Vol.

13

No. 8

Monthly

March - 2012

Contents
Editorial Brief History of Rajasthan Chapter - Jaipur, MEAI News from the Mining World Safety Management System : part - iiI Sources of corrosion in Resource Industries an overview - Murthy Ch.S.N, Surendranathan A.O, Rajeev Puthalath Circular - Government of India, Ministry of Coal Guidelines for Preparation of Final Mining Closure Plan Circular - Government of India, Ministry of Mines MEAI News Conferences, Seminars, Workshops etc., Correspondence Address Mining Engineers Association of India
F-608, Raghavaratna Towers, A Block, VI Floor, Chirag Ali Lane, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001. Ph. : No. 040 - 23200510, Telefax : 040 - 66460479 E-mail : meai1957@gmail.com Website : www.meai1957.com The Views expressed by the authors in these pages are not necessarily those of publisher / editor / MEAI. Reproduction in whole or in part is strictly prohibited without written permission from the publisher.

05 07 10 13

Dr. S K Sarangi
President 94370 23134

Vice President- I A. Bagchhi (099899 98600) Vice President- II T.Victor (098221 23498) Vice President III Arun Kumar Kothari (09414155413) Secretary General A. Sangameswara Rao (A.S. Rao) (09849870397) Jt. Secretary cum Treasurer V.K. Verma (09490491700) Council Members (Ex-Officio) Dr. V. D. Rajagopal (09640566777), Shri R.P. Gupta (093529 50025), Shri Meda Venkataiah (099002 56797), Shri R. N. Singh (098190 89120), Shri T. V. Chowdary (099493 59969) Council Members (Elected) G.S. Purohit (09001797421), S.N. Mathur (09427308502), V.S. Mathur (09929991121), B. Arunachalam (09480257454), K.U. Rao (098491 77677), S. Kuchroo (09234554376), S.K. Mishra (09437887515), V. Kartikeyan (09500035726), Somanath Banerjee (09893019629), Koneru Venkateswara Rao (092987 59625), C.S. Krishana Murthy (09822104130), R.H. Sowkar (09900256793), Avijit Ghosh (09432013110), Kabir Ghosh (09928906050), Dr. T.N. Venugopal (09845217692), Chetan Prakash Parihar (09887482007), D. Panduranga Rao (09963744457), Binay Prakash Pandey (09448286155), Mohan Sahasra Bhudhe (095611516080), Shri Sushanta Saha (94911 45180) Council Members (Nominated) Sri N.K. Nanda (09490760102), Pradeep Koneru (09840663636), Prof. A.C. Narayana (099896 25346), G.V. Rao (09937519181), M. James (094442 89405) Council Members (Co-Opted) R.K. Sharma (011-26814596), B. Ramesh Kumar (09848099868), N.D. Rao (0674-2547950), C.S. Dhaveji (094220 63909), Prabodh Kumar Mohanty (09937097242) Council Members (Representatives of LIMs) National Aluminium Company | South Indian Mines & Minerals Industries Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd. | Gujarat Siddhee Cements Ltd. Priyadarshini Cements Ltd.

19

27

29 32 35 36

Secretary General,

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 8

March 2012

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 8

March 2012

Editorial Board
Dr. S.K. Sarangi Prof. B.B. Dhar Shri B.K. Mohanty Prof. Gurdeep Singh Shri S.K. Agrawal Shri P.C. Bakliwal Shri Dipesh Dipu Dr. P.T. Hanamgond Dr. S.K. Mukhopadhyay Prof. Sushil Bhandari Chairman Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member

V.K. Verma
Editor, MEJ

Editorial
Commerce Ministry has floated a proposal for canalization of export of iron ore. In a note, prepared for cabinet discussion, the Ministry favours canalization of export of iron ore of +55% Fe content, through state owned company MMTC (Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation), the reason given therein is to contain illegal mining. Earlier, the MB Shah Commission of Enquiry recommended total ban on iron ore exports to curb illegal mining. Thanks to the Ministry of Mines which has down-played the Shah Commissions recommendations banning exports, stating that the export is not the only reason for illegal mining. Mining Industry appreciates the wisdom of the Ministry of Mines for taking a rational view to look at the illegal mining phenomenon. Ban on iron ore export has been advocated for several years by some section of industries, especially steel, for possible vested interest, to find easy availability of raw material at cheaper cost, although iron ore is not in short supply. Even with the current rate of export, the production is surplus to our present requirement. In days ahead, with the expanding steel production, there would not be any shortage of ore. For the revised target of steel production by 201920 to the extent of 180 million tonnes per annum, the demand of iron ore would be about 280-300 million tonne, while the current iron ore production capacity is about 240-250 million tonne which will increase further with the opening of new mines and expansion of existing mines. Moreover, the exports may get automatically tapered off with the growing indigenous consumption of iron ore. If there is a domestic compulsion, the mines would prefer to supply to Indian Industries, rather than to think of exports. So, there should not be any point to blow the export issue out of proportion. Mineral occurrences know no geographic boundaries and no country is self-sufficient in all the minerals it needs. There has to be international understanding on mineral commodities to satisfy each others demand. If each country starts thinking from its own interest -some already doing so, it will impact the growth of affected countries. Indonesia and China can be sighted as examples for restricting exports on some avoidable protests. Such tendencies should be done away with. The logic behind Commerce Ministrys proposing for canalization of iron ore export is also not understood. It specified that the grade of ore of +55% Fe is to be covered under canalization through MMTC, which means Commerce Ministry desires MMTC to get monopolistic position in iron ore exports. Commerce Ministry had been voicing for past many years for total canalization of iron ore exports. But, there was no taker of this contentious view. This time, the Ministry thought it appropriate to put forward the proposal on the pretext of stopping illegal mining. The canalization note, if consented by the cabinet, would not be in the interest of mining industry and may turn disastrous. It may further breed foul play to escape canalization. In a free economy, industries are independent in doing business producing and selling their product in whatever manner they choose, with due solidarity to the national interest. We are sure the cabinet would take holistic view before deciding whether to canalize iron ore export or not.

Shri A. Sangameswara Rao Member (A.S. Rao)

Editor
V.K. Verma (Off. : 040 - 23200510) Cell : 94904 91700

PUBLISHER
A. Sangameswara Rao (A.S. Rao) Secretary General, Mining Engineers Association of India Mob: 98498 70397

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V.K. Verma Editor

5 March 2012

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 8

Mining Engineers Association of India

Regd. Office : Rungta House, Barbil (Orissa)
Aarvee Associates, Architects, Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd. (LIM-049) ACC Ltd (LIM - 25) A.P. Mineral Dev. Corp.Ltd., (LIM-12) Aravali Minerals & Chemical Industries (P) Ltd. (LM-048) Associated Mining Co., (LIM-19) Associated Soapstone Distributing Co. (P) Ltd. (LIM-057) Belgaum Minerals (LIM - 64) Bharat Alloys & Energy Ltd., (LIM-36) Designer Rocks (P) Ltd., (LIM-32) FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Ltd. (LIM-61) Grasim Industries Ltd., (LIM-26)0 Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd., (LIM-3) Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd., (LIM-6) Gujarat Mineral Dev. Copr Ltd. (LIM-18) Gujarat Sidhee Cements Ltd., (LIM-4) Gulf Oil Corporation Ltd. (LIM-9) (Formerly IDL Industries Limited.) Hindustan Zinc Ltd. (LIM-60) India Cements Ltd. (LIM-16) Indian Rare Earths Ltd., (LIM-35) J.K. Cement Ltd (LIM - 058) JSW Cement Ltd. (LIM - 63) Jubilee Granites India Pvt. Ltd., (LIM-23) Kariganur Mineral Mining Industry (LIM-41) Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Ltd., (LIM-33) Krishna Mines (LIM-27) Madras Cements Ltd., (LIM-17) Manganese Ore (India) Ltd., (LIM-37) M.P.L. Parts & Services Ltd., (LIM-14) MSPL Limited (LIM-30) Mysore Minerals Limited (LIM-45) National Aluminium Co. Ltd, (LIM-1) NMDC Ltd. (LIM-20) Obulapuram Mining Co. (P) Ltd. (LIM-54) Orient Cement (LIM-059)
Chapter Chairman Secretary

