Embedded System In Industrial View

Accel IT Academy, Chennai.

Agenda

Embedded Systems

Domains of Embedded Systems

Building Blocks of Embedded Systems through an application

Embedded Systems

What is an Embedded System?

It is the combination of hardware and software for some control specific application

Forms a component of a larger system

Expected to function with minimal human intervention

Is a real time system

Do we need Embedded Systems?

The world needs SYSTEMS

Predictability - Should respond in a predictable way to unpredictable situations

Fault Tolerant - Should continue operations despite the presence of hardware and/or software faults

Safety - Should avoid physical or economic damage to person & property

Embedded Systems Building Blocks

      

Micro Processors / Micro Controllers. Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming. Bus Standards. PCB Design. RTOS. Networking. Device Drivers.

Micro Processors / Micro Controllers.



A microprocessor is a general purpose central processing unit of a digital computer A chip on a computer
 E.G. Intel 8086, Intel 80186 , etc

A micro controller is a true computer on a chip A computer on a chip.

 E.G intel 8051, PIC 16F873

Micro Processor versus Micro Controller

ALU

ALU ACC. REG.

T/C

I/O I/O

ACC. REGISTERS

INT. ROM

UART

PC

SP

PC
CLK INT. RAM

SP INT

CLK

INT

MICROPROCESSOR

MICRO CONTROLLER

Micro Processor versus Micro Controller

Microprocessor general purpose CPU a chip in a computer Are built on Von Neumann architecture.  e.g. Intel x86/ Motorola 680x0 families

MicroMicro -Controller true computer on a chip. Are built on Harvard architecture.  e.g. Intel 8051, 80196/ Motorola 68HCxx families

Controller & Processor

Application processor is for simple system design controller is for special purpose complex system design

Speed processor is used when speed of operation of system is not critical controller is used when speed is important

Advance C / Embedded C / Assembly Programming.

Compiler versus Cross Compiler

Native Compiler Native compiler is a program which converts a high level programming language to machine understandable format with respect to the target processor available in the system box. box.

Cross Compiler Cross compiler is a program which converts a high level programming language to machine understandable format with respect to the target processor selected in the cross compiler software software. .

Assembly language programming

Advantage


Assembly Language programming is the efficient programming language for accessing the hardware. The assembly language op codes directly work on the target machine so it is faster in operation

Disadvantage


Tough to understand and Program.

Advance C

W ays of accessing the hardware through C



Using runtime library functions, getch( ). Using ROMROM-BIOS functions. Using DOS functions. Directly programming the hardware

Advance C
Direct reference to the hardware


One must have a detailed knowledge of the hardware one is trying to program. Program written for one hardware in one computer may not be portable to another computer

Use of runtime library functions



They work very slowly when compared to others. They are limited to what the function is designed to do

Advance C

W HY ROM ROM-BIOS and DOS



The most important reason for using ROM ROM-BIOS and DOS are they are available in system memory once the system is on on. . ROM-BIOS functions performs some basic fundamental ROMoperation with the peripherals like reading data and writing data data. . DOS is used for these basic functions and enhanced to make a particular process more efficient efficient. .

Embedded C

W hy Embedded C ?


Easy control of multilevel functions Modularity Easy maintenance Reusable codes Portable Minimal hardware knowledge required

Bus Standards


Bus standard provides a easy way of communication mechanism between the chips in the computer. It reduces the number of control lines extended between the chips so electro magnetic induction is greatly reduced in the circuit Speed of data transmission between the chips is greatly increased. increased . E.G 3.4 MBPS in I2c bus operating in high speed mode. mode . E.G  I2c, PCI, USB, EISA etc

PCB Design.

PCB design is a technique of position hundreds of components and thousands of tracks into an intricate design that meets a whole host of physical and electrical requirements requirements. . PCB design gives the basic thumb rule for placing the components and routing an effective path between the components within a small place place. . It must also be remembered that PCB traces have resistance, inductance, and capacitance, just like your circuit does does. .

Real Time Systems

Real Time Systems

Systems that respond in a predictable way to unpredictable external stimuli Computer system with timing constraints RTS depends upon  logical correctness of computation  time at which result is produced

In RTS a late answer is a wrong answer

Real Time Systems - Types

Hard real time - Systems with Hard Deadlines no Critical Deadlines can be missed  E.g. Control Systems of Aircraft,Atomic Reactors


Soft real time - Timing Constraints a little tolerable occasional misses are permitted the average response time for an event should be within a specified time  E.g. W eather Monitors, Vending Machines

Preemptive Kernel Versus Non preemptive Kernel

Preemptive Kernel
 

System response is faster. Highest Priority task gets the CPU time for execution.

Non Preemptive Kernel

 

System response time is slower than preemptive. Currently executing task gets the CPU time for execution.

QC/OS C/OS-II

High performance Deterministic ROMable Scalable Portable to different processors Low cost

Real Time Systems - Critical Users

Automobile Industry Instrumentation & Control Engineering Industry Defence Organization Aerospace Industry Medical Equipment Industry Nuclear Plants

TCP/IP

Introduction to Network

Computer network mean an a interconnection between the collection of autonomous computers. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information. Network goals are resource sharing high reliability powerful communication medium

TCP/IP Internet layering model



TCP/IP software is organized into four conceptual layers that build on a fifth layer of hardware.

Conceptual Layer Application Transport Internet Network Interface Hardware

Objects passes between layers Messages or streams Transport Protocol packets IP Datagrams Network-Specific Frames

A quick look at TCP/IP Networking

Application layer Network Application either ? TCP UDP

Transport layer

Internet Internet layer layer

IP

ARP RARP Token ring Ethernet Physical network

Network Access layer

A quick look at TCP/IP Networking

Programs can access the network through either TCP or UDP, depending on program requirements. TCP is a connection connection-oriented protocol. UDP is a connectionless protocol

Then the data segment passes to the internet level, where the IP protocol provides logical addressing . Then the IP datagram enter the network access layer.

DEVICE DRIVERS

Device Drivers

A set of functions that manipulates a hardware device

KEY BOARD

KEYBOARD DRIVER FOR OS A

CPU with OS A

History of WDM

Introduced after W indows 95 launch First available in W indows 98 Now available in W indows 2000 Is present on W indows ME with enhancements from W indows 98

Environment


Portable - binary and source compatible Configurable - Avoid direct references to device or system characteristics Preemptible and interruptible More than one application will use the driver HotHot -pluggable buses

Device Drivers - Application

DEVICE DRIVERS FOR STANDARD & CUSTOM DEVICES

WISH YOU ALL A GREAT CAREER IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS