Synchronous Machines in Power Systems

and Drives
Most of the electrical power generators are three-
phase synchronous generators
Synchronous motors are competitive in higher
power ranges because of efficiency and lower costs
Reluctance and permanent motors are popular at
lower power ranges
Synchronous generator in power systems
transient stability study: maintain synchronismfrom
large oscillations caused by a transient disturbance
dynamic stability study: small signal behavior and
stability about some operating point
long-term dynamic energy balance study: dynamics of
slower acting components
Stability Studies
Sub-transient time constant of machine is between
0.03 to 0.04 second, shorter than
electromechanical oscillation
Electromechanical oscillation frequency between
synchronous generators in a power system lies
between 0.5 to 3 Hz (0.33 to 2 second)
Transient time constant of machine is between 0.5
to 10 second which is longer than the period of
electromechanical oscillation
Slower acting component with longer time
constants such as boilers and AGC response may
need more time between 10sec to 2 min
Different model shall fit into the different analysis
Basic Dynamics of Synchronous Generators
Basic dynamic behavior of synchronous generator
in transient situations:
voltage behind the transient reactance of a generator
and network
E=E
th
+ j X
t
I, X
t
= X
d
+ X
th
One-line diagram Circuit Equivalent
take Thevenins voltage as reference phasor
E
th
= E
th
0, and E=E
AC
Network
E
jX
d
jX
th
E
th
Basic Dynamics of Synchronous Generators
electrical output power of the generator
P
gen
= R(EI*) = pu
from the above equation, we can see that power transfer
characteristic for the system is a sine wave with max value EE
th
/X
t
the rotor motion without damping
P
mech
-P
gen
= pu
replace the d/dt with d
2
/dt
2
, we obtain swing equation
If machine was to maintain synchronism, excursion of would be
bounded and (d/dt) would have return to zero
sin
'
t
th
X
E E
dt
d H
b

2
( )

=
|
.
|

\
|
=

d P P
H
pu
dt
d H
P P
gen mech
b
b
gen mech
2 dt
d
or
2
2
2
2
Transient Power Angle Characteristics
P
mech1
Equal Criteria: A
1
= A
2
A
1
< A
2max
Stable
A
1
= A
2max
Critically Stable
A
1
> A
2max
Unstable
A
1
A
2

0

SS

max
P
mech0
-
SS
A
2max
t
0
P
mech1

0
t

max

SS
transient power angle characteristics

+ =
max
min
max
min
) ( ) ( ) (

ss
ss
d P P d P P d P P
gen mech gen mech gen mech
Transient Power Curve And Dynamics
Without damping loss, rotor oscillates about
SS
. Otherwise, eventually settles
to
SS
.
The gain in rotor momentum could carry beyond critical angle -
SS
which
P
mech1
>P
gen
and rotor accelerates to lose synchronism
For purpose of determining the synchronism of the machine, area of A
2max
should be larger than area of A
1
(area of A
2max
is from
SS
to -
SS
)
Transient power angle curve may be raised by increasing the excitation control
of E
As a need to give a high speed control of E would introduce a negative
damping and adversely affect the dynamic stability, see [103]
The power system stabilizer (PSS) is introduced to obtain a better transient
performance over the control of excitation system
adverse impact of PSS: interaction of PSS and torsional mode of turbine shaft
gives rise to sub-synchronous oscillations
Transient stability study is mainly concerned in the synchronous generator, to
switch from motor notation to generator notation, it is required to invert the
sign of all stator currents in the voltage equation, flux linkage equation, and
torque equations.
Transient Model with d,q Field Windings
In this chapter, there are two more models to express the synchronous
machine dynamics: transient model and sub-transient model
The model difference between transient model in this chapter and that
in chapter 7 is that transient model in this chapter uses more machine
parameters directly obtained from standard tests, such as reactances
and time constants
For derivation of transient model equations, please see pp. 468-474
Transient model (without damper winding): state variable
d
,
q
stator winding equations
rotor winding equations
Torque
q r
d
d
q
d
s
d d r
q
q
d
q
s
q
dt
d
E
L
r
v
dt
d
E
L
r
v

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
'
'
'
'

q r
q
q q
g d
q
q
d
qo d r
d
d d
f q
d
d
q
do
L
L L
E E
L
L
dt
dE
T
L
L L
E E
L
L
dt
dE
T
|
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
q d
q d d r
q q
q r
d d
em
L L L
E
L
E P
T