Life Institutional Members

Panduronga - Timblo Industries (LIM-056) Pearl Mineral Ltd., (LIM-39) Priyadarshini Cement Ltd., (LIM-5) Radials International (LIM-29) Rajgarhia Group of Industries (LIM - 050) R.K. Marbles Pvt. Ltd., (LIM - 52) Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals (LIM-053) Sagar Cements Ltd., (LIM-21) Sandvik Asia Limited (LIM-46) Sesa Goa Ltd., (LIM-11) Shree Cement Ltd. (LIM-051) Shri Sharda Cold Retreads (P) Ltd., (LIM-24) Shree Engineering Services (LIM-15) S.N. Mohanty (LIM - 62) South India Mines & Minerals Industries (LIM-2) South West Mining Ltd. (LIM-40) Sri Kumarswamy Mineral Exports (LIM-43) Sudarshan Group of Industries (LIM-047) Tata Chemicals Ltd., (LIM-7) Tata Iron & Steel Co, Ltd (LIM-8) Terra Reserves Determination Technologies (P) Ltd., (lim-055) The K.C.P. Ltd., (LIM-22) Thriveni Earthmovers (P) Ltd., (LIM-31) Tungabhadra Minerals Pvt. Ltd. (LIM-42) UltraTech Cement Ltd., A.P. Cement Works, (LIM-28) Ultra Tech Cement Ltd. (LIM-10) Veerabhadrappa Sangappa & Company (LIM-44) V. Thirupathi Naidu (LIM-34) VS Lad & Sons (LIM-38) W.B. Engineers International Pvt. Ltd., (LIM-13) Institutional Members Singareni Collieries Company Ltd., (IM - 1) Voltas Ltd. (IM - 2) Reliance Cement Company Pvt. Ltd. (IM - 3)

Ahmedabad A.L. Thakor S.G. Patel D.B. Sundara Raman Shailesh Verma Barajamda Bailadila V.K.S. Rathore B. Venkateswarlu Bangalore D.V. Pichamuthu D.H.M.V. Swamy Belgaum S.S. Hiremath Dr. B.K. Purandara Bellary-Hospet S.K. Verma Nagesh Shenoy Bhubaneswar T.K. Rath J.K. Hota Kolkata Not functioning Goa Dattaguru R. Vaze A. Avudaiyappan Himalayan Arun Sharma R.K. Sharma Hyderabad A. Sivasankar G. S. Chowdary Jabalpur C.V. Singh Rajasthan-Jaipur O.P. Gupta P.C. Bakliwal Rajasthan-Jodhpur Prof. Virendra Singh P.C. Purohit Nagpur Dr. S.C. Singhal H.R. Kalihari New Delhi Prof. B.B. Dhar Prof. G.S. Roonwal Rajasthan-Udaipur Akhilesh Joshi Dr. S.S. Rathore Dalli-Rajhara Merged with Raipur Raipur S. Chakraborti P.Y. Dhekne Rourkela Not functioning Rayalaseema P.V. Krishna Yadav Sukinda (Merged with Bhubaneswar Chapter) Tamil Nadu R. Natarajan P. Balamadeswaran Veraval-Porbandar N.K. Nuwal Vinod Saraswat Visakhapatnam R.H. Rao K. Hari Krishna

Past Presidents & Secretaries

Period 1957-64 1964-67 1967-68 1968-69 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73 1973-75 1975-76 President Secretary/Secretary General Mining Engineers Association B.L. Verma Late B.N. Kanwar Late N.S. Claire Late R.C. B. Srivastava L.A. Hill Late S. Chandra Late H.L. Chopra M.G. Jhingran S.S. Manjrekar V.S. Rao Late R.C.B. Srivastava M.G. Jhingran Late R.K. Gandhi B. Roy Chowdhury I.N. Marwaha D.D. Sharan Late R.S. Sastry M.S. Vig G.L. Tandon K.K. Biran

Mining Engineers Association of India 1975-76 G.L. Tandon K.K. Biran 1976-78 D.L. Patni A.K. Basu 1978-80 R.C. Mohanty Late S.K. De 1980-81 M.K. Batra R.C. Dutta 1981-82 D.K. Bose S.B. Mukherjee 1982-83 P.R. Merh M.K. Srivastava 1983-86 V.S. Rao L.S. Sinha 1986-88 M.A.Khan D.K. Sen 1988-90 Saligram Singh A. Panigrahi 1990-93 M. Fasihuddin B. Mishra 1993-95 K.K. Biran S. Chandrasekaran 1995-97 N.S. Malliwal Dr. P.V. Rao 1997-99 T.V. Chowdary Late CLVR Anjaneyulu (S.G.) 1999-2001 -do- -do2001-2003 R.N. Singh -do2003-2007 Meda Venkataiah -doLate CLVR Anjaneyulu & Shri A.S. Rao 2007-2009 R.P. Gupta 2009-2011 Dr. V.D. Rajagopal A.S. Rao 2011-2013 Dr. S.K. Sarangi A.S. Rao

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 8

March 2012

RAJASTHAN - JAIPUR CHAPTER

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (2010-12)

V C S Shreemal, Chairman

O P Gupta, Vice Chairman

Anil Mathur, Secretary

N K Garg, Jt Sec/Treasurer

MEMBERS

P C Bakliwal, Member

Prof. N K Khandelwal, Member

M P Meena, Member

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR THE TERM 2012-14 Patrons

RK Bakliwal

VCS Shreemal

Chairman Shri O.P.Gupta

Vice chairman Shri Anil Mathur

Secretary Shri P.C.Bakliwal

Joint Secretary Shri Narendra Garg

Treasurer Shri Anand Sharma

MEMBERS

Shri R.K.Zoshi MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8

Shri Pradeep Agarwal

Shri J.P.Jakhar 7

Shri S.M.Meena

Shri D.K.Rai March 2012

BRIEF HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN-JAIPUR CHAPTER

The Jaipur chapter, now Rajasthan Chapter Jaipur came into existence on 13th February 2010 as the 23rd chapter of MEAI in the country. With the launching of Jaipur chapter, Rajasthan became the second state in the country to have 3 chapters operating to fulfill the objects of MEAI, after Karnataka with 3 chapters (Bangalore, Bellary-Hospet and Belgaum). Rajasthan State requires a few more chapters to fulfill the objects of MEAI, on account of the vast area with several mines in operation. Presently, the membership strength of the chapter is 90 and it is on the increase. Launching of Jaipur chapter was a dream come true for the likes of S/Shri A K Kothari, Vice President III MEAI (the then Chairman of Rajasthan Chapter now Rajasthan chapter Udaipur), who played an active role in the formation of Jaipur chapter, Anil Mathur, O P Gupta, Narendra Garg, P C Bakliwal and many others. Inspired by the encouragement from Shri R P Gupta, Past President, Dr S K Sarangi, the then Vice President I, Prof. B B Dhar, Chairman, New Delhi chapter, Shri R K Bakliwal, presently Patron, Jaipur Chapter, Shri V C S Shreemal, Chairman, Rajasthan Chapter Jaipur, Prof. N K Kahandelwal (whose contribution is phenomenal in organizing seminars) and other members, the chapter at Jaipur was launched. The chapter is indebted to Dr V D Rajagopal, the then President, MEAI for his guidance in launching the chapter and installing the 1st Executive Committee. Dr Rajagopal, while inaugurating the chapter, described that the launching of new chapter at Jaipur was a pink feather in the cap of MEAI and now all the members of the chapter are striving to prove it. The suggestion form Shri Anil Mathur, Secretary, Rajasthan Chapter Jaipur, to celebrate Annual Day function of launching of the chapter on 13th February of every year was appreciated and approved unanimously by all the members of the chapter and the first annual celebrations and two day seminar were organized on 12th and 13th February 2011. The second Anniversary of the chapter was celebrated on 11.02.2012 coinciding with AGM 2011-12 and half day work shop in which Dr A K Ghosh from NEBT and Shri S P Goyal COM, IBM presented papers. SEMINARS AND MEETINGS: The chapter conducted the following programmes till February 2012. 1. 2. A get-together of the members of the chapter and Mining Fraternity on 24.04.2010 One day International Seminar on Italian Technological Advancements in Dimensional Stone Mining and No. 8 8 Audience during the Seminar March 2012 Processing on 24.06.2010 in association with the Italian Trade Commission. 3. A Seminar on Global Mining Scenario and Engineering Challenges on 12th and 13th February 2011 coinciding with the annual celebrations of the Chapter. The chapter conducted regular Executive Committee Meetings also. Periodical Executive Committee Meetings

4. 5.

