Fluid 05

1
FUNDAMENTALS OF
FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 5 Flow Analysis
Chapter 5 Flow Analysis
Using Control Volume
Using Control Volume
Jyh
Jyh
-
-
Cherng
Cherng
Shieh
Shieh
Department of Bio Department of Bio- -Industrial Industrial Mechatronics Mechatronics Engineering Engineering
National Taiwan University National Taiwan University
10/20/2008 10/20/2008
2
MAIN TOPICS
MAIN TOPICS
Conservation of Mass
Newton
Newton
s Second Law
s Second Law
The Linear Momentum

The Linear Momentum
Equations
Equations
The Moment
The Moment
-
-
of
of
-
-
Momentum Equations
Momentum Equations
First Law of Thermodynamics

The Energy Equation

The Energy Equation
Second Law of Thermodynamics

Irreversible Flow
Irreversible Flow
3
The Continuity Equation

1/4 1/4
Basic Law for Conservation of Mass

Basic Law for Conservation of Mass
For the system and a fixed,

For the system and a fixed,
nondeforming
nondeforming
control volume
control volume
that are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds
that are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds
Transport Theorem leads to

+

CS CV sys
dA n V V d
t
V d
dt
d r
r
B=M and b =1
Time rate of change Time rate of change
of the mass of the of the mass of the
coincident system coincident system
Time rate of change of the Time rate of change of the
mass of the content of the mass of the content of the
coincident control volume coincident control volume
Net rate of flow of Net rate of flow of
mass through the mass through the
control surface control surface
= =
+ +
0
dt
dM
system
=
|
|
V d dm M
) system ( V ) system ( M
system
= =

4

2/4 2/4
System and control volume at three different instances of time. System and control volume at three different instances of time.
( (a a) System and control volume at time ) System and control volume at time t t t t. ( . (b b) System and ) System and
control volume at time control volume at time t t, coincident condition. ( , coincident condition. (c c) System and ) System and
control volume at time control volume at time t t + + t t. .
5

3/4 3/4
For a fixed,
For a fixed,
nondeforming
nondeforming
control volume, the control
control volume, the control
volume formulation of the conservation of mass: The
volume formulation of the conservation of mass: The
continuity equation
continuity equation
0 dA n V V d
t dt
M d
CS CV
system
= +
|

r
r

=
CS CV
dA n V V d
t
r
r

in out
m m
& &
Rate of increase
Of mass in CV
Net influx of
mass
6

4/4 4/4
Incompressible Fluids
Incompressible Fluids
For Steady flow

For Steady flow
0 dA n V V d
t
0 dA n V V d
t
CS CV CS CV
= +
= +

r
v
r
v
The mass flow rate into a control volume The mass flow rate into a control volume
must be equal to the mass flow rate out of must be equal to the mass flow rate out of
the control volume. the control volume.
0 dA n V
CS
=
r
v

in out
m m
& &
7
Other Definition
Other Definition
Mass
Mass
flowrate
flowrate
through a section of control surface
through a section of control surface
The average velocity

The average velocity

= = =
in out
A
m m dA n V Q m
& &
r
r
&
A
dA n V
V
A

=
r
r
8
Fixed,
Fixed,
Nondeforming
Nondeforming
Control Volume
Control Volume
1/2 1/2
When the flow is steady

When the flow is steady
When the flow is steady and incompressible

When the flow is steady and incompressible
When
When
the flow is not steady
the flow is not steady
0 V d
t
CV

0 V d
t
CV
=

=
in out
m m
& &

=
in out
Q Q
& &
+ + : the mass of the contents of the control volume is increasing : the mass of the contents of the control volume is increasing
- - : the mass of the contents of the control volume is decreasing : the mass of the contents of the control volume is decreasing. .
9
Fixed,
Fixed,
Nondeforming
Nondeforming
Control Volume
Control Volume
2/2 2/2
When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening

When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening
in the control surface (one dimensional flow)
in the control surface (one dimensional flow)
When the flow is

When the flow is
nonuniformly
nonuniformly
distributed over the
distributed over the
opening in the control surface
opening in the control surface
AV m =
&
V A m =
&
10
Example 5.1 Conservation of Mass
Steady, Incompressible Flow

Steady, Incompressible Flow
Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical- -shaped nozzle at shaped nozzle at
the end of a fire hose as illustrated in Figure E5.1. If the noz the end of a fire hose as illustrated in Figure E5.1. If the nozzle exit zle exit
velocity must be at least 20 velocity must be at least 20 m/s m/s, determine the minimum pumping , determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m capacity required in m
3 3
/s. /s.
Figure E5.1 Figure E5.1
11
Example 5.1
Example 5.1
Solution
Solution
Steady flow
2 2 1 1
1 2 1 2
CS
Q Q
m m or 0 m m dA n V
=
= = =
& & & &

r
r
0 dA n V V d
t
CS CV
= +

r
r
The continuity equation
s / m 0251 . 0 ... A V Q Q
3
2 2 2 1 2 1
= = = = =
With incompressible condition
12
Steady, Compressible Flow

Steady, Compressible Flow
Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight port Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of ion of
4 4- -in. inside diameter as indicated in Figure E5.2. The uniformly in. inside diameter as indicated in Figure E5.2. The uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. If the If the
average air velocity ( average air velocity (Nonuniform Nonuniform velocity distribution) at section (2) velocity distribution) at section (2)
is 1000ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at section (1). is 1000ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at section (1).
13
Example 5.2
Example 5.2
Solution
Solution
Steady flow
2 2 2 1 1 1
1 2 1 2
CS
V A V A
m m 0 m m dA n V
=
= = =
& & & &

r
r
0 dA n V V d
t
CS CV
= +

r
r
The continuity equation The continuity equation
2
1
2
1
V V
= Since A
1
=A
2
s / ft 219 ... V
T p
T p
V
2
2 1
1 2
1
= =
The ideal gas equation The ideal gas equation
RT
p
=
14
Two Fluids
Two Fluids
Moist air (a mixture of dry air and water vapor) enters a Moist air (a mixture of dry air and water vapor) enters a
dehumidifier at the rate of 22 slugs/hr. Liquid water drains out dehumidifier at the rate of 22 slugs/hr. Liquid water drains out of the of the
dehumidifier at a rate of 0.5 slugs/hr. Determine the mass dehumidifier at a rate of 0.5 slugs/hr. Determine the mass flowrate flowrate
of the dry air and the water vapor leaving the dehumidifier. of the dry air and the water vapor leaving the dehumidifier.
15
Example 5.3
Example 5.3
Solution
Solution
0 dA n V V d
t
CS CV
= +

r
r
Steady flow
hr / slugs 5 . 21 hr / slugs 5 . 0 hr / slugs 22 m m m
0 m m m dA n V
3 1 2
3 2 1
CS
= = =
= + + =
& & &

& & &
r
r
16
Nonuniform
Nonuniform
Velocity Profiles
Velocity Profiles
Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe
having radius R as indicated in Figure E5.4. At section (1), the having radius R as indicated in Figure E5.4. At section (1), the
velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is equal to a constant velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is equal to a constant value value
U and is parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), t U and is parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), the he
velocity profile is velocity profile is axisymmetric axisymmetric and parabolic, with zero velocity at and parabolic, with zero velocity at
the pipe wall and a maximum value of the pipe wall and a maximum value of u u
max max
at the centerline. How at the centerline. How
are U and are U and u u
max max
related? How are the average velocity at section related? How are the average velocity at section
(2), , and (2), , and u u
max max
related? related?
2
V
17
Example 5.4
Example 5.4
Solution
Solution
Steady flow
2 / u V U 2 u
0 rdr
R
r
1 u 2 U A
max 2 max
R
0
2
max 1
= =
=
(
(
\
|
+

0 dA n V V d
t
CS CV
= +

r
r
With incompressible condition With incompressible condition
0 rdr 2 u U A 0 dA n V U A
R
0
2 2 1 1
A
1 1
2
= + = +

r
r
2 1
=
(
(
\
|
=
2
max
R
r
1 u u
18
Unsteady Flow
Unsteady Flow
A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate of A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate of flow flow
from the faucet is steady at 9 gal/min. The tub volume is from the faucet is steady at 9 gal/min. The tub volume is
approximated by a rectangular space as indicate Figure E5.5a. approximated by a rectangular space as indicate Figure E5.5a.
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in the Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in the
tub, , in in./min at any instant. tub, , in in./min at any instant.
t / h
Figure E5.5
19
Example 5.5
Example 5.5
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
air
volume water
water water water
volume air
air air
CS CV
m m V d
t
V d
t
0 dA n V V d
t
& &
r
r
+
=
= +

