Relative atomic mass

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(Redirected from Atomic Weight) Relative atomic mass (symbol: Ar) is a dimensionless physical quantity, the ratio of the average mass of atoms of an element (from a given source) to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 (known as the unified atomic mass unit).[1][2] The term is usually used, without further qualification, to refer to the standard atomic weights published at regular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)[3][4] and which are intended to be applicable to normal laboratory materials. These standard atomic weights are reprinted in a wide variety of textbooks, commercial catalogues, wallcharts etc., and in the table below. The term "atomic weight" (of the element) is also used to describe this physical quantity, and is synonymous with it. However, its continued use has attracted considerable controversy since at least the 1960s[5] (see below).

Contents
1 Definition 1.1 Historical 1.2 Current 2 Naming controversy 3 Determination of atomic weight 4 Periodic table with atomic weights 5 References 6 External links

Definition
Historical
The IUPAC definition[1] of atomic weight is: An atomic weight (relative atomic mass) of an element from a specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C. The definition deliberately specifies "An atomic weight", as an element will have different atomic weights depending on the source. For example, boron from Turkey has a lower atomic weight than boron from California, because of its different isotopic composition.[6][7] Nevertheless, given the cost and difficulty of isotope analysis, it is usual to use the tabulated values of standard atomic weights which are ubiquitous in chemical laboratories.

Current
Prevailing IUPAC definitions taken from the "Gold Book" are atomic weight See: relative atomic mass[8] and relative atomic mass (atomic weight) The ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. [9] Here the "unified atomic mass unit" refers to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C in its ground state.[10]

Naming controversy
The use of the name "atomic weight" has attracted a great deal of controversy among scientists.[5] Objectors to the name usually prefer the term "relative atomic mass" (not to be confused with atomic mass). The basic objection is that atomic weight is not a weight, that is the force exerted on an object in a gravitational field, measured in units of force such as the newton or poundal. In reply, supporters of the term "atomic weight" point out (among other arguments)[5] that the name has been in continuous use for the same quantity since it was first conceptualized in 1808;[11] for most of that time, atomic weights really were measured by weighing (that is by gravimetric analysis) and that the name of a physical quantity should not change simply because the method of its determination has changed; the term "relative atomic mass" should be reserved for the mass of a specific nuclide (or isotope), while "atomic weight" be used for the weighted mean of the atomic masses over all the atoms in the sample; it is not uncommon to have misleading names of physical quantities which are retained for historical reasons, such as electromotive force, which is not a force resolving power, which is not a power quantity molar concentration, which is not a molar quantity (a quantity expressed per unit amount of substance). It could be added that atomic weight is often not truly "atomic" either, as it does not correspond to the property of any individual atom. The same argument could be made against "relative atomic mass" used in this sense.

Determination of atomic weight

Modern atomic weights are calculated from measured values of atomic mass (for each nuclide) and isotopic composition. Highly accurate atomic masses are available[12][13] for virtually all non-radioactive nuclides, but isotopic compositions are both harder to measure to high precision and more subject to variation between samples.[14][15] For this reason, the atomic weights of the twenty-two mononuclidic elements are known to especially high accuracy an uncertainty of only one part in 38 million in the case of fluorine, a precision which is greater than the current best value for the Avogadro constant (one part in 20 million).

The calculation is exemplified for silicon, whose atomic weight is especially important in metrology. Silicon Isotope Atomic mass[13] Abundance[14] 28 29 30 exists in nature as a mixture of three isotopes: Si, Si and Si. The atomic masses of these nuclides are Standard Range known to a precision of one part in 14 billion for 28Si and about one part in one billion for the others. However 28 27.976 926 532 46(194) 92.2297(7)% 92.2192.25% Si the range of natural abundance for the isotopes is such that the standard abundance can only be given to about 29 0.001% (see table). The calculation is 4.6832(5)% 4.694.67% Si 28.976 494 700(22) Ar(Si) = (27.97693 0.922297) + (28.97649 0.046832) + (29.97377 0.030872) = 28.0854
30

Si

29.973 770 171(32)

3.0872(5)% 3.103.08%

The estimation of the uncertainty is complicated,[16] especially as the sample distribution is not necessarily symmetrical: the IUPAC standard atomic weights are quoted with estimated symmetrical uncertainties,[17] and the value for silicon is 28.0855(3). The relative standard uncertainty in this value is 1 105 or 10 ppm. To further reflect this natural variability, in 2010, IUPAC made the decision to list the atomic weights of 10 elements as an interval rather than a fixed number.[18]

Periodic table with atomic weights

Group Period

1 H 1.008 Li 6.941 Na 22.99 K 39.10 Rb 85.47 Cs 132.91 Fr [223]

V T E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Periodic_table_(atomic_weight)&action=edit) Atomic weight 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Be 9.012 Mg 24.31 Ca 40.08 Sr 87.62 Ba 137.33 Ra [226]

He 4.003 B C N O F Ne 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 Al Si P S Cl Ar 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.84 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 [98] 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29 * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Lanthanides 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 [209] [210] [222] ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo Actinides [267] [268] [269] [270] [269] [278] [281] [281] [285] [286] [289] [289] [293] [294] [294] La 138.91 Ac [227] Ce Pr Nd 140.12 140.91 144.24 Th Pa U 232.04 231.04 238.03 Pm [145] Np [237] Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr [244] [243] [247] [247] [251] [252] [257] [258] [259] [262]

