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command
to do something is called , for example, read! and write!; while that verb which
contains a command to not do something is called
, as in do not go and do not
fear.
Creating for the Second Person
of any verb is created from its respective

. In this lesson, we will study
the method of making for the second person. This is as follows.
1. First, give a jazm to that seeghah of
, whose you wish to create. This
means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah
replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which
for
is an exception to this.2 Also, in the
ends with a noon. The
case of
, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
2. Now, remove the

, which in this case is . The seeghah should be
unreadable.
3. Now, add a
at the beginning and give it a kasrah.3
This process is illustrated in the following table.
is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such
In fact, this
words are called

.
3
Hamzat al-wasl appears at the beginning of a word. It is not pronounced when there is a
word before the word with a hamzat al-wasl. Giving it a kasrah is the basic principle. There
is more detail to it, and is mentioned later in the lesson.
57
Lesson 9
Table 9.1
)
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (
[From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of
Second Person
Give jazm
to the
seeghahs
Drop the harf

al-mudari
Add a hamzat alwasl at the

beginning
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
imperative in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.2
)
Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
()
Feminine
(
)
Plurality
English
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
58
Arabic
Table 9.2a
Examples:
1. From ( you are opening/will open), we get ( open!).

2. From ( you are sitting/will sit), we get ( sit!).
3. From ( you are hearing/will hear), we get ( hear!).

4. From ( you are hitting/will hit), we get ( hit!).
5. From ( you are going/will go), we get ( go!).
Creating
for the Second Person
Like , the
of any verb is also created from its respective
. In this
lesson, we will study the method of making

for the second person. It is partially
similar to the method given above for , but there are also differences. The process
is as follows.
1. Like in the case of , give a jazm to the
. This means that that seeghah
which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while
the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before,
for
will be an exception to this. Also, in the case of
the
, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
59
Lesson 9
2. Now, instead of removing the

, just place a before it. This is a
, and is called
.
This process is illustrated in the following table.

Table 9.3
)
Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (
[From Left To Right]
Original seeghahs of
Give jazm to the

seeghahs
Add a laa al-nahiyah at

the beginning
Second Person

Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.4
)
Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
()
Feminine
(
)
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
(You) Dont do!
Dual
(You) Dont do!
Plural
(You) Dont do!
Singular
(You) Dont do!
Dual
(You) Dont do!
Plural
(You) Dont do!
60
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be
written in Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 9.4a
Examples:
1. From ( you are opening/will open), we get ( do not open!).
2. From ( you are sitting/will sit), we get ( do not sit!).
3. From ( you are hearing/will hear), we get ( do not hear!).

4. From ( you are hitting/will hit), we get ( do not hit!).
5. From ( you are going/will go), we get ( do not go!).
The vowels (harakah) of and

Many times we find to be on the pattern of as in . However, this is not

always the case. Sometimes, it follows the pattern as in , and sometimes the
pattern as in . The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel
seeghah of
pattern of and
is dependent on the ( )letter of the

. The ( )letter of this

governs the in two ways,
and
in one way.
The one way where it governs both and
is the harakah of the ( )letter
of and
. Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the ()

letter of

has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the ( )letter
61
Lesson 9
of and
will have the same vowel. For example, in the ( )letter is ( )and
has a fathah. Therefore, in its and

forms, the ( )will also get a fathah. Its
will be and its

will be . In there is a kasrah under ( ;)therefore,
its and
forms will be and respectively. In , there is a
dammah on ( ;)therefore, its and

forms will be and respectively.
The other way in which ( )letter of

governs is with respect to
the hamzat al-wasl of . This hamzat al-wasl either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It
cannot have a fathah. If the ( )letter of
has a dammah, the hamzat al-wasl
of will also have a dammah. For example, the of will be because ()
is the ( )letter of
and it has a dammah. And if the ( )letter of

has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of will get a kasrah.
For example, the of is , and the of is .
It should be noted that there is no hamzat al-wasl in

. It is only
dependent on the ( )letter of

for the harakah on its own ( )letter.
Word List For Verbs
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he went
he started
he opened
he searched
he heard
he laughed
he did, he acted, he worked
he came to know
he played
he accepted
62
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he was cautious
he went near, he came near
he became sad
he mocked
he did
he read
he entered
he cooked
he drank

Arabic
English
Singular
to
Plural
market
mosque
but, rather, however
box
for
yourself
a lot
advice
mother
with
doll
ball
speech
63
Lesson 9
Arabic
English
comb
meat
snake
scorpion
cat
path
that
all, each
thing
straight
good
powerful
intercession
village
friend
hotel
milk
door
house
manager; editor
newspaper
2.
upon, on
1.
Plural
mirror
Exercise 1:
Singular

7.
8.
64

3.
9.
5.
11.
10.
4.

6.
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12.
Dont go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque.

Open (S/M) the box.
Work (D/M) for yourselves.
Dont laugh (P/M) a lot.
Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers.
Dont (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball.
Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah.
Dont (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat.
Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion.
Dont (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.
Exercise 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
65
LESSON 10

Singular, Dual, Plural
We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single,
sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual
and plural. For example,
means one believer,
means two believers, and
means three or more believers. Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals
of nouns.
(one of the
Dual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )
following:
An
[
preceded by a fathah and followed by a with a kasrah i.e. ]
for the state of .
e.g.
two men
A
preceded by a fathah and a with a kasrah i.e. ] [ for the states of
and .
e.g.

two men
(one of the
Plural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )
following:5
A
preceded by a dammah and followed by a with a fathah i.e. ][
for the state of .
e.g.
Muslims
A
preceded by a kasrah and followed by a with a fathah i.e. [ ]for
the states of
and .
e.g.
Muslims
It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual
or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more.
5
There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.
67
Lesson 10
For the ease of the students, a chart showing and its dual and plural forms in
each of the different states is given below.
Table 10.1
Singular, Dual, and Plural
Singular (
)
In the state of
In the state of

In the state of
Dual ()
Plural ()
Examples:
1. Two men went to the market.
2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque.
3. Khalid helped two oppressed persons.
4. Naseer hit the oppressors.
5. I wrote with two pens.
6. A man from amongst the believers came.
Note: The of dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf.
For example,
1.
(Zayds two pens)
2.

(a mans two horses)
but the was dropped because it appeared at the

This was originally
end of mudaaf.
This was originally

end of mudaaf.
68

3.
(Muslims of Egypt)

This was originally
end of mudaaf.

4.
(seekers of knowledge)

This was originally
end of mudaaf.
Word List for Verbs

Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he ordered
he wrote
he ate
he cut
he hit
he took
he studied
he cooked
he read
he filled
he imprisoned
he forgave
Word List for Nouns

English
Arabic
Singular
preacher
book
believer
bread
69
Plural
Lesson 10
English
Arabic
Singular
Plural
tree
boy
umbrella
year
worshipper
a fish
notebook
house
female servant, maid
jar
uncle (maternal)
thief
jail, prison
guidance
pious, God-fearing
successful; prosperous
corrupt

) (

we
peacemaker
oppressor
punishment
painful
disbeliever, infidel
humiliating, disgraceful
with
patient
all praise
70
)(
English
Arabic
Singular
Lord
world
blessing, grace (of Allah

Most High)
peace
upon, on
master; chief
messenger
seal; ring
prophet
family
companion
all
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
I ordered the preachers.

They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers.
They (P/F) ate the bread.
You (P/M) cut the tree.
She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas.
You (P/F) will study for two years.
You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers.
You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fish.
She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books.
The houses maid cooked bread and she filled two jars.
Khalids uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.
Exercise 2:

1.
2.
3. :
71
Plural
Lesson 10

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

72

Ten Lessons 2nd Online Ed

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ten Lessons 2nd Online Ed

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

Revised & Edited by

Copyright Dr al-Sadah Publications 2011

Subject and Predicate

Past Tense Verb

Present and Future Tense Verb

Imperative & Prohibitive

Singular, Dual, Plural

Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (

Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (

Singular, Dual, and Plural

Singular masculine which means one male

Subject and Predicate

3. Give two dammahs (

4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger.

In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a

tanween becomes a single fathah () , kasrah ( )or dammah ( ) as the case

may be, eg.

For example, the man is pious is written as

. Similarly, the girl is knowledgeable will be

male child, infant, toddler

Translate into Arabic.

the hour; day of resurrection

Translate into Arabic.

The woman is strong.

One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other

ritual prayer (salah)

poor due (zakah)

country; city, town

Translate into Arabic.

Haamids son/son of Hameed

Translate into English.

Translate into English.

(seeghah). Looking at the table below,

, , and , respectively; first

person is called , second person is called , and third person is called

Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice

They were done.

They were done.

She was done.

They were done.

They were done.

You were done.

You were done.

You were done.

You were done.

You were done.

You were done.

Creating Conjugation Tables from

of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is

)of various verbs

Translate into Arabic.

Translate into English and identify the seeghah.

Translate into English and identify the seeghah.

Verb, Subject, Object

( verb) = the action being done.

1. Haamid helped Mahmood. In this sentence, the

and Mahmood is the . When translating this sentence into

)with two dammahs, and then the mafool, Mahmood

second and last) will apply here. Remember,

. Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah

Mahmoods servant opened the door.