Physics Assignment Help | Uniform And Non - Uniform Circular

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U UN NI IF FO OR RM M A AN ND D N NO ON N - - U UN NI IF FO OR RM M C CI IR RC CU UL LA AR R M MO OT TI IO ON N
Angular Velocity And Angular Acceleration
The angular velocity of a body in a fixed circular motion is the angle swept out by the radius vector per
second. If the radius vector goes out an angle Au in a time interval A t, the angular velocity is shown by
t 0
d
lim
t dt
A
Au u | |
e = =
|
\ . A
where e is expressed in rad s
1
. Simple velocity ( o), angular velocity ( e) and the radius (r) of the circular
motion are related as v = r e
Radian measure of an angle: If the arc of a circle similar as the radius, then the angle subtended by that arc
at the centre of the circle is called a radian; it is similar to about 57.3
o
.
Angular Acceleration: The angular acceleration o is given by ,
d
dt
e
o =
Linear acceleration (a), angular acceleration ( o) and radius (r) of the circular motion are
correlated as a = r o Angular acceleration is defined in rad s
2
.
r
r
r
u
Centripetal Acceleration
If a body goes in a circle at a constant velocity, it is said to be in uniform circular motion. In
such type of motion, the magnitude of the velocity is fixed but the direction of the velocity
vector is continually modifying. Thus the velocity is modifying with time. Hence the
motion of the body is accelerated. The acceleration is tends towards the center of the
circle and is known centripetal acceleration. The value of the centripetal acceleration is
shown by a
c
= eo
r
P
Q
O
1
o
2
o
r
where e is the angular speed and ois the velocity along the circle. Since o= r e, we have,
2
2
c
a r
r
o
= eo = e =
where r is the radius of the given circular path. The angular frequency is based on time period T and
frequency v as,
2
2 v
T
t
e = = t
Therefore, centripetal acceleration is also define by (since 2 r / T o = t ) ,
2
2 2
c 2
4 r
a 4 r v
T
t
= eo = = t
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
(i) Velocity remains fixed in magnitude but changes in direction
(ii) The acceleration is always simple to the velocity vector.
(iii) The acceleration is usually directed tends to the centre of the circular
path.
C
a c
a c
a c
v
v
v
Comparison of uniform circular motion with projectile motion and straight line motion:
v
g
(a) upward Motion
= 180

(b) Projectile Motion

a
v
= 180

(c) Uniform Circular Motion

NON-UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
(i) The velocity modifies both in magnitude as well as in direction
(ii) The velocity vector is usually tangential to the path
(iii) The acceleration vector is not in the opposite direction the velocity vector
(iv) The acceleration vector has two elements
(a) Tangential acceleration a
t
modifies the magnitude of velocity vector,
i.e.
t
dv
a =
dt
(b) Normal acceleration or centripetal acceleration a
c
modifies the direction of the
velocity vector, i.e.
2
c
v
a =
r
(v) The complete acceleration is the vector sum of the centripetal and tangential acceleration
2 2
t c
a a a = +
Motion In A Vertical Circle
Figure defines an object of mass m whirled with a fixed speed oin a vertical circle of
centre O with a string of size R. When the object is at top A of the circle, let us assume
that the tension (force) in the string is T
1
. Since the weight mg behaves vertically
downwards towards the origin O, we have,
tension towards centre,
F = T
1
+ mg =
2
m
R
o
or T
1
=
2
m
R
o
mg .(i)
mg
O
mg
A
B
C
T
3
T
1
T
2
mg
At the point B, where OB is horizontal, the weight mg has no element along OB. Thus, if the tension in the
string is T
2
at B, we have
Force towards centre, F = T
2
=
2
m
R
o
.(ii)
At C, the smallest point of motion, the weight mg behaves in the opposite direction to the tension T
3
in the
equation. Thus at C we have,
Force towards centre, F = T
3
mg =
2
m
R
o
or T
3
=
2
m
R
o
+ mg .(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we see that the maximum tension happens at lowest point C of the motion. Here the
tension T
3
must be bigger than mg by
2
m
R
o
to save the object in a circular path. The minimum tension is given
by (i) when the object is at the highest point A of the motion. Here part of the needed centripetal force is given
by the weight and the rest by T
1
.
In order to save a body of mass m in a circular way, the centripetal force, at the largest point A, have at
least be same to the weight of the object. Thus
2
A
m
R
o
= mg or
2
A
o = Rg
provides the minimum speed the body must have at the highest point so that it can complete the circle.
Then the minimum speed
C
o the body must have at the lowest point C is given by
2 2
C A
2 2 o = o + Rg
where we have used
2
o =
2
o + 2gh, with H = 2R. Thus
2
C
o = Rg + 4 Rg = 5 Rg
or
C
5Rg o =
The tension at this point is given by ,
2
C
3
T m g
R
| | o
= +
|
\ .
= m (5g + g) = 6 mg
Figure shows a bucket with water whirled in a vertical circle without water spilling
out. When the filled bucket is vertically above the point of support, the weight mg
of water is less than the required centripetal force
2
m
R
o
towards the centre and
so the water stays in the bucket without going out. The rest of the centripetal
force is balanced by the reaction of the base of the filled bucket. If the bucket is
whirled slowly so that mg >
2
m
R
o
part of the weight mg provides the necessary
force
2
m
R
o
and
2
m
R
o
mg
Base of the
bucket
O
the rest of the weight causes some water to accelerate towards ground. This much water will then leave the
bucket.
It is for the same reason that the pilot of an aircraft who is not tied to his seat can loop a vertical circle in air
without falling out at the top of the cycle. He must have a certain minimum velocity at the bottom of the
loop in order to clear the loop without any misconception.