NEWS LETTER: The chapter launched the News letter on 11.11.2010 with S/ Shri R K Bakliwal, Patron Jaipur Chapter and A K Kothari, Vice President III, MEAI releasing the first issue. FELICITATIONS: The chapter felicitated S/Shri A K Kothari, Vice President III and G S Purohit, Council Member on 9th June 2011 at Jaipur. The Executive Committee and all the members of the chapter are putting in efforts for enrolment of new members and organizing events on regular basis.s

Lighting of Lamp during the launching of the chapter

MEJ, Vol. 13,

A view of International Seminar on Italian Technological Advancements in Dimensional Stone Mining and processing (09.6.2011) at Jaipur

Releasing the first news letter of the chapter by Shri R K Bakliwal, Patron and Shri A K Kothari Vice President III MEAI on (11.11.2010)

Shri Anil Mathur, Secretary being presented a Special price for his efforts in launching the chapter During AGM 2009-10 from Dr V D Rajagopal, President

First Anniversary celebration and the Seminar on Global Mining Senario and emerging challenges (12th and 13th February 2011)

S/Shri A K Kothari, Vice President MEAI and G S Purohit, Council Member MEAI were Felicitated by the chapter on 09.06.2011 MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 9

Members of the chapter and Mining fraternity during the get together on 04.06.2010

March 2012

NEWS FROM THE MINING WORLD

Iron: Global Steel - 2011: Global Steel production for the year 2011 crossed 1500 million tonne mark reaching 1527 million tonne. This is an increase of 6.8% compared to production in 2010 and is a record for global steel production. Asian production is 988.2 mt, an increase of 7.9% compared to 2010. The regions share of global production is 64.7%. China contributed 695.5 mt, an increase of 8.9% over 2010. Japan produced 107.6 mt, a 1.8% decrease from 2010, followed by India 72.2 mt, an increase of 5.7% and South Korea 68.5 mt, a 16.2% increase compared to 2010. The EU recorded an increase of 2.8% from 2010, producing 177.4 mt, North America 118.9 mt, CIS 126.6 mt and South America 48.4 mt. Top 10 steel producing countries are as follows: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Country China Japan US India Russia South Korea Germany Ukraine Brazil Turkey 2011 695.5 107.6 86.2 72.2 68.7 68.5 44.3 35.3 35.2 34.1 2010 638.7 109.6 80.5 68.3 66.9 58.9 43.8 33.4 32.9 29.1 %Increase 8.9 -1.8 7.1 5.7 2.7 16.2 1.0 5.7 6.8 17.0 with no captive mines favouring it on the grounds that canalization would make more resources available to the domestic industry.

China diversified its imports:

China diversified its spot iron ore buying away from India in 2011, largely in favour of South Africa, but failed to reduce its dependence on term purchases from top suppliers from Australia and Brazil. Chinese planners have said that for several years iron ore supplies from India and elsewhere could help break the dominance of the worlds top three iron ore miners, BHP Billiton & Rio Tinto of Australia and Brazils Vale. But, in 2011 China imported 64% of its iron ore from these two countries, unchanged from the year before. Meanwhile, iron ore purchases from India dropped by 24%. Purchases from south Africa rose by 22%, helping to offset some of the missing Indian tonnage. India still remains no 3, supplying 200 % of what China gets from South Africa. 64 countries supplied iron ore to China in 2011, up from 44 in 2010. (Reuters)

COAL:

Missing Targets:
Coal India is set to miss the revised target of 440 million tonne production this fiscal ending March 2012. Having recorded production till December 2011, the company is trying to match last years production of 431 million tonne. For this, the company has to produce nearly 139 million tonne in January March 2012 period to tally with the previous fiscal. Earlier, in September last year, the Coal India shelved the plan to buy coal mines abroad in order to focus on domestic production. But, from the start of 2012, the company has been forced to rethink its strategy in order to bridge the domestic shortfall and has earmarked $1.16 billion for acquiring coal mines buys. (Mine web. com) entity: The Coal Ministry is likely to allocate 146 coal blocks with an estimated aggregate reserves of 60 billion tonne to Coal India Limited (CIL). The allocation of the additional 146 blocks would enable CIL to achieve production level of 556 million tonne by the end of 2017, as envisaged in the 12th Five Year Plan, beginning April 2012. Singareni Colleries Company Limited (SCCL) has March 2012

(Source World Steel Association) Union Cabinet is likely to take call on canalizing high grade iron ore exports through state owned Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation (MMTC), at a meeting scheduled for some time in March 2012. The proposal to canalize the export of high grade iron ore was in response to a recommendation by Justice M B Shaw commission of Enquiry into wide-spread illegal mining across the country, particularly in Iron ore belt of Orissa, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Goa and Chhattisgarh. The deliberation of the Cabinet Ministers would be based on a note prepared by the Commerce Ministry which suggested that all exports of iron ore above 55% iron should be routed through MMTC with 1% commission of value of each consignment. However, the proposal evoked mixed reactions from the miners opposing the move, while steel producers No. 8 10

Iron Ore Canalization

Indian Govt. earmarks 146 coal blocks for state

Singareni to invest in Adriyala Coal Project:

MEJ, Vol. 13,

received approval from the Union Cabinet Committee to invest Rs.8460 million for Adriyala coal mine project Godavari Khani, in Karimnagar district Andhra Pradesh. The project will use underground shaft mine technology to flush out coal. CSIRO, an Australian Govt. Research Organization has been retained to investigate and advise on technical specifications. (Mining Industry focus.net)

Coal Ministry released Citizen Charter to increase

production: The Coal Ministry has released Citizen Charter for 2012 calendar year with a resolve to augment production through Government companies as well as captive mining route by adopting state of the art and clean coal technologies with a view to improve productivity, safety, quality and ecology. The ministry explained that its vision is to secure availability of quality coal to meet the demand of various sectors of economy in a sustainable, cost effective and ecofriendly manner. The ministry has specified the time line for various services and transactions to be done with the concerned ministries.

Tata Power to buy stake in MEC Coal:

Tata Power is in talks to pick up about 15% stake in MEC coal, the Dubai registered company that owns more than two billion tonne of coal reserves in Indonesia. The sources said that the deal would include a provision for an off-take arrangement. If the deal goes through, it will be the second time the Tatas will be buying stake In the Indonesian Coal mines. (business review india.in) exports curbs: Indonesian Government had plans to impose export duty on coal and other minerals to discourage exports without value addition and encourage base metals and coal for downstream industry development. Indias power sector is highly relied on coal inputs from Indonesia and so may get impacted. Union Coal Secretary Alok Perti said that they have taken up the matter with the External Affairs and Finance Ministries to solve the tax issues with the Indonesian government and find a solution through bilateral talks. Speaking at the 4th Asian Mining Congress at Kolkata, the Coal Secretary informed that Prime Ministers Office (PMO) was working towards a co-ordination among Coal, Power and Environment Ministries to increase the target for additional production of 100 mt coal by CIL during 12th Five Year Plan period. (IANS) Indo Asian News Service producers: A Government Panel, headed by Pulok Chatterjee, Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, directed Coal India to streamline supply of coal so that generation of power at major power plants is not affected. The Committee of Secretaries (COS) consisting of secretaries from Department of Power, Coal, Petroleum, Expenditure, Commerce, Steel, Environment and Forest, was constituted in January 2012 by the Prime Minister. As per the Committees recommendation, Coal India Limited (CIL) will be penalized if its production falls below 80% of the full production indicated in the letter of allocation. The committee also proposed to incentivize CIL if its output rises above 90% of the total allocated level. (Economic Times 1st Feb) No. 8 11

GOLD

NMDC secures gold mining lease in Tanzania:

NMDC, the countrys largest iron ore mining company, has secured a gold mining lease in the Bulyangombe area of Tanzania. Chairman of the company, Shri NK Nanda said that NMDC would start mining within six months with an initial investment of $50 million. NMDC may go for joint venture for developing the African gold mine. If it is not able to find suitable JV partner, it would undertake mining activity on its own, Shri Nanda said.

India to talk with Indonesia on proposed coal

Base metal prices as on 1st Feb 2012.