0 m V d
t
air For
air
volume air
air air
= +
&
20
Example 5.5
Example 5.5
Solution
Solution
2/2 2/2
) ft 10 )( ft / gal 48 . 7 (
) ft / . in 12 min)( / gal 9 (
) A ft 10 (
Q
t
h
m
t
h
) A ft 10 (
] A ) h ft 5 . 1 ( ) ft 5 )( ft 2 ( h [ V d
m V d
t
water For
2 3
j
2
water
water j
2
water
volume water
j water water water
volume water
water water water
=

+ =
=

&
&
2
j
ft 10 A <<
21
Moving,
Moving,
Nondeforming
Nondeforming
Control Volume
Control Volume
When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity

When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity
relative to the moving control is an important variable.
relative to the moving control is an important variable.
W
W
is the relative fluid velocity seen by an observer
is the relative fluid velocity seen by an observer
moving with the control volume.
moving with the control volume.
V
Vcv cv
is the control volume velocity as seen from a fixed
is the control volume velocity as seen from a fixed
coordinate system.
coordinate system.
V
V
is the absolute fluid velocity seen by a stationary
is the absolute fluid velocity seen by a stationary
observer in a fixed coordinate system.
observer in a fixed coordinate system.
CV
V W V
r r r
+ =
0 dA n W V d
t
. S . C CV
= +

r
r
dA n W V d
t dt
dM
. S . C CV
sys
r
r
+
=

22
-
-
Compressible
Compressible
Flow with a Moving Control Volume
Flow with a Moving Control Volume
An airplane moves forward at speed of 971 km/hr as shown in An airplane moves forward at speed of 971 km/hr as shown in
Figure E5.6a. The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.80m Figure E5.6a. The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.80m
2 2
and and
the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m
3 3
. A stationary observer . A stationary observer
determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust ga determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases ses
move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine
exhaust area is 0.558 m exhaust area is 0.558 m
2 2
, and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m , and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m
3 3
. .
Estimate the mass Estimate the mass flowrate flowrate of fuel into the engine in kg/hr. of fuel into the engine in kg/hr.
Determine the mass flowrate of fuel
into the engine in kg/hr
23
Example 5.6
Example 5.6
Solution
Solution
0 dA n W V d
t
. S . C CV
= +

r
r
hr / kg 9100 ... ) km / m 1000 )( hr / km 2021 )( m 558 . 0 )( m / kg 515 . 0 ( m
hr / km 201 hr / km 971 hr / km 1050 V V W
W A W A m
0 W A W A m
2 3
in fuel
plane 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 in fuel
2 2 2 1 1 1 in fuel
= =
= + = =
=
= +
&
&
&
=0
The intake velocity, W The intake velocity, W
1 1
, relative to the moving , relative to the moving
control volume. The exhaust velocity, W control volume. The exhaust velocity, W
2 2
, also , also
needs to be measured relative to the moving needs to be measured relative to the moving
control volume. control volume.
Assuming one Assuming one- -dimensional flow dimensional flow
24
-
-
Relative Velocity
Relative Velocity
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler
through its base at the steady rate of through its base at the steady rate of
1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.7. 1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.7.
If the exit area of each of the two If the exit area of each of the two
nozzle is 30 mm nozzle is 30 mm
2 2
, determine the , determine the
average speed of the water leaving average speed of the water leaving
each nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if each nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if
(a) the rotary sprinkler head is (a) the rotary sprinkler head is
stationary, (b) the sprinkler head stationary, (b) the sprinkler head
rotates at 60 rpm, and (c) the rotates at 60 rpm, and (c) the
sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to
600 rpm. 600 rpm.
Determine the average speed
of the water leaving each
nozzle, relative to the nozzle
Figure E5.7
25
Example 5.7
Example 5.7
Solution
Solution
0 dA n W V d
t
. S . C CV
= +

r
r
2
2
2 2 6 3
2
2
W s / m 7 . 16
) mm 30 )( 2 )( liter / ml 1000 (
) m / mm 10 )( liter / m 001 . 0 )( s / ml 1000 (
A 2
Q
W = = = =
=0
The value of W The value of W
2 2
is independent of the speed of rotation of the sprinkler head is independent of the speed of rotation of the sprinkler head
and represents the average speed of the water exiting from each and represents the average speed of the water exiting from each nozzle with nozzle with
respect to the nozzle for case (a), (b), (c). respect to the nozzle for case (a), (b), (c).
Q m W A 2 m
0 m m dA n W
in 2 2 out
out in . S . C
= = =
= + =
& &
& &
r
r
26
Deforming Control Volume
A deforming control volume involves changing volume

A deforming control volume involves changing volume
size and control surface movement.
size and control surface movement.
The Reynolds transport theorem for a deforming control

The Reynolds transport theorem for a deforming control
volume can be used for this case.
volume can be used for this case.
CS
V W V
r r r
+ =
dA n W V d
t dt
dM
. S . C CV
sys
r
r
+
=

V Vcs cs is the velocity of the control surface as seen by a fixed obser is the velocity of the control surface as seen by a fixed observer. ver.
W is the relative velocity referenced to the control surface. W is the relative velocity referenced to the control surface.
27

1/2 1/2
A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a face ar A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a face area of ea of
500 mm 500 mm
2 2
. If the liquid in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a . If the liquid in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a
rate of 300 cm rate of 300 cm
3 3
/min, at what speed should the plunger be advanced? /min, at what speed should the plunger be advanced?
The leakage rate past the plunger is 0.01 times the volume The leakage rate past the plunger is 0.01 times the volume flowrate flowrate
out of the needle. out of the needle.
Determine the speed
of the plunger be
advanced
Leakage rate
28
Example 5.8
Example 5.8
Solution
Solution
p 1
A A
min / mm 660 ...
A
Q Q
V
0 Q Q V A
0 Q m V A V
t
Let
1
leak 2
p
leak 2 p 1
leak 2 p 1 p
= =
+
=
= + +
= + + =
&
l
2 2
Q m =
&
0 dA n W V d
t
. S . C CV
= +

r
r
t
A V d
t
) V A ( V d 0 Q m V d
t
1
CV
needle 1 CV leak 2 CV
+ =
= + +
l
l
&
29
The Linear Momentum Equations
1/4 1/4
Newton Newton s second law for a system moving relative to an inertial s second law for a system moving relative to an inertial
coordinate system. coordinate system.
system
sys
B S sys
dt
P d
V d V
dt
d
F F F
|
|
|
= = + =

r
r r r r
Time rate of change of Time rate of change of
the linear momentum of the linear momentum of
the system the system
=
Sum of external forces Sum of external forces
acting on the system acting on the system
V d V dm V P
) system ( V ) system ( M
system
= =

r r r
30
2/4 2/4
For the system and a fixed, For the system and a fixed, nondeforming nondeforming control volume that are control volume that are
coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds Transport Theorem coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to leads to

+

CS CV sys
dA n V V V d V
t
V d V
dt
d r
r r r r
B=P and
B=P and V b
r
=

+

CS CV sys
dA n V V V d V
t
V d V
dt
d r
r r r r
of the linear of the linear
momentum of the momentum of the
coincident system coincident system
linear momentum of the linear momentum of the
content of the coincident content of the coincident
control volume control volume
linear momentum linear momentum
through the control through the control
surface surface
= =
+ +
31
3/4 3/4
External forces acting on system and External forces acting on system and

=
volume control coincident the of contents sys
F F
r r
When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant of of
time, the force acting on the system and the force acting on th time, the force acting on the system and the force acting on the e
contents of the coincident control volume are instantaneously contents of the coincident control volume are instantaneously
identical. identical.
32
4/4 4/4
For a
For a
fixed and
fixed and
nondeforming
nondeforming
control volume,
control volume, the control the control
volume formulation of Newton volume formulation of Newton s second law s second law

= +
F dA n V V V d V
t
CS CV
r
r
r r r
Contents of the coincident
control volume
Linear momentum equation Linear momentum equation
33
Example 5.10 Linear Momentum
Change in
Change in
Flow Direction
Flow Direction
As shown in Figure E5.10a, a horizontal jet of water exits a noz As shown in Figure E5.10a, a horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle zle
with a uniform speed of V with a uniform speed of V
1 1
=10 ft/s, strike a vane, and is turned =10 ft/s, strike a vane, and is turned
through an angle through an angle . Determine the anchoring force needed to hold . Determine the anchoring force needed to hold
the vane stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects. the vane stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects.
Determine the anchoring
force needed to hold the
vane stationary.
34
Example 5.10
Example 5.10
Solution
Solution