' ' '

'
'
'
1 1
2 2
3
Transient Model with d,q Field Windings
Simplification of transient model
in the transient analysis, damper windings are no longer
active
in transient stability prediction, rotor winding transient
are dominant.
first swing of the rotor would be the interval of interest,
and the rotor transients vary at the rate of T
do
and T
qo

the rotor transient would impact speed voltage term,

d
,
r

q
, and greater than that of d
q
/dt, d
d
/dt.
Therefore, the effect of d
q
/dt, d
d
/dt could be
neglected
the transient model can be further simplified by
neglecting d
q
/dt, d
d
/dt
Transient Model Equations
Simplified transient model equations (
r
=
e
except for
rotor mechanical dynamics)
Stator winding equations (see pp.473 )

Rotor winding equations

Torque Equation:
d q d q q d s d
d d q q q d d q s q
i i E i x i r v
E v E v E i x i r v
, : outputs
, , , : inputs
' '
' ' ' '
+ + =
+ =
' ' ' '
'
'
' '
'
'
, : outputs ) (
, , , : inputs ) (
q d q q q g d
d
qo
q d g f d d d f q
q
do
E E i x x E E
dt
dE
T
i i E E i x x E E
dt
dE
T
+ = +
= +
{ } N.m ) (
2 2
3
' ' ' '
q d d q d d q q
e
em
i i x x i E i E
P
T + + =

Transient Model Equations

Rotor equations
( ) { }
rm e r
pu damp pu mech pu em
b e r
damp mech em
damp mech em
rm
P
T T T
dt
d
H
T T T
T T T
dt
d
J

2
,
dt
d
: output
(pu)
/
2
: inputs
(N.m)
r
e
r
) ( ) ( ) (

= =
+ =

+
+ =
Transient Model Block Diagram
Stator Block
Transient Model Block Diagram
Rotor Block
Transient Model Block Diagram
Field voltage
equation
d axis
q axis
Transient Model Block Diagram
Overall block diagram
from excitation
system
Synchronous machine model in Chap 7
Overall block diagram
Project 10-1 Fault tests of Synchronous Machine
(Homework): You are given a synchronous machine model with the
machine parameters given in Table 10.7 Set 1 to construct the
transient synchronous machine model. The machine is connected to
the following source:
v
1
=12sin(120t+0) pu
v
2
=12sin(120t-2/3) pu
v
3
=12sin(120t+2/3) pu
1. With excitation reference voltage E
f
= 1pu, T
mech
= 1 pu
(mechanical torque), apply three-phase bolted fault to
ground at t=10 sec, fault clear at t=10.25 sec, observe
and plot
a. v
q
, v
d
, i
q
, i
d
, in one figure
b. i
a
, i
b
, i
c
in one figure
c. P
gen
, T
em
, , in one figure
d. Q
gen
, I
f
, in one figure
e. Show the critical fault clearing time and plot vs. time with
stable and unstable conditions
f. discuss what you see on the plots (ex. observe transient in field
current and qd, abc current)
2. With excitation reference voltage E
f
= 1pu, T
mech
= 1 pu
(mechanical torque), apply single phase to ground fault on
phase c at t=10 sec, fault clear at t=10.25 sec, observe
and plot
1) v
q
, v
d
, i
q
, i
d
, in one figure
2) i
a
, i
b
, i
c
in one figure
3) P
gen
, T
em
, , in one figure
4) Q
gen
, I
f
, in one figure
5) discuss what you see on the plots (ex. observe transient in field
current and qd, abc current)
Suggestion:
the figure time scale can be shown starting from t=9 sec
through the time when system becomes stable after the
fault cleared
Project 10-1 Fault tests of Synchronous Machine
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Scheme of Excitation systems contains
pilot exciter
main exciter to provide field winding voltage/current of synchronous machine
slip rings (optional)
automatic voltage regulator
Classification of excitation systems
dc excitation
primary excitation power is from dc generator whose field winding is on the same shaft
as rotor of synchronous generator
rotating
part
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Classification of excitation systems
ac excitation (static)
field winding of alternator is on the same shaft as the rotor of the
synchronous machine
alternators stator and rectifier are stationary
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Classification of excitation systems
ac excitation (rotary)
armature of alternator and rectifier are on the same shaft as the
rotor of the synchronous machine
alternators rotor field winding is stationary
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Classification of excitation systems
ac excitation (from ac bus)
pilot exciter function is replaced by ac bus voltage
use controllable rectifier to adjust dc excitation
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Overall scheme of excitation systems
detector, regulator, exciter, stabilizer, diode bridge, power
system stabilizer components
detector
regulator
exciter
diode bridge
COMPONENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
voltage transducer and load compensation circuit
voltage transducer and rectifier are modeled by a
single time constant with unity gain
compensation of excitation voltage due to internal
load is represented by R
C
+jX
C
compensator
transducer
COMPONENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
voltage regulator
consists of an error amplifier with limiter
transient gain reduction can be achieved by adding a zero-pole
compensator
zero-pole (lead-lag) compensator
error amplifier with limiter
transient gain
reduction Tc<T
B
stabilizer
feedback
signal
stabilizer
signal
COMPONENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Exciter
output signal from regulator must be
amplified by the exciter before it is
used to excite the field winding of
the synchronous machine
the resistance and inductance of the
armature winding of exciter is
neglected due to the small number
of turns
voltage of the field winding and
armature winding in exciter are:
field current can be expressed in
terms of saturation function S
e
and
armature voltage v
x
( )
( )
exciter of voltage armature is
, ,
x
x f x
f f
f f f
v
i i f v
dt
i d
r i v = + =