Metal Copper Aluminum Zinc Nickel Tin Cobalt LME $ / MT 8351.50 2219.50 2091.50 20870.00 24060.00 33000.00

Lead 2210.00

Coal India to streamline supply to power

Molybdenum 24250.00 ----------------------------------------------------Acquisitions and Investments

NMDC completes acquisition:

NMDC completed acquisition of 50% equity stake in Perth based Australian iron ore, gold and base metals exploration company, Legacy Iron Ore Limited, for a consideration of A$18.89 million. Reports stated that this deal comes with an intent of furthering NMDCs interest in the natural resources sector globally. Legacy is developing the Mt Bevan Iron Ore project which has the potential to be one of the largest resources of iron ore in the central Yilgarn region of Australia. (India info line news service) March 2012

MEJ, Vol. 13,

 NMDC fast track investments

Indias largest iron ore miner NMDC Limited decided to fast track investments worth $900 million during 201213 in an effort to better invest the companys free cash reserves of about $3.6 billion. The investments would be aimed at increasing iron ore mining, thermal power and the exploration of phosphate assets within India and abroad. The decision to speed up investment plans by dipping into the free reserves follows a directive from the Prime Minister to all cashrich Government-owned companies not to sit idle on free reserves and bring forward project investments in order to bolster the sagging growth in gross domestic product. (Mining weekly.com) mining: The Central Empowered Committee (CEC) appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate the illegal mining in Karnataka has submitted its final report with historic recommendations which will govern the future of Indian iron ore industries. The entire 166 mining leases for iron ore are classified into three categories, A, B and C depending upon the quantum of illegality involved therein. The main recommendation are as follows: 1. The mines (45) falling in category-A may be allowed to resume operation if all statutory clearances are in order. The iron ore available from these mines should be used to meet the requirement of steel plants and associated industries of Karnataka and also of adjoining states which have been using iron ore from the districts of Bellary, Chitradurg and Tumkur. Exports are permitted only when steel plants and others are not prepared to purchase the ore on or above the average price realized by the Monitoring Committee for the corresponding grades during the sale of 25 million tonne of the existing stock. 72 mines falling in category-B should be fined for operating outside the sanctioned area. In this category of mines, operations may be allowed with all statutory compliances and payment of penalty / compensation as decided by Honble Court. Category - C mines, numbering 49 should be canceled and leases be allotted through bidding to the highest bidder from amongst the endusers. A Special Purpose Vehicle be set up under the chairmanship of Chief Secretary, Govt of No. 8 12 5.

Karnataka to take up various ameliorative and mitigative measures with the resources generated by way of penalty, compensation, allotting the cancelled mines and receiving percentage of sale proceeds from auction of iron ore by monitoring committee. No new mining lease will be granted without obtaining permission of Honble Court.

SC Panel submits report on Karnataka illegal

Besides, it is also suggested by the CEC that all mining licenses should be auctioned and iron ore produced from the mines be sold at market rate. The consequences of CECs submission of its recommendation will have far reaching impact on the structure of iron ore industry in the country, including the captive mines of user industries.

OBITUARY

Late Dr. Ashwini Kumar Dube (LM NO: 2172) The MEJ regrets to inform the sad demise of Dr. Ashwini Kumar Dube, one of the distinguished members of MEAI on 07.11.2011. Dr. Dube graduated in Mining Engineering from Raipur (MP) and obtained his P.hd. from University of Roorkee (IIT- Roorkee), served CMRI since 1964 and retired as Director in June 2000. He was also CSIRs Emeritus Scientist of CMRI, New Delhi. Dr. Dube was an expert in mining technology of international repute. He was associated with major Hydro-Electric Projects in Himalayan region. His latest contributions to the mining industry were construction of road and rail tunnels, underground storage tanks for crude oil, underground disposal/storage of nuclear waste besides his significant contribution to environmental aspects of major river valley and mining projects. He was member of several committees constituted by Government of India. Dr. Dube is survived by his wife, Smt. Mamta Dube, his son, Shri Himanshu Dube, a daughter and four grand children. The MEJ and MEAI convey their heartfelt condolences to the bereaved family of Dr. Dube. March 2012

2.

3.

4.

MEJ, Vol. 13,

SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: PART III CONTINUED FROM MEJ FEBRUARY 2012)
B Arunachalam, Nagesh Shenoy The following annexures 3 to 6 may be red with part I and part II, published in January February 2012 issues of Mining Engineers Journal. Annexure 3 Sample list of Sub activitys Activity Haul roads 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Lateral Gradient in bench is steep and dragging In correct parking-Slope In sufficient parking space Narrow road Non provision of body level indicator Dumper not checked before starting or after repairs Dumper Over load Dumper Poor braking due to wet and slushy road Poor visibility due fog Poor visibility due glare by excess lighting Poor visibility due raising or setting sun Poor visibility due to bad road lighting Poor visibility due to dust Poor visibility due to poor light fixture in haul road Poor visibility due to sharp turning Poor visibility due to steep change in gradient Road on soft soil not compacted Road rut formation Skidding Steeper gradient Brake testing done in haul road Embankment height in sufficient Empty dumper not giving way to loaded from opposite direction due to spillage on road Haul road drain not protected Haul road median insufficient Haul road no camber Haul road no designated locations for right hand turn Haul road poor or no super elevation Haul road rain water not diverted Haul road too sharp hair pin bends Haul road water tanker reversing down gradient Dumpers Parked side by side waiting for load, traffic obstructed Overload ,spillage of sharp material ,tyre burst No. 8 13 March 2012 C E P Rating

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34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Too many people in loading area Too many people in unloading area Too many trucks crowded in loading area Too many trucks crowded in unloading area Trying overtake on haul road Bad road manners and parking Bad unloading area illumination Annexure 4 Collision Prone scenarios

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Annexure5 Page 1 Example of Risk rating and control measures HAULAGE. (List and ratings indicative and site specific) Sl No Operation Identified Hazard Exposure Risk Rating Consequence Probability Total Control Measures

Transport Tipper parked at garage

1. Failure of the parking brake 2. Un authorized person driving the vehicle 3. Person driving the vehicle being in a state of drunkenness.

35

Proper Training, regular inspection . Brake testing , by the competent person. Regular checking valid gate pass. at the entry gate &monitoring. Checking at the entrance and not permitting to perform duty 3 times effective width of roads to be maintained. Otherwise make one way traffic. Maintain the Haulage road embankment should be compact and more than dia of largest tyre in use. Roads to be maintained. Compact roads and use water Judiciously . Training the drivers with simulators ,Enforcing of speed limits boards, Training the drivers with simulators ,Enforcing of speed limits boards, The one way traffic road to be provided. Erect medians. Redesign curves for visibility more than the braking distance at permitted speed. Erect medians. Redesigned and maintain at not more than 1 in 16 . Provide run away escapes No body to be present where dumpers are reversed. Installing anti-collision camera and clean as often as required. Direct one jet especially in hoppers to keep camera clean March 2012

21

21

Tipper travelling in haulage road

1. Narrow width of the road 2. Side embankment

10

70

10

70

3. Ditches in road ways resulting in Brake down and operator fatigue

21

4. Over speed of the 5 vehicle 5. Over taking of the 5 vehicle

35

35

6. Sharp curve in the 3 road 7. Steep gradient 3

21

21

While reversing the Failure of reversible 5 vehicle audio-visual alarm, indistinct of rear view mirror.

0.3

11

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Over loading of the Spillage, spoiling the 5 vehicle road way Unloading at waste While reversing dump tipper toppling the 3

0.3

11

Install over load indicators in dumpers and auto weighing system in loaders Ensure entry direction to dump facilitates operator's visibility to check Provided embankments. Inspect dump at regular frequency,

Annexure 5 page 2 Example of Risk rating and control measures EXCAVATOR MAINTENANCE . (List and ratings indicative and site specific)
1 Excavator Maintenance Removing of pressure hose high 2.5 7 0.1 1.75 When disassembling residual pressure first release

Loosen joints, slowly and monitor carefully stabilize the front of the hydraulic machine 2 Teeth attachment 2.5 7 0.1 1.75 When bucket is in danger of falling over brace it with blocks to prevent it from falling When removing a pin, use a bar designed for removal work and hit the hammer on the bar Check the status of the hanger. and keep it balanced so it is not over stretched Work from stable position using a work platform or steps tool. 4 Using gas to cut the 3 bushings 7 0.3 6.3 Before using gas for cutting parts clean thoroughly Wear a face shield Create a opening to release the pressure Ensure availability Protective Equipment 5 Dismantling the under 3 guard of equipment 7 1 21 of Fire

Removing the arm/ boom cylinder of shovel

0.1

0.06

Check the weight of under guard in advance Support the under guard before dismantling with a jack Always to use transmission jacks blocks or