= +
= +
z
CS CV
x
CS CV
F dA n V w V d w
t
F dA n V u V d u
t
r
r
r
r
The x and z direction The x and z direction components of linear momentum equation components of linear momentum equation
lb sin 64 . 11 ... sin A V F
lb ) cos 1 ( 64 . 11 .. ) cos 1 ( A V F
F A ) V ( sin V A ) V ( ) 0 (
F A ) V ( cos V A ) V ( V
1
1
2
Az
1
1
2
Ax
Az 2 1 1 1 1
Ax 2 1 1 1 1 1
= = =
= = =
= +
= +
k w i u V
r r
r
+ =
35
Weight,
Weight,
pressure, and Change in Speed
Determine the anchoring force required to hold in place a conica Determine the anchoring force required to hold in place a conical l
nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sin faucet when the w nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sin faucet when the water ater
flowrate flowrate is 0.6 liter/s. The nozzle mass is 0.1kg. The nozzle inlet and is 0.6 liter/s. The nozzle mass is 0.1kg. The nozzle inlet and
exit diameters are 16mm and 5mm, respectively. The nozzle axis i exit diameters are 16mm and 5mm, respectively. The nozzle axis is s
vertical and the axial distance between section (1) and (2) is 3 vertical and the axial distance between section (1) and (2) is 30mm. 0mm.
The pressure at section (1) is 464 The pressure at section (1) is 464 kPa kPa. . to hold the vane stationary. to hold the vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and viscous effects. Neglect gravity and viscous effects.
36
Example 5.11
Example 5.11
Solution
Solution
1/3 1/3
37
Example 5.11
Example 5.11
Solution
Solution
2/3 2/3
dA w dA n V
A p W A p W F dA n V w V d w
t
2 2 w 1 1 n A
CS CV
=
+ = +

r
r
r
r
The z direction component of linear moment equation The z direction component of linear moment equation
With the With the + + used for flow out of the control volume and used for flow out of the control volume and - - used used
for flow in. for flow in.
2 2 w 1 1 n 2 1 A
2 2 w 1 1 n 2 2 1 1
A p W A p W ) w w ( m F
A p W A p W ) w ( m ) w )( m (
+ + + =
+ = +
&
& &
m m m
2 1
& & &
= = s / kg 599 . 0 ... Q A w m m m
1 1 2 1
= = = = = =
& & &
38
Example 5.11
Example 5.11
Solution
Solution
3/3 3/3
( )
( )
N 0278 . 0 ... g V ) D D D D ( h
12
1
g V W
N 981 . 0 ) s / m 81 . 9 )( kg 1 . 0 ( g m W
m 6 . 30 ...
4 / D
Q
A
Q
w
s / m 98 . 2 ...
4 / D
Q
A
Q
w
w 2 1
2
2
1
2
w w
2
n n
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
= =
(
+ + = =
= = =
= =
= =
= =
= =
N 8 . 77 ... )(...) s / kg 599 . 0 (
A p W A p W ) w w ( m F
2 2 w 1 1 n 2 1 A
= = =
+ + + =
&
39
Pressure ,
Pressure ,
Change in Speed, and Friction
Change in Speed, and Friction
Water flows through a horizontal, 180 Water flows through a horizontal, 180 pipe bend. The flow cross pipe bend. The flow cross- -
section area is constant at a value of 0.1ft section area is constant at a value of 0.1ft
2 2
through the bend. The through the bend. The
magnitude of the flow velocity everywhere in the bend is axial a magnitude of the flow velocity everywhere in the bend is axial and nd
50ft/s. The absolute pressure at the entrance and exit of the be 50ft/s. The absolute pressure at the entrance and exit of the bend are nd are
30 30 psia psia and 24 and 24 psia psia, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y) , respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y)
components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend in components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend in
place. place.
40
Example 5.12
Example 5.12
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
The x direction component of linear moment equation The x direction component of linear moment equation
Ax
CS CV
F dA n V u V d u
t
= +

r
r
2 2 1 1 Ay
CS CV
A p A p F dA n V v V d v
t
+ + = +

r
r
At section (1) and (2), the flow is in the y direction and there At section (1) and (2), the flow is in the y direction and therefore fore
u=0 at both sections. u=0 at both sections.
0 F
Ax
=
The y direction component of linear moment equation The y direction component of linear moment equation
41
Example 5.12
Example 5.12
Solution
Solution
2/2 2/2
For one For one- -dimensional flow dimensional flow
2 2 1 1 Ay 2 2 1 1
A p A p F ) m )( v ( ) m )( v ( + + = + + +
& &
2 2 1 1 Ay 2 1
A p A p F ) v v ( m + + = +
&
s / slugs 70 . 9 ... A v m m m
1 1 2 1
= = = = =
& & &
lb 1324 ... A p A p ) v v ( m F
2 2 1 1 2 1 Ay
= = + =
&
42
Weight,
Weight,
Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straigh Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight t
portion of 4 portion of 4- -in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in Figure E5.13, in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in Figure E5.13,
where the uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each where the uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each
cross section are given, If the average air velocity at section cross section are given, If the average air velocity at section (2) is (2) is
1000 ft/s, we found in Example 5.2 that the average air velocity 1000 ft/s, we found in Example 5.2 that the average air velocity at at
section (1) must be section (1) must be 219 ft/s 219 ft/s. Assuming uniform velocity . Assuming uniform velocity
distributions at sections (1) and (2), determine the frictional distributions at sections (1) and (2), determine the frictional force force
exerted by the pipe wall on the air flow between sections (1) an exerted by the pipe wall on the air flow between sections (1) and (2). d (2).
43
Example 5.13
Example 5.13
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
The axial component of linear moment equation The axial component of linear moment equation
2 2 1 1 x
CS CV
A p A p R dA n V u V d u
t
+ = +

r
r
2 2 1 1 x 2 2 1 1
A p A p R ) m )( u ( ) m )( u ( + = + + + +
& &
) p p ( A R ) u u ( m
2 1 2 x 1 2
+ =
&
s / slugs 297 . 0 ... u
4
D
RT
p
m m m
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
= =
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
= = =
& & &
) u u ( m ) p p ( A R
1 2 2 1 2 x
=
&
44
Example 5.13
Example 5.13
Solution
Solution
2/2 2/2
4
D
A
RT
p
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
) u u ( m ) p p ( A R
1 2 2 1 2 x
=
&
lb 793 ... ) u u ( m ) p p ( A R
1 2 2 1 2 x
= = =
&
45
Weight, Pressure,
Weight, Pressure,
If the flow of If the flow of Example 5.4 Example 5.4 is is

vertically upward, develop an vertically upward, develop an
expression for the fluid pressure drop expression for the fluid pressure drop
that occurs between sections (1) and that occurs between sections (1) and
(2). (2).
46
Example 5.14
Example 5.14
Solution
Solution
2 2 z 1 1
CS
2 2 2 1 1
2 2 z 1 1
CS CV
A p W R A p ) dA w ( ) w ( ) m )( w (
A p W R A p dA n V w V d w
t
= + + + +
= +

&
r
r
The axial component of linear moment equation The axial component of linear moment equation
(
(
\
|
=
2
1 2
R
r
1 w 2 w
| |
3
R
w 4 rdr 2 w ) dA w ( ) w (
) R / r ( 1 w 2 w
2
2
1
R
0
2
2
CS
2 2 2
2
1 2
= = + +
=

1 1
z
2
1
2 1
2 2 z 1 1
2
1
2
2
1
A
W
A
R
3
w
p p
A p W R A p R w
3
4
R w
+ +
=
= +
47
Example 5.15
Example 5.15
Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum
-
-
Trust
Trust
A static thrust as sketched in Figure E5.15 is to be designed fo A static thrust as sketched in Figure E5.15 is to be designed for r
testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a
typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s m/s; exhaust gas velocity= = ; exhaust gas velocity= =
500 500 m/s m/s; intake cross ; intake cross- -section area = 1m section area = 1m
2 2
; intake static pressure = ; intake static pressure = - -
22.5 22.5 kPa kPa=78.5 =78.5 kPa kPa (abs); intake static temperature = 268K; exhaust (abs); intake static temperature = 268K; exhaust
static pressure =0 static pressure =0 kPa kPa=101 =101 kPa kPa (abs). Estimate the normal trust for (abs). Estimate the normal trust for
which to design. which to design.
48
Example 5.15
Example 5.15
Solution
Solution
N 83700 ... ) u u ( m A A F
F A p A p ) u u ( m
u A m u A m m
F A ) p p ( A ) p p ( ) m )( u ( ) m )( u (
) A A ( p A p F A p dA n V u V d u
t
1 2 2 2 1 1 th
th 2 2 1 1 1 2
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
th 2 atm 2 1 atm 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 atm 2 2 th 1 1
CS CV
= = + + =
+ =
= = = =
+ = + + + +
+ = +

&
&
& & &
& &
r
r
s / kg 204 ... u A m
RT
p
1 1 1
1
1
1
= = = =
&
49
Nomuniform
Nomuniform
Pressure
Pressure
A sluice gate across a A sluice gate across a
channel of width b is shown channel of width b is shown
in the closed and open in the closed and open
position in Figure 5.16a and position in Figure 5.16a and
b. Is the anchoring force b. Is the anchoring force
required to hold the gate in required to hold the gate in
place larger when the gate is place larger when the gate is
closed or when it is open? closed or when it is open?
50
Example 5.16
Example 5.16
Solution
Solution
When the gate is open, the horizontal forces acting on the contents of
the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16d.
hb u F b h
2
1
b H
2
1
R u u and h H For
F b h
2
1
R b H
2
1
hb u Hb u
F b h
2
1
R b H
2
1
dA n V u
2
2 f
2 2
x 2 1
f
2
x
2
2
2
2
1
f
2
x
2
CS
= << >>
= +
=
r
r
When the gate is closed, the horizontal forces acting on the contents
of the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16c.
b H
2
1
R R b H
2
1
dA n V u
2
x x
2
CS
= =
r
r
51
Moving,
Moving,
Nondeforming
Nondeforming
Control Volume
Control Volume
1/3 1/3
CV
V W V
r r r
+ =

+

CS CV sys
dA n W V V d V
t
V d V
dt
d r
r r r r

= +
F dA n W V V d V
t
CS CV
r
r
r r r
Contents of the coincident Contents of the coincident

= + + +
F dA n W ) V W ( V d ) V W (
t
CS
CV
CV
CV
r
r
r r r r r
Contents of the
coincident
control volume
dA n W b V bd
t dt
dB
CS CV
sys
r
r
+
=

Chapter 4: Reynolds transport Chapter 4: Reynolds transport
equation for a control volume equation for a control volume
moving with moving with constant velocity constant velocity is is
52
Moving,
Moving,
Nondeforming
Nondeforming
Control Volume
Control Volume
2/3 2/3
( )

+ = +
CS
CV
CS CS
CV
dA n W V dA n W W dA n W V W
r
r r
r
r r
r
r r r
( ) 0 V d V W
t
CV
CV
= +
r r
For a constant control volume velocity, For a constant control volume velocity, V V
cv cv
, and , and steady steady
flow flow in the control volume reference frame in the control volume reference frame
For steady flow, continuity equation For steady flow, continuity equation
=0 =0
0 dA n W V d
t dt
dM
. S . C CV
sys
= +
=

r
r
0 dA n W
. S . C
=
r
r
53
Moving,
Moving,
Nondeforming
Nondeforming
Control Volume
Control Volume
3/3 3/3
= F dA n W W
CS
r
r
r r
For a moving, For a moving, nondeforming nondeforming control volume, the linear control volume, the linear
momentum equation of steady flow momentum equation of steady flow
Contents of the coincident
control volume
54
Vector Form of Momentum Equation
Vector Form of Momentum Equation
The
The
sum of all forces
sum of all forces
(surface and body forces) acting on a
(surface and body forces) acting on a
Non
Non
-
-
accelerating control volume is equal to the
accelerating control volume is equal to the
sum of the
sum of the
rate of change of momentum inside the control volume
rate of change of momentum inside the control volume
and the net rate of flux of momentum out through the
and the net rate of flux of momentum out through the
control surface
control surface
.
.

=
= =
A
S
CV
B
A d p - F
V d B dm B F
r r
r r r
Where the velocities are measured Where the velocities are measured
Relative to the control volume. Relative to the control volume.

+
=
+ =
CS CV
B S
volume control coincident the of contents
dA n V V V d V
t
F F F
r
r r r
r r r
55
..
-
-
Moving Control Volume
1/2 1/2
A vane on wheels move with a constant velocity V A vane on wheels move with a constant velocity V
0 0
when a stream when a stream
of water having a nozzle exit velocity of V of water having a nozzle exit velocity of V
1 1
is turned 45 is turned 45 by the vane by the vane
as indicated in Figure E5.17a. Note that this is the same moving as indicated in Figure E5.17a. Note that this is the same moving
vane considered in Section 4.4.6 earlier . Determine the magnitu vane considered in Section 4.4.6 earlier . Determine the magnitude de
and direction of the force, F, exerted by the stream of water on and direction of the force, F, exerted by the stream of water on the the
vane surface. The speed of the water jet leaving the nozzle is 1 vane surface. The speed of the water jet leaving the nozzle is 100ft/s, 00ft/s,
and the vane is moving to the right with a constant speed of 20 and the vane is moving to the right with a constant speed of 20 ft/s. ft/s.
56
..
-
-
2/2 2/2
57
..
Example 5.17
Example 5.17
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
x 2 2 1 1
x
CS
x
R ) m )( 45 cos W ( ) m )( W (
R dA n W W
= + + + +
=
& &
r
r
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
A W m A W m = =
& &
w z 2 2
W z
CS
z
W R ) m )( 45 sin W (
W R dA n W W
= + +
=
&
r
r
... V V W W
A W m A W m
0 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
= = =
= = =
& &
The z direction component of linear moment equation The z direction component of linear moment equation
58
..
Example 5.17
Example 5.17
Solution
Solution
2/2 2/2
x
z
1
2
z
2
x
w 1
2
1 z
1
2
1 x
R
R
tan
lb 3 . 57 ... R R R
lb 53 ... W 45 sin A W R
lb 8 . 21 ... ) 45 cos 1 ( A W R
=
= = + =
= = + =
= = =
l
1 w
gA W =
59
Moment
Moment
-
-
of
of
-
-
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
1/4 1/4
Applying Newton Applying Newton s second law of motion to a particle of fluid s second law of motion to a particle of fluid
Taking moment of each side with respect to the origin of an ine Taking moment of each side with respect to the origin of an inertial rtial
coordinate system coordinate system
particle
F ) V V (
dt
d
r r
=
particle
F r ) V V (
dt
d
r
r
r
r
r
=
| | ) V V (
dt
d
r V V
dt
r d
V ) V r (
dt
d
+ =
r
r
r
r
r
r
V
dt
r d
r
r
=
0 V V =
r r
The velocity measured in an inertial reference system
| |
particle
F r V ) V r (
dt
d
r r
r
=
60
Moment
Moment
-
-
of
of
-
-
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
2/4 2/4
| |
particle
F r V ) V r (
dt
d
r
r
r
r
=
sys
sys
) F r ( V ) V r (
dt
d
=
r
r
r
r
| |

=
=
sys sys
sys sys
) F r ( V d ) V r (
dt
d
V ) V r (
dt
d
V d ) V r (
dt
d
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
The time rate of change of the The time rate of change of the
Moment Moment- -of of- -momentum of the system momentum of the system
Sum of external torques Sum of external torques
Acting on system Acting on system
61
Moment
Moment
-
-
of
of
-
-
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
3/4 3/4
For the system and the contents of the coincident control

volume that is fixed and
nondeforming
nondeforming
, The Reynolds
, The Reynolds
transport theorem leads to
transport theorem leads to

+
=
CS CV sys
dA n V ) V r ( V d ) V r (
t
V d ) V r (
dt
d r
r r
r
r
r
r
r
of the moment of the moment- -of of- -
momentum of the momentum of the
system system
moment moment- -of of- -momentum momentum of of
the content of the the content of the
moment moment- -of of- -momentum momentum
through the control through the control
surface surface
= = + +
m V r bm B V r b
r
r
r
r
= =
62
Moment
Moment
-
-
of
of
-
-
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
4/4 4/4
When a control volume is coincident with a system at an

When a control volume is coincident with a system at an
instant of time, the torque acting on the system and the
instant of time, the torque acting on the system and the
torque acting on the contents of the coincident control
torque acting on the contents of the coincident control
volume are instantaneously identical
volume are instantaneously identical
For fixed and

For fixed and
nondeforming
nondeforming
control volume, the moment
control volume, the moment
-
-
of
of
-
-
momentum equation:
momentum equation:
) F r ( dA n V ) V r ( V d ) V r (
t
CS CV
r
r r
r r
r
r
r
Contents of the coincident Contents of the coincident

=
cv sys
) F r ( ) F r (
r
r
r
r
63
Application
Application
1/7 1/7
Consider the rotating sprinkler. Consider the rotating sprinkler.
The flows are one The flows are one- -dimensional. dimensional.
The flows are steady or steady The flows are steady or steady- -in in- -the the- -mean. mean.
Using the axial component of the moment Using the axial component of the moment- -of of- -momentum momentum
equation to analyze this flow equation to analyze this flow
Using the fixed and non Using the fixed and non- -deforming deforming
control volume which contains within control volume which contains within
its boundaries the spinning or its boundaries the spinning or
stationary sprinkler head and the stationary sprinkler head and the
portion of the water flowing through portion of the water flowing through
the sprinkler contained in the control the sprinkler contained in the control
volume. volume.
0 V d ) V r (
t
CV
=
r
r
64
Application
Application
2/7 2/7

CS
dA n V ) V r (
r
r r
r
0 V r =
r
r
At section (1) At section (1)
At section (2) At section (2)
2 2
V r V r