x e
v B
ex e x e
ag
x
f
A S v S
R
v
i exp where , = + =
saturation part
COMPONENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Stabilizer
provide more phase margin in the open-loop frequency response of
regulator/exciter loop (add zero to increase stability)
transient gain reduction (to counter negative damping) can be achieved by
adding a zero-pole compensator with a proper value of T
F
or in T
C
and T
B
regulator
exciter
stabilizer
PSS
COMPONENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Exciter
substitute i
f
in v
f
equation and we get v
fpu
equation
(1)
transfer function of the exciter, integrate (1)
( )
( )
ag base
base
f
E
xpu
xpu f
E
xpu
E xpu xpu epu
base
f
E fpu
R R
R
r
K
dv
v d
where
dt
dv
v v S
R
r
K v
= = =
+
)
`

+ =
, ,

( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
)
`

+ =
+
)
`

+ =


dt v v S
R
r
K dt v v
dt
dt
dv
dt v v S
R
r
K dt v
xpu xpu epu
base
f
E fpu
E
xpu
xpu
E xpu xpu epu
base
f
E fpu

1
COMPONENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Exciter
transfer function of the exciter
block diagram of the exciter
K
E
( )
( )

)
`

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
)
`

+ =
dt v v S
R
r
K v v
dt v v S
R
r
K dt v v
xpu xpu epu
base
f
E fpu
E
xpu
xpu xpu epu
base
f
E fpu
E
xpu

1
1
COMPONENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Diode bridge (optional)
mode 1: dc voltage output: V
d
=V
do
-R
C
I
d
mode 2: dc voltage output:
end of mode 3:
range of three modes of a diode bridge rectifier
S do
V V where