Bucket removing

When removing a pin check that the pin hole is centred Use a round bar that is considerably longer than the pin,

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Take care not to get your hands too close to the pin hole 7 Shifting of load within a 5 bucket 7 1 35 Ensure that supported. load is fully

Check before doing work involving unstable objects Take safety precautions when working in a team 8 Welding near fuel tank 3 7 1 21 Never weld directly on to a fuel tank Attach parts location at a separate

If you must weld directly on to the fuel tank ,do so only after removing the fuel, rinsing out the tank with water and then filling with water 9 Working in restricted 2 areas 3 0.01 0.06 keep socket wrenches slipping off or wobbling from

Use torque wrenches while working with parts that require a lot of torque, 10 Removing of center guard track 2 3 0.01 0.06 Avoid potentially activities. dangerous

Use proper tools (an L-wrench). Ensure that cooperative workers are all familiar with safety confirmations and signals 11 Dismantling the cylinder 3 head of rock breaker 7 1 21 Hitting with hammer can damage parts or cause debris to fly, so always use a removal jig .leave the loosened nut attached to the bolt, rather than completely removing it. Keep out of the path way of potential gushing fluids or flying parts 12 Changing between rock 5 breaker and loading bucket 7 1 35 Fit a coupler device to eliminate hazard

Hazard report form Description of hazards

Annexure 6

Name................................................................... Date

q Employee
Location of Hazard: What action did you take? Risk Controls MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8

q Subcontractor

q Third party

q Other

Describe the hazard Can a permanent control be done? Responsibility 17 March 2012

Time Short term Supervisor name Comments and action by Superior Entered in Hazard reporting register S.No.

Long Term Signature Signature page no Signature of person making entry

People Posture/Repetition Lifting/pushing/pulling Gravitational Equipment Mobile Fixed Portable Gravitational Objects Others

Materials Chemicals Radiation Electricity Environment Temperature Biological Noise and Vibration Consequence Likelihood

Risk Level
Refer to Risk assessment card(3) Almost certain Unlikely Dramatic Minor Priority High Likely Rare Major Insignificant Medium

People : Tasks requiring awkward position, Manually handling objects, Slips, trips and falls Equipment: Contact with moving equipment, Contact with powered equipment, Use and condition of portable equipment, Contact with falling or flying objects

Materials: Inhalation ,absorption, injection, ,ingestion of chemicals, Exposure to radiation source, Contact with live electrical circuit, Environment, Exposure to weather, Exposure to infectious bacteria or fungi, Excessive sound pressure, Vibration (8.4.0 To be continued)

Golden Trap for FOREX India may import $ 100 billion worth gold in 2015
The trade body, Assocham, in its study under Indias Gold Rush - Its Impact and sustainability raised the red flag on Indian Gold Imports likely to touch $ 100 billion by 2015-16 against the import of $33.8 billion in 2010-11 and $4.1 billion in 2001-2002, adding that This is not only a tremendous pressure on Indias foreign exchange reserves but also a burden on the balance of payments and accentuates the current account deficit. The total import value of gold during last financial year was higher than the gross state domestic product of 12 states and budget estimated expenditure on fertiliser and food subsidy, which is unsustainable and the government should encourage channelizing savings in formal financial instruments to increase the productive capacity of the economy. The body has suggested that post offices, especially in rural areas, should be used to sell such government guaranteed instruments to extend their reach throughout India, the largest importer of gold in the world. The study further said that this represents a massive strain on investable resources and weaning away domestic savings from gold assumes importance. Indias gold demand is 37.6 per cent more than Chinas although Chinas GDP is 3.5 times of Indias. Compared with the United States which has a $14 trillion economy, ten times the size of the Indian economy, Indias gold demand is almost five times more. Mr Prithviraj Kothari, Director, Riddisiddhi Bullions Ltd. suggested that the government should spend more on R&D like China does. China was able to produce 361 tonne of gold this year compared to the 250 tonne last year, adding that India has lot of gold reserves in Jharkhand and elsewhere which are not being exploited as there are no R&D efforts. India produces a measly one to two tonne gold a year. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 March 2012

18

Sources of corrosion in resource industries an overview

Murthy Ch.S.N *, Surendranathan A.O **, Rajeev Puthalath

The resource industries like mining, petroleum etc are facing serious corrosion problems. But mining industry has been relatively inactive in the field of corrosion control compared to industries like chemical, petroleum etc. Millions of liters of water are disposed off every day from mines. Mine water found in mines is highly corrosive because of its complex and corrosive nature. The problems of mine water corrosion are widespread in underground coal mines. Acute corrosion problems are encountered in some north eastern Indian coal mines where mine water is highly acidic and polluted. Study related to corrosion in iron ore mines is very limited and sufficient informations are not reported. It may due to the fact that economic benefits gained from corrosion prevention methods are limited and most of the iron ore mines are not bothered much about the corrosion problem specific to iron ore mining. CO2 and H2S gases in combination with water are the main cause of corrosion in oil and gas production. Oil well stimulation, usually done with hot solutions of hydrochloric acid, may induce severe corrosion attack on production tubing, downhole tools and casing. Various factors have to be considered while dealing with corrosion problems of oil and gas industry. The type of reservoir rocks, the acids used for stimulation, the oil well equipments such as tubings and casings and the operating conditions are some of the important factors that affect the corrosivity. Each and every case has to be considered in its totality before a decision is made on the proper materials. No particular material is the cure for all the evils of corrosion. It is imperative to the field operators, pipeline engineers, and designers to have corrosion awareness concerning the resource industries in their day to day activities to mitigate corrosion.
1.0 Introduction The resource industries like mining, petroleum etc are facing serious corrosion problems. More so because,in addition to the monetary loss it is of vital concern in relation to safety measures. With increasing mechanization, the problem of corrosion is increasing in intensity. But mining industry has been relatively inactive in the field of corrosion control compared to industries like chemical, petroleum etc. Scientists are increasingly active towards the baffling problem. But, there is still a need to study the situation broadly at laboratory and field levels, especially in mining sector. Because of good machinability and low cost, mild steel is extensively used as a structural material for different machineries employed in resource industries. However, the service life of these machines reduces substantially in the particular environment due to aggressiveness of the environment. Millions of liters of water are disposed off every day from mines. Mine water found in mines is highly corrosive because of its complex and corrosive nature. It is generally acidic and contains very high concentration of sulphates (SO42-) and Chloride (Cl-) ions. Due to low pH of mine water, the hydrogen evolution reaction becomes more pronounced leading to an increase in the corrosion phenomena. The presence of sulphate and chloride ions in mine water further aggravates the severity of this environment [1]. Extraction and transportation of watered oil are almost elsewhere accompanied by corrosion of the inner surface of oilfield equipments. In the oilfields metal tubulars and pipelines for the production and transportation of crude oil and bottom waters are prone to corrosion. Damage due to corrosion in petroleum industry is found to occur mostly due to the chemical factors; such as high mineralization of water, high contents of corrosive gases (CO2, H2S etc). Acidization of oil well is the most frequently used stimulation techniques to increase or to restore oil well productivity by using different acid mixtures. Generally the metal fittings used for the acidization treatment in petroleum industry have been made by different grades of steel. It is known that the acid treatments with hot acid solution promote severe corrosion attack of metal fittings used for the acidization treatment. The use of inhibitors is one of the most practical methods to protect the metals against acid corrosion. There is a great need for new more effective and low cost

Abstract

* Professor, Dept of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suratkal ** Professor, Dept of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suratkal. *** Research Scholar, Dept of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suratkal
MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 19 March 2012

inhibitors for oil well applications to eliminate costly failure of the equipments. The environmental damage caused by the inorganic inhibitors such as chromium and mercury containing compounds, organophosphates has resulted in an increase in the use of organic inhibitors. 2.0 The origin of corrosion in mining [2] Generally main cause of corrosion is water pollution. Mining causes water pollution in a number of ways: The mining process exposes heavy metals and sulfur compounds that were previously locked away in the earth. Rainwater leaches these compounds out of the exposed earth, resulting in "acid mine drainage" and heavy metal pollution that can continue long after the mining operations have ceased. The action of rainwater on piles of mining waste (tailings) transfers pollution to freshwater supplies. In the case of gold mining, cyanide is intentionally poured on piles of mined rock (a leach heap) to chemically extract the gold from the ore. Some of the cyanide ultimately finds its way into nearby water. Huge pools of mining waste "slurry" are often stored behind containment dams. If a dam leaks or bursts, water pollution is guaranteed.

The mining industry uses large amounts of explosives and a part of them remains undetonated. Since most commercial blasting agents contain ammonium nitrate, there is a direct relationship between explosives use and the ammonium and nitrate levels in mine effluents. Water contamination with nitrogenous compounds can promote corrosion. 2.1.1 Effluent from ore processing plant In most of the mechanized iron ore mines, ore is being processed either in dry or in wet circuits depending on the quality of ore feed. Ore having high alumina and silica are generally being processed in the wet circuit mainly to improve the quality of the ore and to remove the impurities for smooth blast furnace operation. In wet circuit, the ore is being crushed, scrubbed, washed, wet-screened, classified etc. Water requirement for this purpose is in the tune of 1 m3 per tonne of ROM for adding at various stages. Effluents generated from the ore washing mainly consists suspended solids. The effluent is initially treated in classifier to recover the coarser particles as ore fines. The overflow of the classifier, mainly consisting of finer solids i.e. tailings, is sent to thickener for solid-liquid separation. After settling of the tailings at the bottom of the thickener, clarified overflow water (about 60 %) is reclaimed and recycled to the system. Underflow tailings are discharged to tailings pond for further solid - liquid separation. Clarified water from the tailing pond are also reclaimed and recycled back to the system in most of the major iron ore mines in India. In some mines, where there is no provision of reclaiming water from the pond, the clarified water is discharged through a weir. 2.1.2 Pit water discharge from mines In iron ore mines, which are operating below water table or just above the confined aquifers, water accumulated in the mine pit is required to be pumped out to facilitate the mining operation. The pit water is normally laden with suspended solids, derived from within the pit and generally used for ore washing purposes or discharged to the nearby water bodies. A large percentage of iron ore in the Goa region is located below the water table and a number of mines are now operating below water table. In most of the big mines, the pit water is being discharged to the exhausted pits and being utilized for ore washing purpose. 2.1.3 Surface runoff The single most important environmental aspect of mines is the surface runoff from various areas during monsoon, as most of the iron ore mines in India are located in hill tops with steep slopes and in dense forest areas, and sometimes in areas with high rainfall. Surface run off from the mining and other areas gets laden with aluminous lateritic soil from mine benches, exposed outcrops etc. As the iron ore contains only traces of sulphur, the surface run off water does not get acidic, but become highly turbid due to loosening of soils by 20 March 2012

Perhaps the worst offense in the category of mining vs. water pollution causes is that mining companies in developing countries sometimes dump mining waste directly into rivers or other bodies of water as a method of disposal. Developed countries are not immune from such insanity. The Iron Mountain mine in California, USA has been closed since 1963 but continues to drain sulfuric acid and heavy metals (such as cadmium and zinc) into the Sacramento River. The river's bright orange water is completely devoid of life and has a pH of -3, which is 10,000 times more acidic than battery acid. Experts say the pollution may continue for another 3,000 years. 2.1 Sources of Water Pollution Water pollution from the mining operations mainly depend on topography of the area, intensity of rainfall, type of ore, method of mining & ore processing etc. Following are the major sources of water pollution from the Iron Ore Mines: Effluent generated from the ore processing Plant. Pit water discharge from mines operating below water table. Surface run-off from various mining areas during monsoon e.g., waste/reject dumps, tailings pond seepage/overflow etc. Oil and grease pollution from workshops effluent. No. 8

MEJ, Vol. 13,

the mining activities. Major sources of runoff from the mines are as follows: Waste dump areas. Ore handling and stockpile areas. Mine proper and haul roads. Other areas like workshops, garages, service centres etc.

The atmosphere in all mines is found to be with high humidity. In addition to moisture, mine atmospheres contain pollutants like dust, sulphur oxides etc which accelerate corrosion of mining equipment. 3.1 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Acid mine drainage (AMD), or acid rock drainage (ARD), refers to the outflow of acidic water from (usually abandoned) metal mines or coal mines.It is one of the most persistent environmental pollution problem which occurs world wide in the mining regions. The majority of materials and metals extracted from the earth by mining occur naturally as sulphide ores or are associated with sulphide minerals. During the extraction process, those sulphides which are not part of the ore material are dumped in waste rock dumps with other rocks. Sulphides containing valuable material (either metals, or in the case of a pyrite mine, sulphide itself) are processed, and the residue dumped in slimes (tailings) dams. The tailings contain large amounts of sulphide, which are either unwanted or were not extracted. This results in more of the sulphides being exposed to the surface environment, where they are unstable. Thus spontaneous chemical weathering takes place, releasing acid, metals and sulphate into surface water and groundwater. This process, whereby sulphide minerals break down in the presence or oxygen and catalyzing bacteria, is known as acid mine drainage (AMD). In India it is a serious problem in coal mining areas of northeastern coal field. The problem of AMD is intensely localized in the northeastern coalfield of India where ecology of the surrounding area is badly disrupted. However the problem of acidity is not of much concern in other coalfields of the country.AMD cripples the economy of mines due to compliance of stringent environmental standards and involves huge cost burden in its management.

2.1.4 Effluent from workshops and garages The effluent generated from the workshops and auto garages mainly consists of oil and solids. Separate effluent treatment plants have been provided for treatment of these effluents in most of the big iron ore mines. The effluent is treated in series of sedimentation tanks with oil traps. As the effluent generation is very low, these treated effluents are discharged to the nearby lands where it is evaporated. 3.0 Corrosion in coal mining Mine water occupies a unique place in corrosion study in view of their highly complex nature and widely varying composition from mine to mine. Coal mine industry has to pump out millions of liters of water everyday. The problems of mine water corrosion are widespread in underground coal mines. The main bulk of underground water from major Indian coal fields is neutral to alkaline in nature, and as such does not normally give rise to any serious corrosion problems. Acute corrosion problems are, however, encountered in some north eastern Indian coal mines where mine water is highly acidic and polluted. The life span of mining equipments being used gets reduced drastically because of high acidity of mine water. The cast iron pumps which last 2 years in a mine having neutral or alkaline mine water, last only to 6 to 8 hours in acidic mines. Similarly MS pipes last 7 to 10 days, rails upto 5 years and MS tubes 1 to 1.5 years [3].

Fig.1 Precipitation along stream bed (yellow boy) MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 21 March 2012

The most evident consequence of AMD contamination to surface water is the precipitation along streambeds of brightly colored orange or yellow secondary iron and sulphur minerals, which are colloquially referred to as yellow boy (Fig. 1). More insidious effects of AMD water pollution includes corrosion of mining equipment and structures such as barges, bridges and concrete materials. Fortunately AMD does not contain substances which are particularly toxic to men and animal by ingestion [4]. A lot of research has already been done pertaining to general aspects of AMD in other countries but not much work has so far been done in India. Apart from coal mines of USA, Yugoslavia, India and Australia, AMD also occurs from copper mines in Norway and Spain, silver, zinc and uranium mines in Canada and gold and coal mines in South Africa [5]. 3.2 Origin of Acidity in Mine Water It has been confirmed through experiments that the acidity of mine water is mostly due to chemical leaching of the sulphate salt, atmospheric and bacterial oxidation of hematite, pyrites and organic sulphur present in the ore. The chemistry of oxidation of pyrites might be a complex phenomenon, but can be represented in the following ways: [3,6] 2 FeS2 + 7O2 + 2H2O = 2Fe SO4 + 2H2SO4 FeS2 + 3O2 = Fe SO4 + SO2 Fe S2 + 7 Fe2 (SO4)3 + 8H2O = 15FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 Ferrous salts are oxidized to some extent by exposure to the air and in solution they are oxidized by dissolved Oxygen resulting in the formation of a basic salt. OH 4FeSO4 + O2 + 2H2O = 4 Fe SO4 In the presence of the acid, the turbid solution of basic ferric salt is changed to a solution of neutral salt. Fe2O (SO4)2 + H2SO4 = Fe2 (SO4)3 + H2O Fe2 (SO4)3 +6H2O = 2Fe (OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Thus water with a low pH (2.0 to 4.5) is produced. 3.3 Role of Bacteria in Acid Formation The presence of iron and sulphur oxidizing bacteria in mine water has been confirmed. It was experimentally proved that acid mine water contain Thiobacillus Ferro-oxidans and Thiobacillus Thioxidans which accelerates the oxidation MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 22

of iron and sulphate and hence raise the acidity [7]. The influence of bacteria is indigenous to AMD pollution. The Thiobacillus Thioxidans hardly play a role in the formation of AMD but Thiobacillus Ferro-oxidans accelerates the pyrite oxidation and hence severe AMD is produced. 3.4 Mechanism of Corrosion of Mining Equipments by AMD Corrosion Mechanism of mining equipments caused by AMD may be of much help for suggesting a way to mitigate mine water corrosion. From the X ray investigations of corrosion product carried out on a G.E. XRD 6 X ray diffractometer, it was confirmed that the formation and predominance of -FeO.OH i.e. Goethite and -FeO.OH i.e. lepidocrocite along with FeO and Fe2O3 . A possible mechanism has been suggested on the basis of X-Ray results. Initially in acid mine water hydrogen is evolved and the pH value rises to about 5.0. At lower pH, below given reactions (1),(2) and (3) are active, but as the acidity is decreased at higher pH reactions (1), (2) and (4) are operative [3]. Fe = Fe + + e ............................................................. (1) Fe= = Fe++ + 2e ....................................................... (2) 2H+ + 2e = H2 ........................................................... (3) O2 + 2H2 O + 4e = 4(OH) ......................................... (4) This mechanism is confirmed by the formation of yellow precipitates in AMD at many places. Iron gets oxidized due to formation of water and oxygen bonding on the metal surface through the transfer of change between metal and oxygen system. Chemically this oxidation is a two step reaction as given below. H Fe + H2O = Fe O ..................................................... (5) H Fe + O2 = Fe-O-O ................................................... (6) H Fe O..............+ Fe-O-O = Fe-OH + Fe-O-OH ......... (7) H The reaction stimulates peroxide and oxide layer formation as confirmed by -FeO.OH and -FeO.OH in X ray studies. The results indicate that the corrosion has occurred along grain boundaries and the failure of the pipe is due to intercrystalline type of corrosion. 4.0 Corrosion in Iron ore mines [2] Study related to corrosion in iron ore mines is very limited March 2012

and sufficient informations are not reported. It may due to the fact that economic benefits gained from corrosion prevention methods are limited and most of the iron ore mines are not bothered much about the corrosion problem specific to iron ore mining. But some of the potential sources of corrosion are discussed here. Haematite and magnetite are the most prominent of the iron ores found in India. Indian deposits of haematite belong to pre-Cambrian iron ore series and the ore is within banded iron ore formations occurring as massive, laminated, friable and also in powdery form. About 60% of haematite ore deposits are found in the Eastern sector and about 80% magnetite ore deposits occur in the Southern sector, especially in Karnataka. India possesses haematite resources of 14,630 million tonnes of which 7,004 million tonnes are reserves and 7,626 million tonnes are remaining resources. Major haematite resources are located mainly in Jharkhand-4036 million tonnes (28%), Orissa-4761 million tonnes (33%), Chattisgarh-2731 million tonnes (19%), Karnataka-1676 million tonnes (11%) and Goa-713 million tonnes (5%). The balance resources are spread over in the state of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Assam together contain around 4% of haematite. 4.1 The Iron Ore Industry in Goa The iron ore industry in Goa operates under certain difficult conditions specific to Goan iron ore mines. Water pollution is a serious problem. Mining activity in several places is being carried out below the water table, which requires dewatering of pits for operation to continue. This necessitates transport problem within the mine because of greater working depth. Mining lease in the area is restricted and resulted in improper mine infrastructure development and lateral mine development. Coupled with high overburden to ore ratio (of an average of about 2.5 to 3.0:1)[2], it makes very difficult for having waste dump properly designed or even there is very limited space (or none at all) available within the lease area to dump the waste material. This leads to acquiring land outside the lease area for dumping rejects. Land being in short supply, dumps are typically steep with slopes greater than 30o and height of 30-50 Mts. Many waste dumps are situated in the upper part of the valley regions and during monsoon, run off from dumps is common. So water and environmental pollution is a serious problem in this area, even though serious corrosion problems specific to iron ore mining are not reported so far. 4.2 Air Pollution and its effects on corrosion in Iron Mines The air quality in the mining areas mainly depends on the nature & concentration of emissions and meteorological conditions. The major air pollutants from mining include: Particulate matter (dust) of various sizes. Gases, such as, Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide etc. from vehicular exhaust. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 23

Dusts are the single largest air pollutant observed in the iron ore mines. Diesel power stations, diesel operating drilling machines, blasting and movement of HEMM/vehicles produce NOx, SO2 and CO emissions, usually at low levels. Dust can be a significant nuisance to surrounding land users and potential health risk in some circumstances. Dust is being produced from a number of sources and through number of mechanisms such as land clearing, removal of top soil (during opening up of new areas), removal of OB/ ore, drilling, blasting, crushing & screening, processing of ore, loading & unloading of material on site & subsequent transport off the site etc. In addition to this, wind action affecting stockpiles, dry tailings, exposed mining areas and waste dumps also generate significant amount of dust. Dust emissions from these operations mainly depend on moisture content of the ore and type of control measures adopted. The major gaseous pollutants of concern in iron ore mines are sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. Oxides of nitrogen can react in the atmosphere with hydrocarbons to produce photo-chemical smog. In addition to this, the sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen can generate an acid rain which leads to corrosion in iron ore mines. 5.0 Corrosion problem in petroleum industry Extraction and transportation of watered oil are almost everywhere accompanied by corrosion of the inner surface of oilfield equipments. In the oilfields metal tubulars and pipelines for the production and transportation of crude oil and bottom waters are prone to corrosion. Damage due to corrosion in petroleum industry is found to occur mostly due to the chemical factors; such as high mineralization of water, high contents of corrosive gases (CO2, H2S etc) and the presence of atmospheric oxygen in pipelines, the physical factors such as flow hydrodynamics, temperature and pressure, metallurgical factor such as the characteristics of the metal. Various factors have to be considered while dealing with corrosion problems of oil and gas industry. The type of reservoir rocks, the acids used for stimulation, the oil well equipments such as tubings and casings and the operating conditions are some of the important factors that affect the corrosivity. Oxygen, which plays such an important role in corrosion, is not normally present in producing formations. It is only at the drilling stage that oxygen contaminated fluids are first introduced. Drilling muds, left untreated, will corrode not only well casing, but also drilling equipment, pipelines and mud handling equipment. Water and carbon dioxide, produced or injected for secondary recovery, can cause severe corrosion of oil well steels. Acids, used to remove scale, readily attack metal. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) poses other problems. Handling all these corrosion situations, with the added complications of high temperature, pressures and stresses involved in drilling or production requires the March 2012

expertise of a corrosion engineer, an increasingly key figure in the industry. CO2 and H2S gases in combination with water are the main cause of corrosion in oil and gas production. In addition, it is normal practice to re-inject production water downhole to maintain the reservoir pressure and stability as well as perform water flooding (using seawater or fresh water sources) to drive oil out of the formation. As field ages, the ratio of watery oil in the produced fluids increases and can reach levels of 95% or higher [8].This rise in water content implies an increase of the corrosion problems. Internal corrosion caused by the produced fluids is the most costly of the corrosion problems in the oil and gas industry since internal mitigation methods cannot be easily maintained and inspected. Therefore, as a field ages, corrosion control becomes more expensive. Approximately 60% of oilfield failures are related to CO2 corrosion mainly due to inadequate predictive capability and the poor resistance of carbon and low alloy steels to this type of corrosive attack [8].CO2 can produce not only general corrosion but also localized corrosion, which is a much more serious problem. From the materials cost point of view, the use of carbon and low alloy steel for tubings and pipelines is the most convenient option [8] and, therefore, big efforts have been made in order to increase their corrosion resistance. When the environment is too aggressive for bare carbon steels, the options to reduce corrosion problems are the use of inhibitors or corrosion resistant alloys. 5.1 Acidization Treatment in Oil Wells [9-10] Acidization of oil well is the most frequently used stimulation techniques to increase or to restore oil well productivity by enlarging the microscopic flow channel using different acid mixtures. The acid mixture is helpful in dissolving certain components of drilling mud that block the inflow of oil in the producing zone. A generic term used to describe a treatment fluid typically comprising HCl acid and acid additives depending upon the underground nature of the oil wells. Among the various acids, hydrochloric acid is preferred for acidization job for stimulating carbonate based reservoirs because it is cheap and the ferrous chloride formed on the surface is highly soluble in water. Generally in petroleum industry about 15% hydrochloric acid is used for the acidization treatment because it leaves no insoluble reaction product. It is commercially available and cost effective. In some cases, hydrochloric acid mixed with other acid is used to dissolve clays and other silicate materials. In the year 1932 when chemical inhibitors were developed, the interest of oil well acidizing process was revived again . Therefore to enhance the commercial production, the acid is pumped inside the well, which enters into the drainage channels tributary and dissolves the exposed lime stone surfaces of the rocks. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 24