=
r
r
r r
2 2
is the radius from the axis of rotation to the nozzle is the radius from the axis of rotation to the nozzle
centerline and V centerline and V
2 2
is the tangential component of the velocity is the tangential component of the velocity
of the flow exiting each nozzle as observed from a frame of of the flow exiting each nozzle as observed from a frame of
reference attached to the fixed and reference attached to the fixed and nondeforming nondeforming control control
volume. volume.
) F r ( dA n V ) V r ( V d ) V r (
t
CS CV
r
r r
r r
r
r
r
This term can be nonzero only where fluid is This term can be nonzero only where fluid is
crossing the control surface. Everywhere else on the crossing the control surface. Everywhere else on the
control surface this term will be zero because control surface this term will be zero because 0 n V =
r
r
There is no axial moment There is no axial moment- -of of- -
momentum flow in momentum flow in section (1) section (1)
65
Application
Application
3/7 3/7
U is the velocity of the moving nozzle as measured relative to t U is the velocity of the moving nozzle as measured relative to the he
fixed control surface. fixed control surface.
W is relative velocity of exit flow as viewed from the nozzle W is relative velocity of exit flow as viewed from the nozzle
V is the absolute velocity of exit flow relative to a fixed cont V is the absolute velocity of exit flow relative to a fixed control rol
surface. surface.
U W V
r r r
+ =
66
Application
Application
4/7 4/7
( ) m ) V r ( dA n V ) V r (
2 2
axial
CS
&
r
r r
r
+ =

Where m is the total mass Where m is the total mass flowrate flowrate through both nozzles. The through both nozzles. The
mass mass flowrate flowrate is the same whether the sprinkler rotates or not. is the same whether the sprinkler rotates or not.
n V
r
r
- - for flow into for flow into

+ + for flow out for flow out
V r
r
r
+ + or or - - ascertained by ascertained by
using the right using the right- -hand rule hand rule

CS
dA n V ) V r (
r
r r
r
The correct algebraic sign of the axial component of The correct algebraic sign of the axial component of
can be easily remembered in the following way: can be easily remembered in the following way:
If V
If V

and U are in the same direction, use +
and U are in the same direction, use +
If V
If V

and U are in opposite direction, use
and U are in opposite direction, use
-
-
V r
r
r
67
Application
Application
5/7 5/7
m V r T ) F r (
2 2 shaft
axial
CV the of content
&
r
r
= =
The torque term The torque term

Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume, that is, Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume, that is, work done work done
by the fluid on the rotor and thus its shaft. by the fluid on the rotor and thus its shaft.
volume control the of content
) F r (

r
r
Interpreting Interpreting T T
shaft shaft
being a negative quantity to mean that the shaft being a negative quantity to mean that the shaft
torque actually oppose to the rotation of the sprinkler arms. torque actually oppose to the rotation of the sprinkler arms.
The shaft torque The shaft torque T T
shaft shaft
, oppose rotation in all turbine devices. , oppose rotation in all turbine devices.
Shaft power?
Shaft power?
= =

m V r T W
2 2 shaft shaft
&
&
2 2 shaft shaft
V U m W w

= =
&
&
=
2
r U Sprinkler speed Sprinkler speed
68
Application
Application
6/7 6/7
( )( ) ( )( )
out out out in in in shaft
V r m V r m T + =
& &
) F r ( dA n V ) V r ( V d ) V r (
t
CS CV
r
r r
r r
r
r
r
General case
General case
The The - - is used with mass is used with mass flowrate flowrate into the control into the control
volume, m volume, m
in in
, and the , and the + + is used with mass is used with mass flowrate flowrate out out
of the control volume, of the control volume, m m
out out
, to , to acount acount for the sign of the for the sign of the
dot product . dot product .
Contents of the Contents of the
Control volume Control volume
n V
r
r
The The + + or or - - is used with the is used with the rV rV

product depends product depends
on the direction of on the direction of ( )
axial
V r
v
r
69
Application
Application
7/7 7/7
A simple way to determine the sign of the A simple way to determine the sign of the rV rV

product is to product is to
compare the direction of compare the direction of V V

and the blade speed U. and the blade speed U.
If V If V

and U are in the same direction, and U are in the same direction,
the product the product rV rV

is positive. is positive.
If V If V

and U are in opposite direction, and U are in opposite direction,
the product the product rV rV

is negative. is negative.
The shaft work The shaft work
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
out out out in in in shaft
out out out in in in shaft shaft
V U m V U m W
V r m V r m T W
+ =
+ = =
& &
&
& &
&
=
2
r U
Sprinkler seed Sprinkler seed
out in
m m m
& & &
= =
( ) ( )
out out in in shaft
V U V U w + =
70
..
Example 5.18 Moment of

Momentum
Momentum
Torque
Torque
1/2 1/2
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the s Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady teady
rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.18. The exit area of rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.18. The exit area of each each
nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis of of
rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200mm. rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200mm. (a) The resisting
torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.(b) The
resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a
constant speed of 500rev/min. (c) The speed of the sprinkler if
no resisting torque is applied.
71
..

Momentum
Momentum
Torque
Torque
2/2 2/2
72
..
Example 5.18
Example 5.18
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
7 . 5 / 7 . 16
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
Example from s m V where m V r T
V V m V r T
shaft
shaft
= =
= =
&
&

m N 34 . 3
) liter / ml 1000 (
)] s / m /( ) kg / N ( 1 )[ s / kg 999 . 0 )( s / m 7 . 16 )( mm 200 (
T
s / kg 999 . 0
) liter / ml 1000 (
) m / kg 999 )( liter / m 10 )( s / ml 1000 (
Q m
2
shaft
3 3 3
= =
= = =

&
(a)
(b)
s / m 2 . 6
min) / s 60 )( m / mm 1000 (
) rev / rad 2 min)( / rev 500 )( mm 200 (
s / m 7 . 16 V
r U s / m 7 . 16 W where
U W V
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
=
= =
=
73
..
Example 5.18
Example 5.18
Solution
Solution
2/2 2/2
m N 24 . 1
) liter / ml 1000 (
)] s / m /( ) kg / N ( 1 )[ s / kg 999 . 0 )( s / m 2 . 6 )( mm 200 (
T
2
shaft
= =
(c)
rpm 797 s / rad 5 . 83
) mm 200 (
) m / mm 1000 )( s / m 7 . 16 (
r
W
0 m ) r W ( r T
2
2
2 2 2 shaft
= = = =
= =
&
m V r T
2 2 shaft
&
=
74
..

Momentum
Momentum
Power
Power
1/2 1/2
An air fan has a bladed rotor of 12 An air fan has a bladed rotor of 12- -in. outside diameter and 10 in. outside diameter and 10- -in. in.
inside diameter as illustrated in Figure E5.19a. The height of e inside diameter as illustrated in Figure E5.19a. The height of each ach
rotor is constant at 1 in. from blade inlet to outlet. The rotor is constant at 1 in. from blade inlet to outlet. The flowrate flowrate is is
steady, on a time steady, on a time- -average basis, at 230 ft average basis, at 230 ft
3 3
/min, and the absolute /min, and the absolute
velocity of the air at blade inlet, V velocity of the air at blade inlet, V
1 1
, is radial. The blade discharge , is radial. The blade discharge
angle is 30 angle is 30 from the tangential direction. If the rotor rotates at a from the tangential direction. If the rotor rotates at a
constant speed of 1725 rpm, constant speed of 1725 rpm, estimate the power required to run the estimate the power required to run the
fan. fan.
75
..

Momentum
Momentum
Power
Power
2/2 2/2
76
..
Example 5.19
Example 5.19
Solution
Solution
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 1 1 1 shaft
V U m V U m W + =
& &
&
0 (V 0 (V
1 1
is radial) is radial)
hp 972 . 0 ... V U m W
s / ft 3 . 29 ... ) 30 sin h r 2 /( m W
hV r 2 V A Q m
V 30 cos W 30 cos W U V U W V
s / ft 3 . 90
min) / s 60 )( ft / . in 12 (
) rev / rad 2 )( rpm 1725 .)( in 6 (
r U
s / slug 00912 . 0 ... Q m
2 2 shaft
2 2
2 r 2 2 r 2
2 r 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
= = =
= = = >>
= = =
= = + =
=
= =
= = =
&
&
&
&
&
77
The Energy Equation The Energy Equation

1/4 1/4
The first law of thermodynamics for a system is The first law of thermodynamics for a system is
Time rate of increase Time rate of increase
of the total stored of the total stored
energy of the system energy of the system
Net time rate of energy Net time rate of energy
addition by heat transfer addition by heat transfer
into the system into the system
Net time rate of energy Net time rate of energy
addition by work addition by work
transfer into the system transfer into the system
=
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
gz
2
V
u e
W Q V d e
dt
d
or
W Q W W Q Q V d e
dt
d
2
sys
in net in net sys
sys
in / net in / net
sys
out in
sys
out in sys
+ + =
+ =
+ = + =
& &
& & & & & &
Total stored energy per unit Total stored energy per unit
mass for each particle in the mass for each particle in the
system system
+ + going into system going into system
- - coming out coming out
The net rate of heat transfer into the system The net rate of heat transfer into the system
The net rate of work transfer The net rate of work transfer
into the system into the system
78

2/4 2/4
For the system and the contents of the coincident control volume For the system and the contents of the coincident control volume
that is fixed and that is fixed and nondeforming nondeforming -- -- Reynolds Transport Theorem Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to leads to
dA n V e V d e
t
V d e
dt
d
. S . C CV sys
r
r
+
=

Time rate of increase Time rate of increase
of the total stored of the total stored
energy of the system energy of the system
Net time rate of increase Net time rate of increase
of the total stored energy of the total stored energy
of the contents of the of the contents of the
The net rate of flow of the The net rate of flow of the
total stored energy out of total stored energy out of
the control volume through the control volume through
the control surface the control surface
=
+
79

3/4 3/4
CV
CS
in net in net cv
) W Q ( dA n V e V d e
t

+ = +
& &
r
r
For the control volume that is coincident with the system

For the control volume that is coincident with the system
at an instant of time.
at an instant of time.
The control volume formula for the first law of

The control volume formula for the first law of
thermodynamics:
thermodynamics:
volume control coincident in net in net sys in net in net
) W Q ( ) W Q (
& & & &
+ = +
80
Rate of Work done by CV
Rate of Work done by CV
Shaft work : the rate of work transferred into thro

Shaft work : the rate of work transferred into thro
ugh
ugh
the CS by the shaft work ( negative for work transferred out,
the CS by the shaft work ( negative for work transferred out,
positive for work input required)
positive for work input required)
Work done by normal stresses at the CS:

Work done by normal stresses at the CS:
Work done by shear stresses at the CS:

Work done by shear stresses at the CS:
Other work
Other work

other shear normal Shaft
W W W W W
& & & & &
+ + + =
Shaft
W
&

= = =
CS CS
nn normal normal
dA n V p dA n V V F W
r
r
r
r
v
r
&
dA n V W
CS
shear
r
r
&
+ =

+ = +
CS
in net shaft in net
CS
cv
dA n V p W Q dA n V e V d e
t
r
r
& &
r
r
Negligibly small Negligibly small
81

4/4 4/4
in / Shaft in / net
CS
2
CV
W Q dA n V ) gz
2
V p
u
( V d e
t
& &
r
r
+ = + +
+ +

+ = +
CS
in net Shaf in net
CS CV
dA n V p W Q dA n V e V d e
t
r
r
& &
r
r
Energy equation
Energy equation
82
Application of Energy Equation
1/2 1/2
0 V d e
t
CV
m gz
2
V p
u m gz
2
V p
u dA n V gz
2
V p
u
in
2
out
2 2
CS
& &
r
r

|
|
\
|
+ +
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
+ =
(
+ +
+
in
in
2
out
out
2
2
CS
m gz
2
V p
u m gz
2
V p
u
dA n V gz
2
V p
u
& &
r
r
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
+ =

(
+ +
When the flow is steady When the flow is steady

The integral of The integral of
dA n V gz
2
V p
u
2
CS
r
r

(
+ +
??? ???
Uniformly distribution
Only one stream
entering and leaving
Only one stream
entering and leaving
83
2/2 2/2
( )
in net shaft in net
in out
2
in
2
out
in out
in out
W Q
z z g
2
V V p p
u
m
& &
&
+ =
(
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+ =
p
u h
( )
in / net shaft in / net in out
2
in
2
out
in out
W Q z z g
2
V V
h
m
& &
&
+ =
(
+
If shaft work is involved If shaft work is involved . .
One One- -dimensional energy equation dimensional energy equation
for steady for steady- -in in- -the the- -mean flow mean flow
Enthalpy Enthalpy The energy equation is written in terms The energy equation is written in terms
of enthalpy. of enthalpy.
84
Example 5.20 Energy
Example 5.20 Energy
Pump Power
Pump Power
1/2 1/2
A pump delivers water at a steady rate of 300 gal/min as shown i A pump delivers water at a steady rate of 300 gal/min as shown in n
Figure E5.20. Just upstream of the pump [section(1)] where the p Figure E5.20. Just upstream of the pump [section(1)] where the pipe ipe
diameter is 3.5 in., the pressure is 18 diameter is 3.5 in., the pressure is 18 psi psi. Just downstream of the . Just downstream of the
pump [section (2)] where the pipe diameter is 1 in., the pressur pump [section (2)] where the pipe diameter is 1 in., the pressure is e is
60 60 psi psi. The change in water elevation across the pump is zero. The . The change in water elevation across the pump is zero. The
rise in internal energy of water, u rise in internal energy of water, u
2 2
- -u u
1 1
, associated with a temperature , associated with a temperature
rise across the pump is 3000 rise across the pump is 3000 ft ft lb lb/slug. If the pumping process is /slug. If the pumping process is
considered to be adiabatic, determine the power (hp) required by considered to be adiabatic, determine the power (hp) required by the the
pump. pump.
85
Example 5.20 Energy
Example 5.20 Energy
Pump Power
Pump Power
2/2 2/2
86
Example 5.20
Example 5.20
Solution
Solution
( )
in / net shaft in / net
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
W Q
z z g
2
V V p p
u u m
& &
&
+ =
(
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
| | hp 3 . 32 .... ) s / slugs 30 . 1 ( W
s / ft 123 ...
A
Q
V s / ft 0 . 10 .....
A
Q
V
4 / D
Q
A
Q
V
s / slugs 30 . 1
min) / s 60 )( ft / gal 48 . 7 (
min) / gal 300 )( ft / slug 94 . 1 (
Q m
in net shaft
2
2
1
1
2
3
3
= =
= = = = = =
= =
= = =
&
&
One One- -dimensional energy equation for steady dimensional energy equation for steady- -in in- -the the- -mean flow mean flow
=0(Adiabatic flow)
87
Example 5.21 Energy
Example 5.21 Energy
Turbine Power
Turbine Power
per Unit Mass of Flow
per Unit Mass of Flow
Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30m/s and enthalpy, h Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30m/s and enthalpy, h
1 1
, of , of
3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine as a mixture of vapor a 3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine as a mixture of vapor and nd
liquid having a velocity of 60 liquid having a velocity of 60 m/s m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If
the flow through the turbine is adiabatic and changes in elevati the flow through the turbine is adiabatic and changes in elevation on
are negligible, are negligible, determine the work output involved per unit mass of determine the work output involved per unit mass of
steam through steam through- -flow flow. .
88
Example 5.21
Example 5.21
Solution
Solution
( )
in / net shaft in / net 1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
W Q z z g
2
V V
h
m
& &
&
+ =
(
+
kg / kJ 797 ...
2
V V
h
w
w w
2
V V
h
m
W
w
2
2
2
1
2 1 out net shaft
in net shaft out net shaft
2
1
2
2
1 2
in net shaft
in net shaft
= =
+ =
=
+ = =
&
& &
&
&
&
The energy equation in terms of enthalpy. The energy equation in terms of enthalpy.
=0(Adiabatic flow)
89
Example 5.22 Energy
Example 5.22 Energy
Temperature
Temperature
Change
Change
A 500 A 500- -ft waterfall involves steady flow from one large body of ft waterfall involves steady flow from one large body of
water to another. Determine the temperature change associated wi water to another. Determine the temperature change associated with th
this flow. this flow.
90
Example 5.22
Example 5.22
Solution
Solution
( )
in net 1 2
2
1
2
2 1 2
1 2
Q z z g
2
V V p p
u u m
&
&
=
(
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
water of heat specific the is ) R lbm /( Btu 1 c where
c
u u
T T
1 2
1 2
=
=
(
(
V
2
=V
1
R 643 . 0
)] s lb /( ) ft lbm ( 2 . 32 )][ R lbm /( lb ft 778 [
) ft 500 )( s / ft 2 . 32 (
c
) z z ( g
T T
2
2
1 2
1 2
=