3 3
=
2
3
2
1
2
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
S
d C do
d
V
I X V
V
C e s s d
L V I I / 3 / 2
2
= =
COMPENSATION OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Why to we need the Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
As a need to give a high speed control of E would introduce a negative damping and
adversely affect the dynamic stability, see [103]
The power system stabilizer (PSS) is introduced to obtain a better transient
performance over the control of excitation system
adverse impact of PSS: interaction of PSS and torsional mode of turbine shaft gives
rise to sub-synchronous oscillations
Instability problem of exciter
even the amplifier gain K
A
is small, AVR step response would be likely cause system
unstable
Solution to the instability of exciter
introduce a controller which add a zero to AVR open loop transfer function
How to add a zero to AVR open loop transfer function?
add a rate feedback to the control system by properly adjust K
F
and
F
model of rate feedback
regulator
exciter
stabilizer
PSS
COMPENSATION OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Power system stabilizer (PSS)
filter to suppress the frequency component in the input signal that could
excite undesirable interactions
wash-out circuit for reset action to eliminate steady offset
two phase (lead-lag) compensator to make phase compensation (phase
margin), compensation center frequency at ,
limiter to prevent output of PSS from driving exciter into heavy saturation
stabilizer
PSS
2 1
2 / 1 T T
4 3
2 / 1 T T
prevent
saturation
compensate
frequency bandwidth
eliminate
dc offset
suppress
undesired frequency
SIMULATION OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Overall scheme of simplified excitation systems
regulator, exciter, stabilizer components
regulator
exciter
stabilizer
V
F
PSS
Project 10-2 Excitation tests of Synchronous
Machine
(Homework): You are given a synchronous machine model
with the machine parameters given in Table 10.7 Set 1 to
construct the transient synchronous machine model with
the excitation system. The machine is connected to the
following source:
v
1
=12sin(120t+0) pu
v
2
=12sin(120t-2/3) pu
v
3
=12sin(120t+2/3) pu
1. With excitation reference voltage V
ref
= 1pu, T
mech
= 1 pu
(mechanical torque), change V
ref
= 0.5pu at t=10 sec,
observe and plot
a. v
q
, v
d
, i
q
, i
d
, in one figure
b. i
a
, i
b
, i
c
in one figure
c. P
gen
, T
em
, , in one figure
d. Q
gen
, I
f
, in one figure
e. discuss what you see on the plots (ex. observe transient in field
current and qd, abc current)
2. With excitation reference voltage V
ref
= 1pu, T
mech
= 1 pu
(mechanical torque), change V
ref
= 1.5pu at t=10 sec,
observe and plot
a. v
q
, v
d
, i
q
, i
d
, in one figure
b. i
a
, i
b
, i
c
in one figure
c. P
gen
, T
em
, , in one figure
d. Q
gen
, I
f
, in one figure
e. discuss what you see on the plots (ex. observe transient in
field current and qd, abc current)
Suggestion:
the figure time scale can be shown starting from t=9 sec
through the time when system becomes stable after the
fault cleared
Project 10-2 Fault tests of Synchronous Machine
Case 1: Transient Models (single machine)
Case: one machine is connected to a simple external
network: V
z
= (r
e
+ j x
e
) I
Z
Such a phasor quantity could be expressed in qd
components of synchronous reference frame: V
z
= v
qz
e
j
v
dz
e
and I
z
= i
q
e
j i
d
e
To incorporate with generator side parameter in rotor frame,
bus voltage of synchronous reference frame should be
transformed from synchronous frame into rotor frame by
multiplying e
-j
The rotor frame voltage can be expressed as:
v
q
r
jv
d
r
= e
-j
(v
qz
e
j v
dz
e
)= (r
e
+ j x
e
) e
-j
(i
q
e
j i
d
e
)
= (r
e
+ j x
e
) (i
q
r
j i
d
r
)
r
e
jx
e
+ - V
Z
I
Case 1: Transient Models (single machine)
The external line drop of r
e
+ j x
e
can be directly
added to the stator winding voltage equations.

The infinite bus voltages in phasor quantity should

be expressed in qd quantities and the synchronous
frame needs to be transformed into rotor frame

v
q
r
jv
d
r
= e
-j
(v
q
e
j v
d
e
)
' '
' '
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
d q e q d e s d
q d e d q e s q
E i x x i r r v
E i x x i r r v
+ + + + =
+ + + =
0 , 2 , 0
~

~
2 ,
~
2
= = =
= =
e
d a
e
q
o
a a
a
e
d
e
q a
e
d
e
q
v V v V V for
I ji i V jv v steady state to qd
from synchronous
frame to rotor frame
Case 1: Transient Models (single machine)
Stator module with external network
stator resistor: r
s
+r
e
stator reactance: x
d
+x
e
, x
q
+x
e