* Lanthanides ** Actinides

Categories and subcategories in the metalnonmetal range Metal Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Inner transition metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Other nonmetal Nonmetal Halogen Noble gas Unknown chemical properties

Color of the atomic number shows state of matter (at standard conditions: 0 C and 1 atm): black=Solid green=Liquid red=Gas grey=Unknown Primordial

Border shows natural occurrence:

From decay

Synthetic

References
1. ^ a b International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1980). "Atomic Weights of the Elements 1979" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1980/pdf/5210x2349.pdf). Pure Appl. Chem. 52 (10): 234984. doi:10.1351/pac198052102349 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351% 2Fpac198052102349). 2. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1993). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. p. 41. Electronic version. (http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/ green_book_2ed.pdf) 3. ^ The latest edition is International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2006). "Atomic Weights of the Elements 2005" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2006/ pdf/7811x2051.pdf). Pure Appl. Chem. 78 (11): 205166. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). 4. ^ The updated list of standard atomic weights is expected to be formally published in late 2008. The IUPAC(International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights announced (http://www.iupac.org/objID/Note/ nt50112469625981329917907) in August 2007 that the standard atomic weights of the following elements would be revised (new figures quoted here): lutetium 174.9668(1); molybdenum 95.96(2); nickel 58.6934(4); ytterbium 173.054(5); zinc 65.38(2). The recommended value for the isotope amount ratio of 40Ar/36Ar (which could be useful as a control measurement in argonargon dating) was also changed from 296.03(53) to 298. 56(31). 5. ^ a b c de Bivre, P.; Peiser, H. S. (1992). "'Atomic Weight'The Name, Its History, Definition, and Units" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1992/pdf/6410x1535.pdf). Pure Appl. Chem. 64 (10): 153543. doi:10.1351/pac199264101535 (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199264101535). 6. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements (http:// books.google.co.nz/books? id=OezvAAAAMAAJ&q=0-08-022057-6&dq=0-08-022057-6&source=bl&ots=m4tIRxd wSk&sig=XQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3d0vaUEn0Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UoAWUN7EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA). Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 21, 160. ISBN 0-08-022057-6. 7. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2003). "Atomic Weights of the Elements: Review 2000" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7506x0683.pdf) . Pure Appl. Chem. 75 (6): 683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683). 8. ^ IUPAC Gold Book - atomic weight (http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00505.html) 9. ^ IUPAC Gold Book - relative atomic mass (atomic weight), A r (http://goldbook.iupac.org/ R05258.html) 10. ^ IUPAC Gold Book - unified atomic mass unit (http://goldbook.iupac.org/U06554.html) 11. ^ Dalton, John (1808). A New System of Chemical Philosophy (http://www.archive.org/ details/newsystemofchemi01daltuoft). Manchester. 12. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology. Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements (http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_ alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some). 13. ^ a b Wapstra, A.H.; Audi, G.; Thibault, C. (2003), The AME2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/masses/) (Online ed.), National Nuclear Data Center. Based on: Wapstra, A.H.; Audi, G.; Thibault, C. (2003), "The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (I)", Nuclear Physics A 729: 129336, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729..129W (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729..129W), doi:10.1016/ j.nuclphysa.2003.11.002 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.002) Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H.; Thibault, C. (2003), "The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (II)", Nuclear Physics A 729: 337676, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729..337A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729..337A), doi:10.1016/ j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.003) 14. ^ a b Rosman, K. J. R.; Taylor, P. D. P. (1998), "Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 1997" (http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1998/pdf/7001x0217.pdf), Pure and Applied Chemistry 70 (1): 21735, doi:10.1351/pac199870010217 (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199870010217) 15. ^ Coplen, T. B.; et al. (2002), "Isotopic Abundance Variations of Selected Elements" (http:// www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7410x1987.pdf), Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (10): 19872017, doi:10.1351/pac200274101987 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351% 2Fpac200274101987)

16. ^ Meija, Juris; Mester, Zoltn (2008). "Uncertainty propagation of atomic weight measurement results" (http://stacks.iop.org/Met/45/53). Metrologia 45: 5362. Bibcode:2008Metro..45...53M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Metro..45...53M). doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/008 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F45%2F1% 2F008). 17. ^ Holden, Norman E. (2004). "Atomic Weights and the International CommitteeA Historical Review" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html). Chemistry International 26 (1): 47.

18. ^ IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Atomic Weights of Ten Chemical Elements About to Change (http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/ atomic-weights-of-ten-chemical-elements-about-to-change.html)

External links
IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (http://www.ciaaw.org) NIST relative atomic masses of all isotopes and the standard atomic weights of the elements (http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl? ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some) Atomic Weights and the International Committee A Historical Review (http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html) Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/index.html) semi-official compilation in advance of the formal publication of the report Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_atomic_mass&oldid=549760614" Categories: Amount of substance Chemical properties Stoichiometry Periodic table This page was last modified on 10 April 2013 at 23:19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.