=
=
(
The temperature change is related to the change of internal energy of
the water
One One- -dimensional energy equation for steady dimensional energy equation for steady- -in in- -the the- -mean flow mean flow
without shaft work without shaft work
=0(Adiabatic flow)
91
Energy Equation vs. Bernoulli Equation
Energy Equation vs. Bernoulli Equation
1/4 1/4
( )
in net in out in
2
in in
out
2
out out
q u u gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
+ +
= + +
( )
in net in out
2
in
2
out in out
in out
Q z z g
2
V V p p
u u m
&
&
=
(
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
m
&
For steady, incompressible flow For steady, incompressible flow One One- -dimensional energy equation dimensional energy equation
m / Q q
in net in net
&
&
=
in
2
in
in out
2
out
out
z
2
V
p z
2
V
p +
+ = +
+
0 q u
in net in out
=
where where
For steady, incompressible, For steady, incompressible, frictionless flow frictionless flow
Bernoulli equation Bernoulli equation
Frictionless flow Frictionless flow
92
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation
2/4 2/4
For steady, incompressible, For steady, incompressible,
frictional flow
frictional flow
0 q u
in net in out
>
loss q u u
in net in out
=
loss gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
in
2
in in
out
2
out out
+ +
= + +
Defining useful or available energy

gz
2
V p
2
+ +
Defining loss of useful or available energy

Frictional flow Frictional flow
93
3/4 3/4
( )
in net shatf in net in out
2
in
2
out in out
in out
W Q z z g
2
V V p p
u u m
& &
&
+ =
(
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
m
&
) q u u ( w gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
in net in out in net shaft in
2
in in
out
2
out out
+ + +
= + +
For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work
loss w gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
in net shaft in
2
in in
out
2
out out
+ + +
= + +
g
L s in
2
in in
out
2
out out
h h z
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
+ + +
= + +
Q
W
g m
W
g
w
h
in / net
shaft
in / net
shaft
in / net
shaft
S
= =
&
&
&
g
loss
h
L
= Head loss Head loss Shaft head Shaft head
94
4/4 4/4
For turbine
For turbine
For pump
For pump
The actual head drop across the turbine

The actual head drop across the turbine
The actual head drop across the pump

The actual head drop across the pump
) 0 h ( h h
T T s
> =
P s
h h = h hp p is pump head is pump head
h hT T is turbine head is turbine head
T L s T
) h h ( h + =
p L s p
) h h ( h =
L s in
2
in in
out
2
out out
h h z
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
+ + +
= + +
95
Example 5.23 Energy
Example 5.23 Energy
Effect of Loss
Effect of Loss
of Available Energy
of Available Energy
Compare the volume Compare the volume flowrates flowrates associated with two associated with two
different vent configurations, a cylindrical hole in the different vent configurations, a cylindrical hole in the
wall having a diameter of 120 mm and the same wall having a diameter of 120 mm and the same
diameter cylindrical hole in the wall but with a well diameter cylindrical hole in the wall but with a well- -
rounded entrance (see Figure E5.23a). The room rounded entrance (see Figure E5.23a). The room
pressure is held constant at 0.1 pressure is held constant at 0.1 kPa kPa above above
atmospheric pressure. Both vents exhaust into the atmospheric pressure. Both vents exhaust into the
atmosphere. As discussed in Section 8.4.2. the loss in atmosphere. As discussed in Section 8.4.2. the loss in
available energy associated with flow through the available energy associated with flow through the
cylindrical bent from the room to the vent exit is cylindrical bent from the room to the vent exit is
0.5V 0.5V
2 2
2 2
/2 where V /2 where V
2 2
is the uniformly distributed exit is the uniformly distributed exit
velocity of air. The loss in available energy associated velocity of air. The loss in available energy associated
with flow through the rounded entrance vent from the with flow through the rounded entrance vent from the
room to the vent exit is 0.05V room to the vent exit is 0.05V
2 2
2 2
/2, where V /2, where V
2 2
is the is the
uniformly distributed exit velocity of air. uniformly distributed exit velocity of air.
96
Example 5.23
Example 5.23
Solution
Solution
2 1 1
2
1 1
2
2
2 2
loss gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
+ +
= + +
For steady, incompressible flow with friction, the energy equation

V
1
=0 No elevation change
| |
| | 2 / K 1
p p
4
D
V A Q
2 / K 1
p p
V
2
V
K loss loss
p p
2 V
L
2 1
2
2
2 2
L
2 1
2
2
2
L 2 1 2 1
2 1
2
+

= =
+

=
=
(
|
|
\
|
=
97
Example 5.24 Energy
Example 5.24 Energy
Fan Work and

Fan Work and
Efficiency
Efficiency
An axial An axial- -flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that delivers 0.4 kW flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that delivers 0.4 kW
of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6 of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6- -m m- -diameter axial stream diameter axial stream
of air having a speed of 12 of air having a speed of 12 m/s m/s. The flow upstream of the fan . The flow upstream of the fan
involves negligible speed. Determine how much of the work to the involves negligible speed. Determine how much of the work to the
air actually produces a useful effects, that is, a rise in avail air actually produces a useful effects, that is, a rise in available able
energy and estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency of this fan. energy and estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency of this fan.
98
Example 5.24
Example 5.24
Solution
Solution
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +
=
1
2
1 1
2
2
2 2
in net shaft
gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
loss w
For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work
p p
1 1
=p =p
2 2
=atmospheric pressure, V =atmospheric pressure, V
1 1
=0, no elevation change =0, no elevation change
kg / m N 0 . 72
2
V
loss w
2
2
in net shaft
= =
in net shaft
in net shaft
w
loss w
=
Efficiency Efficiency
kg / m N 8 . 95
AV
W
m
W
w
in net shaft in net shaft
in net shaft
=
= =
&
&
&
99
Example 5.25 Energy
Example 5.25 Energy
Head Loss
Head Loss
and Power Loss
and Power Loss
The pump shown in Figure E5.25 adds 10 horsepower to the water The pump shown in Figure E5.25 adds 10 horsepower to the water
as it pumps water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The as it pumps water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The
elevation difference between the lake surfaces is 30 ft and the elevation difference between the lake surfaces is 30 ft and the head head
loss is 15 ft. Determine the loss is 15 ft. Determine the flowrate flowrate and power loss associated with and power loss associated with
this flow. this flow.
100
Example 5.25
Example 5.25
Solution
Solution
0 V V 0 p p
h h z
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
B A B A
L s B
2
B B
A
2
A A
= = = =
+ + +
= + +
The energy equation The energy equation

Q / 1 . 88
Q
W
z z h h
in / net shaft
B A L s
=
= + =
&
The pump head The pump head
Power loss Power loss ... Qh W
L loss
= =
&
101
Application of Energy Equation to
Nonuniform
Nonuniform
Flows
Flows
1/2 1/2
dA n V
2
V
2
. S . C
r
r
|
|
\
|

2
V
~
2
V
~
m dA n V
2
V
2
in in
2
out out
2
CS
&
r
r
1
2
2
2
2
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=

V
m
dA n V
V
A
&
r
r
If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses the

If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses the
control surface is not uniform
control surface is not uniform
For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control volume For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control volume . .
Where Where is the kinetic energy is the kinetic energy
coefficient and V is the coefficient and V is the
average velocity average velocity
???? ????
102
Nonuniform
Nonuniform
Flows
Flows
2/2 2/2
loss w gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
in net shaft in
2
in in in
out
2
out out out
+ +
= +
For
For
nonuniform
nonuniform
velocity profile
velocity profile
.
.

) loss ( w z
2
V
p z
2
V
p
in net shaft in
2
in in
in out
2
out out
out
+ +
+ = +
+
g
L
in net shaft
in
2
in in in
out
2
out out out
h
g
w
z
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
+ +
= +
103
Example 5.26 Energy
Example 5.26 Energy
Effect of
Effect of
Nonuniform
Nonuniform
Velocity Profile
Velocity Profile
1/2 1/2
The small fan shown in Figure E5.26 moves air at a mass The small fan shown in Figure E5.26 moves air at a mass flowrate flowrate
of 0.1 of 0.1 kh kh/min. Upstream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 60 mm, the /min. Upstream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 60 mm, the
flow is laminar, the velocity distribution is parabolic, and the flow is laminar, the velocity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic kinetic
energy coefficient, energy coefficient,
1 1
, is equal to 2.0. Downstream of the fan, the , is equal to 2.0. Downstream of the fan, the
pipe diameter is 30 mm, the flow is turbulent, the velocity prof pipe diameter is 30 mm, the flow is turbulent, the velocity profile is ile is
quite uniform, and the kinetic energy coefficient, quite uniform, and the kinetic energy coefficient,
2 2
, is equal to , is equal to
1.08. If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.1 1.08. If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.1 kPa kPa and the and the
fan motor draws 0.14 W, compare the value of loss calculated: (a fan motor draws 0.14 W, compare the value of loss calculated: (a) )
assuming uniform velocity distributions, (2) considering actual assuming uniform velocity distributions, (2) considering actual
velocity distribution. velocity distribution.
104
Example 5.26 Energy
Example 5.26 Energy
Effect of
Effect of
Nonuniform
Nonuniform
Velocity Profile
Velocity Profile
2/2 2/2
105
Example 5.26
Example 5.26
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
loss w gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
in / net shaft 1
2
1 1 1
2
2
2 2 2
+ +
= +
The energy equation for The energy equation for nonuniform nonuniform velocity profile velocity profile . .
s / m 92 . 1 ...
A
m
V s / m 479 . 0 ...
A
m
V
kg / m N 0 . 84 min) / s 60 (
min / kg 1 . 0
] W / ) s / m N 1 )[( W 14 . 0 (
m
motor fan to power
w
2
2
1
1
in / net shaft
= =
= = =
=
=
=
=
& &
&
2
V
2
V p p
w loss
2
2 2
2
1 1 1 2
in net shaft