( ) ( )( )
e q e d e s Z
x x x x r r D + + + +
=
' '
2
1 1
Case 1: Transient Models (single machine)
qd synchronous to rotor frame module
transform bus voltage of synchronous reference to rotor
reference value
Case 1: Transient Models (single machine)
Overall synchronous generator transient model
rotor winding
rotor winding
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Main interests in the study of multi-machine
examine the interactions between generators
transients of the electro-mechanical oscillations
check whether the generators will maintain in synchronism
Case study, two machines interconnected with external
buses
Four bus test system
r
14
jx
14
I
4
r
24
jx
24
I
2
gen1
gen2
r
34
jx
34
load4
I
1
3
4
1
2
bus
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Model setup:
network is expressed by [ i
e
]=[ Y ][ V
e
] in synchronous reference frame
machine model is in rotor reference frame
needs a module between stator and network to convert quantities (v, i) of
synchronous frame to rotor frame
network matrix should have voltages (E
qd
, V
qd
) or injected currents (i
qd
) as
inputs and associated currents i
qd
as outputs to feed the inputs of
generator model or voltages (v
qd
) as output of injected bus (load bus)
Eqpe1
Eqpe2
Edpe2
Edpe1
iqe1
ide1
iqe2
ide2
1.
vqe3
0
vde3
network
iqe4
ide4
T5
T4
T3
T2
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Incorporate stator voltage equation into network equation
stator voltage equation is in rotor frame
network equation is in synchronous frame and expressed in phasor form
to incorporate these two sets of equations together, transform stator
equation in synchronous frame whose q-axis is aligned with reference
phasor
stator voltage in synchronous frame and phasor form:
the fixed stator impedance of (r
s
+jx
d
) can now easily added into Z
bus
or
Y
bus
of the network matrix
can be obtained from simulation of rotor field winding equation if
Thevenin equivalent circuit is used
' E
~
I
~
) ( V
~

) ( ) )( ( ) (
'
' ' '
+ + =
+ + =
d s
d q
j e
d
e
q d s
e
d
e
q
jx r
jE E e ji i jx r jv v

'
~
E
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Incorporate stator voltage equation into network
equation
combine stator admittance with network admittance
Y
11
=(g
14
+g
gen1
)+j(b
14
+b
gen1
) Y
14
=Y
41
=-(g
14
+jb
14
)
Y
22
=(g
24
+g
gen2
)+j(b
24
+b
gen2
) Y
24
=Y
42
=-(g
24
+jb
24
)
g
14
jb
14
I
4
g
24
jb
24
I
2
gen1
gen2
g
34
jb
34
load4
I
1
3
4
1
2
g
gen1
jb
gen1
g
gen2
jb
gen2
E
q1
-jE
d1

E
q2
-jE
d2

Case 2: Multi-machines System

Bus admittance matrix of the network including transient admittance of
two generators
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
jv v
jv v
jE E
jE E
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
ji i
ji i
ji i
ji i
4 4
3 3
'
2
'
2
'
1
'
1
44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1




choose bus 4 voltage as output and bus 4 injecting current as input for
load or fault current
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
e
d
e
q
ji i
jv v
jE E
jE E
jv v
ji i
ji i
ji i
4 4
3 3
'
2
'
2
'
1
'
1
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
gyrated
Y
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Model setup:
network is expressed in [ i
e
]=[ Y ][ V
e
], Y is complex
matrix with G
ij
+jB
ij
(conductance and susceptance), i
e
is
matrix with i
q
e
+ji
d
e
, V
e
is matrix with V
q
e
+jV
d
e
need to separate x
q
+jy
d
components into q, d
components
method to separate complex quantities
(i
q
- ji
d
)=(G + jB)(v
q
- jv
d
) into q, d quantities:
matrix gyration to reform input and output components
base VA ratio of network and generator
(

=
(

d
q
d
q
v
v
G B
B G
i
i


gen
sys
gen
net
S
S
i
i
=
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Overall model diagram
Edpe1
Eqpe1
Eqpe2
Edpe2
ide1
iqe1
iqe2
ide2
1.
vqe3
0
vde3
tmodel1
tmodel
network
Initialize
and plot
m2
iqe4
ide4
vref(2)
Vref2
vref(1)
Vref1
y2
To Workspace1
y1
To Workspace
Tmech(2)
Tmech2
Tmech1
T5
T4
T3
T2
T1
T
Sbratio(2)
Sys/Gen2VA_
-K-
Sys/Gen2VA
Sbratio(1)
Sys/Gen1VA_
-K-
Sys/Gen1VA
U U(E)
Selector1
U U(E)
Selector Scope1
Scope
Mux Mux_
Mux Mux
Clock1
Clock
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Model setup:
Network module
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Inside generator model :
generator model
Eqp_
|Vt|
iq_
id_
iq
id
delta
Ef
vqt
vdt
9
out_Edpe
8
out_Eqpe
7
out_Tem
6
out_puslip
5
out_delta
4
out_Qgen
3
out_Pgen
2
out_|I|
1
out_|Vt|
sum
stator_wdg
qdr2qde
qde2qdr
exciter
VIPQ
Sw
Sum
Rotor
xd(1)-xpd(1)
Gain2
1/Tpqo(1)
Gain1
xq(1)-xpd(1)
Gain
Exc_sw(1)
Exc_sw
1
s
Eqp
1
s
Edp
1/Tpdo(1)
1/Tpdo
4
in_Tmech
3
in_ide
2
in_iqe
1
in_Vref
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Inside generator model:
stator module inputs: E
q

, E
d

, i
q
, i
d
not E
q

, E
d

, v
q
, v
d
stator module outputs: v
q
, v
d
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Inside generator model :
excitation system: E
f
=> (v
ref
-v
fb
), (1/s) and
feedback loop.
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Inside generator model :
exciter
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Inside generator model :
rotor block

r
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Inside generator model :
generator model
Eqp_
|Vt|
iq_
id_
iq
id
delta
Ef
vqt
vdt
9
out_Edpe
8
out_Eqpe
7
out_Tem
6
out_puslip
5
out_delta
4
out_Qgen
3
out_Pgen
2
out_|I|
1
out_|Vt|
sum
stator_wdg
qdr2qde
qde2qdr
exciter
VIPQ
Sw
Sum
Rotor
xd(1)-xpd(1)
Gain2
1/Tpqo(1)
Gain1
xq(1)-xpd(1)
Gain
Exc_sw(1)
Exc_sw
1
s
Eqp
1
s
Edp
1/Tpdo(1)
1/Tpdo
4
in_Tmech
3
in_ide
2
in_iqe
1
in_Vref
Case 2: Multi-machines System
Overall model diagram
Edpe1
Eqpe1
Eqpe2
Edpe2
ide1
iqe1
iqe2
ide2
1.
vqe3
0
vde3
tmodel1
tmodel
network
Initialize
and plot
m2
iqe4
ide4
vref(2)
Vref2
vref(1)
Vref1
y2
To Workspace1
y1
To Workspace
Tmech(2)
Tmech2
Tmech1
T5
T4
T3
T2
T1
T
Sbratio(2)
Sys/Gen2VA_
-K-
Sys/Gen2VA
Sbratio(1)
Sys/Gen1VA_
-K-
Sys/Gen1VA
U U(E)
Selector1
U U(E)
Selector Scope1
Scope
Mux Mux_
Mux Mux
Clock1
Clock
Project 10-3 Multi-synchronous machines Project
Read carefully on project 2 in 10.9.2: multi-machines system
Use the simulation model (machine parameters are in Set 1 of TABLE 10.7) to
run the simulation as follow:
run the simulation to create plots as figure 10.24 (a), (b), and (c). In this case,
step changes in torque is applied at generator 2. As you can see in the figure,
machine originally operate in T
mech
= 0.8pu, a step change in torque to 0.9pu at
t=7 sec, then a step change to 0.7pu at t=15 sec, finally a step change to 0.8 pu
at t=22 sec. Use the line impedances (in pu) as follow: z
14
= 0.004+j0.1, z
24
=
0.004+j0.1, z
34
= 0.008+j0.3, y
40
=1.2-j0.6, report and comment on the figures.
run the similar simulation as above but increase the line impedance of z
14
=
0.016+j0.4, z
24
= 0.016+j0.4 (decrease the electrical strength), plot results
similar to figure 10.24(a,b,c) and observe the interaction of generator 1 and 2
due to the change of electrical strength z
14
and z
24
, report on the difference due
to the change of electrical strength
T
mech2
= 0.8pu and T
mech1
= 0pu, a fault current of i
q4
e
-ji
d4
e
= -(2-j2) pu is to be
introduced at t=5 sec.
the fault duration is 0.15 seconds. Use the line impedances (in pu) as follow: z
14
= 0.004+j0.1, z
24
= 0.004+j0.1, z
34
= 0.008+j0.3, plot results similar to figure
10.25(a,b,c) , plot all the bus voltages vs. time, and report the interaction of
generator 1 and 2 due to the fault
Observe how long the duration of the fault is so that the generator 2 will be out
of synchronism?