+
|
|
\
|
=
106
Example 5.26
Example 5.26
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
( ) 1 kg / m N 975 . 0
2
V
2
V p p
w loss
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1 1 2
in / net shaft
= = =
+
|
|
\
|
=
( ) 08 . 1 , 2 kg / m N 940 . 0
2
V
2
V p p
w loss
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1 1 2
in / net shaft
= = =
+
|
|
\
|
=
107
Example 5.28 Energy
Example 5.28 Energy
Fan
Fan
Performance
Performance
For the fan of Example 5.19, show that only some of the shaft po For the fan of Example 5.19, show that only some of the shaft power wer
into the air is converted into a useful effect. Develop a meanin into the air is converted into a useful effect. Develop a meaningful gful
efficiency equation and a practical means for estimating lost sh efficiency equation and a practical means for estimating lost shaft aft
energy. energy.
108
Example 5.28
Example 5.28
Solution
Solution
1/2 1/2
loss w gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
in net shaft 1
2
1 1
2
2
2 2
+ + +
= + +
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +
=
=
1
2
1 1
2
2
2 2
in / net shaft
gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
loss w effect useful
in net shaft
in net shaft
w
loss w
=
Efficiency Efficiency
2 2 in net shaft
V U w

+ =
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
109
Example 5.28
Example 5.28
Solution
Solution
2/2 2/2
)] gz 2 / V / p ( ) gz 2 / V / p [( V U
1
2
1 1 2
2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + =

(2)+(3)+(4) (2)+(3)+(4)
2 2 1
2
1 1 2
2
2 2
V U / ]} gz ) 2 / V ( ) / p [( ] gz ) 2 / V ( ) / p {[(

+ + + + =
(2)+(4) (2)+(4)
110
For
For
Semi
Semi
-
-
infinitesimal CV
infinitesimal CV
1/2 1/2
Applying the one

Applying the one
-
-
dimensional, steady flow energy
dimensional, steady flow energy
equation to the content of a semi
equation to the content of a semi
-
-
infinitesimal control
infinitesimal control
volume
volume
CV in
out difference
( )
in net in out
2
in
2
out in out
in out
Q z z g
2
V V p p
u
m
&
&
=
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
( )
in net
2
Q dz g
2
V
d
p
d u d m
&
&
=
(
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
semi semi- -infinitesimal control volume infinitesimal control volume
111
For
For
Semi
Semi
-
-
infinitesimal CV
infinitesimal CV
2/2 2/2
|
|
\
|
+ =
1
pd u d Tds
(
For all pure substances including common For all pure substances including common
engineering working fluids, such as air, water, engineering working fluids, such as air, water,
oil, and gasoline oil, and gasoline
( )
in net
2
Q dz g
2
V
d
p
d
1
pd Tds m
&
&
=
(
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
) q Tds ( gdz
2
V
d
dp
in net
2
= +
|
|
\
|
+
Semi
Semi
-
-
infinitesimal control volume statement of
infinitesimal control volume statement of
the energy equation
the energy equation
112
Irreversible Flow
Irreversible Flow
1/3 1/3
A general statement of the second law of thermodynamics

A general statement of the second law of thermodynamics

nondeforming
nondeforming
--
--
Reynolds
Reynolds
(
(

sys
in net
sys
T
Q
V d s
dt
d
&
The time rate of increase of The time rate of increase of
the entropy of a system the entropy of a system
Sum of the ratio of net heat transfer rate into Sum of the ratio of net heat transfer rate into
system to absolute temperature for each system to absolute temperature for each
particle of mass in the system receiving heat particle of mass in the system receiving heat
from surroundings from surroundings
dA n V s V d s
t
V d s
dt
d
. S . C CV
sys
r
r
+
=

113
Irreversible Flow
Irreversible Flow
2/3 2/3
For the system and control volume at the instant when

For the system and control volume at the instant when
system and control volume are coincident
system and control volume are coincident
The control volume formula for the second law of

The control volume formula for the second law of
thermodynamics
thermodynamics
CV
in net
CS CV
T
Q
dA n V s V d s
t

|
|
\
|
&
r
r

(
(
=
(
(
cv
in net
sys
in net
T
Q
T
Q
& &
114
Irreversible Flow
Irreversible Flow
3/3 3/3
T
Q
ds m
in net
&
&
For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control
For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control
volume
volume
.
.

T
Q
) s s ( m
in net
in out
&
&
0 q Tds
in net

Semi-infinitesimal thin CV
Semi-infinitesimal thin CV
Uniform temperature
Uniform temperature
Steady flow Steady flow
115
First and Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
1/4 1/4
) q Tds ( gdz
2
V
d
dp
in net
2
= +
|
|
\
|
+
Semi
Semi
-
-
infinitesimal control volume statement of the
infinitesimal control volume statement of the
energy equation
energy equation
Semi
Semi
-
-
infinitesimal CV of the second law of
infinitesimal CV of the second law of
thermodynamics
thermodynamics
0 q Tds
in net

0 gdz
2
V
d
dp
2
+
|
|
\
|
+
116
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
2/4 2/4
) q Tds ( ) loss ( gdz
2
V
d
dp
in net
2
= =
(
+
|
|
\
|
+
For steady frictionless flow For steady frictionless flow

0 gdz
2
V
d
dp
2
=
(
+
|
|
\
|
+
The shaft work is involved The shaft work is involved

in net shaft
2
w ) loss ( gdz
2
V
d
dp
=
(
+
|
|
\
|
+
117
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
3/4 3/4
) q Tds ( ) loss ( gdz
2
V
d
dp
in net
2
= =
(
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+ =
1
pd u d Tds
(
) loss ( q
1
pd u d
in net
=
|
|
\
|
+
(
For incompressible flow For incompressible flow ) loss ( q u d
in net
=
(
118
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
4/4 4/4
loss q
1
pd u u
in net
out
in
in out
=
|
|
\
|
+

( (
When control volume is finite
When control volume is finite
For incompressible flow
For incompressible flow
loss q u u
in net in out
=
( (
119
Application of the Loss Form
1/2 1/2
in net shaft
2
w ) loss ( gdz
2
V
d
dp
=
(
+
|
|
\
|
+
Frictionless, loss=0, no shaft work, incompressible

Integrating
Integrating
1
2
1 1
2
2
2 2
gz
2
V p
gz
2
V p
+ +
= + +
Bernoulli equation
Frictionless, loss=0, no shaft work, compressible
Integrating
Integrating
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
gz
2
V
gz
2
V dp
+ = + +
120
2/2 2/2
Integrating
Integrating
For adiabatic flow of an ideal gas
t tan cons
p
k
=
|
|
\
|
1
1
2
2
2
1
p p
1 k
k dp
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
gz
2
V p
1 k
k
gz
2
V p
1 k
k
+ +

= + +

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1

The Linear Momentum

First Law of Thermodynamics

The Energy Equation

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Continuity Equation

Basic Law for Conservation of Mass

For the system and a fixed,

The Continuity Equation

The Continuity Equation

The Continuity Equation

For Steady flow

The average velocity

When the flow is steady

When the flow is steady and incompressible

When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening

When the flow is

Steady, Incompressible Flow

& & & &

Steady, Compressible Flow

& & & &

& & &

When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity

A deforming control volume involves changing volume

The Reynolds transport theorem for a deforming control

Deforming Control Volume

If the flow of If the flow of Example 5.4 Example 5.4 is is

For the system and the contents of the coincident control

When a control volume is coincident with a system at an

For fixed and

- - for flow into for flow into

The torque term The torque term

The The + + or or - - is used with the is used with the rV rV

Example 5.18 Moment of

Example 5.18 Moment of

Example 5.19 Moment of

Example 5.19 Moment of

The Energy Equation The Energy Equation

The Energy Equation The Energy Equation

The Energy Equation The Energy Equation

For the control volume that is coincident with the system

The control volume formula for the first law of

Shaft work : the rate of work transferred into thro

Work done by normal stresses at the CS:

Work done by shear stresses at the CS:

The Energy Equation The Energy Equation

When the flow is steady When the flow is steady

Defining useful or available energy

Defining loss of useful or available energy

The actual head drop across the turbine

The actual head drop across the pump

For steady, incompressible flow with friction, the energy equation

Fan Work and

The energy equation The energy equation

If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses the

Applying the one

A general statement of the second law of thermodynamics

For the system and the contents of the coincident control

For the system and control volume at the instant when

The control volume formula for the second law of

For steady frictionless flow For steady frictionless flow

The shaft work is involved The shaft work is involved

Frictionless, loss=0, no shaft work, incompressible