The acid reaction may be represented by the following equation [10]. 2HCl + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 CaMg (CO3)2 + 4HCl = CaCl2 + MgCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2 Generally the metal fittings used for the acidization treatment in petroleum industry have been made by N80 steel [11]. It is known that the acid treatments with hot acid solution promote severe corrosion attack of metal fittings used for the acidization treatment. The use of inhibitors is one of the most practical methods to protect the metals against acid corrosion. There is a great need for new more effective and low cost inhibitors for oil well applications to eliminate costly failure of the equipments. 5.2 Conventional Acid Systems A number of different acids are used in conventional acidizing treatments, the most common are: [9] Hydrochloric, HCl Hydrofluoric, HF Acetic, CH3COOH Formic, HCOOH Sulfamic, H2NSO3H Chloroacetic, ClCH2COOH

These acids differ in their characteristics. Choice of the acid and any additives for a given situation depends on the underground reservoir characteristics and the specific intention of the treatment, for example near well bore damage removal, dissolution of scale in fractures, etc.The majority of acidizing treatments carried out utilize hydrochloric acid (HCl). 5.3 Corrosion Inhibitors Organic compounds are widely used in various industries as corrosion inhibitors for preventing corrosion in acidic environments. The resource industries using corrosion inhibitors are the oil and gas exploration and production industry, and the petroleum refining industry. A corrosion inhibitor is a substance which, when added to an environment, decreases the rate of attack by the environment on a metal. Corrosion inhibitors are commonly added in small amounts to environments, either continuously or intermittently to prevent serious corrosion. The corrosion inhibitors are specific in terms of metal-environment; temperature and concentration range. Although inhibitors can be used with great advantage to suppress the corrosion of metal in many environments, but still there are certain limitations for the systems where they are used. It may not be possible to add inhibitors for corrosive systems because they may contaminate the environment or even increase the corrosion March 2012

rate. Inhibitors generally rapidly lose their effectiveness as the concentration and temperature of the environment increase. The corrosion inhibitors are classified according to a number of criteria summarized in the following Table: Sl. No. 1 2 3 Criteria of Classification Compounds as inhibitors Type a)Organic b)Inorganic Nature of environment or a)Acidic medium used b) Basic or alkaline Electrical nature a) Anodic b) Cathodic c) Mixed 4 State of activity involved a) Passivators b) Precipitators c) Vapor phase 5 Miscellaneous a) Oil soluble b) Volatile c) Colloidal Organic inhibitors are classified as (1) Cathodic (2) Anodic (3) Mixed type according to their preferential protection of the cathodic sites, anodic sites and both the cathodic and anodic sites of the corroded metal surface. 5.4 Inhibitors for Acid Solutions Acidization of a petroleum oil well is one of the important stimulation techniques for enhancing oil production. Oil well stimulation, usually done with hot solutions of hydrochloric acid, may induce severe corrosion attack on production tubing, downhole tools and casing. It is commonly brought about by forcing a solution of 15% to 28% hydrochloric acid into the well to open up near bore channels in the formation and hence to increase the flow of oil. To reduce the aggressive attack of the acid on tubing and casing materials (N-80 steel), inhibitors are added to the acid solution during the acidifying process. The effective acidizing inhibitors that are usually found in commercial formulations are acetylenic alcohols, alkenyl phenones, aromatic aldehydes, nitrogen containing heterocyclics, quaternary salts and condensation products of carbonyls and amines. However, these inhibitors suffer from drawbacks , they are effective only at high concentrations and they are harmful to the environment due to their toxicity, so it is important to search for new nontoxic and effective organic corrosion inhibitors for oil well steel (N-80 steel) 15% hydrochloric acid system. In this regard, amino acid compounds have a promising alternative for the design of eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors which will MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 25

satisfy the environmental requirements. In general, organic compounds are more effective than inorganic compounds when used as corrosion inhibitors to protect steel in acidic media [12-17]. The inhibition in oil and gas field is more complicated and requires specialty inhibitors depending on the area of application such as in refineries, wells, recovery units, pipelines etc. Aggressive gases such as H2S, CO2, and organic acids complicate the problem of inhibition in wells. Corrosion problems in petroleum refining operations associated with naphthenic acid constituents and sulfur compounds in crude oils have been recognized for many years. It is particularly severe in atmospheric and vacuum distillation units at higher temperatures, 175-400oC [18]. Dissolved O2 is the main species causing corrosion in recovery units. Dry corrosion is of great importance in refinery processes. HCl may form in refineries as a by-product. O2, CO2 and H2S intensify corrosion problems in natural gas pipelines. Wet corrosion in refineries can be controlled by passivating, neutralizing or adsorption type inhibitors. Slag inhibitors are used along with the corrosion inhibitors to reduce deposits. Both water soluble and oil soluble inhibitors are used in pipelines. Adsorption type inhibitors are widely used for preventing internal corrosion of pipelines carrying refined petroleum products. In general, where the operating temperatures and/or the acid concentrations are higher, a proportionately higher amount of the corrosion inhibitor composition will be required. It is preferable to add the inhibitor composition at a relatively high initial dosage rate, about 2000 to 5000 ppm, and to maintain this level for a relatively short period of time until the presence of the inhibitor induces build-up of a corrosion protective coating on the metal surfaces. Once the protective coating is established, the dosage may be reduced to an operational range, about 10 to 100 ppm [18]. It is known that nitrogen based corrosion inhibitors are relatively ineffective in the high temperature environment. Also, the phosphorus-containing compounds may impair the function of various catalysts used to treat crude oil. 6.0 Conclusion The corrosion is an orderly process subject to scientific laws and can be controlled by rational procedures. The causes of corrosion may differ depending on the nature of the metal which suffers corrosion and its environment in which it exists. Therefore, it is not possible to adopt the same protective scheme in all cases. Many researches have been carried out to mitigate corrosion. But, in India, significant progress has not been achieved in the corrosion study in mining sector. Study related to corrosion in iron ore mines is very limited and sufficient informations are not reported. But studies have been conducted of corrosion in coal mines especially of North Eastern coal fields. Probably no other single industry is facing with the widely variant and extensive corrosion March 2012

problem in various phases of the oil industry, the damage from which millions of dollars are lost annually. The drilling and pumping equipment, pipelines for the transportation of oil etc. suffers sever attack due to corrosion. References [1] GURDEEP SINGH, (2006), A survey of corrosivity of underground mine water from Indian coal mines, Indian journal of mine water, pp 21-32. [2] CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, (2007008), (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India), Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi 110032, Comprehensive industry document on iron ore mining, pp 2.1-3.4. [3] RAWAT N.S, BANERJEE.S.P, SAXENA A.K, GURDEEP SINGH, and VISWANATHAN S, (1982),Corrosion due to acid mine water and its control- A case study from NEC, Assam, Proceedings, National Seminar on Mineral & Ecology ,Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad , March 6-7. [4] GURDEEP SINGH and NARENDRA S.RAWAT,(1982), Occurrence of Acid Mine Drainage in North Eastern Coal Mines of India, 1982 Symposium on Surface Mining Hydrology , Sedimentology and Reclamation, University of Kentucky, Lexington-40506-0046, December 1982, pp 5-10. [5] GURDEEP SINGH,(2008),Chemical , microbiological and geological aspects of acid mine drainage and its control aspects, 2nd Asian Mining Congress, January 2008, Kolkata, India, The Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India (MGMI),Vol II, pp 297310. [6] RAVENGEI S., LOVE D., LOVE I., GRATWICKE B., MANDINGAISA O., and OWEN R.J.S.,(2005), Impact of Iron Duke Pyrite Mine on water chemistry and aquatic life- Mazowe Valley, Zimbabwe , ISSN 03784738, Water SA, Vol. 31, No.2, pp 219-227. [7] RAWAT N.S. and G.SINGH,(1982), The role of microorganisms in the formation of Acid Mine Drainage in the north eastern coal field of India, International journal of mine water, 2(1982), pp 29-36. [8] LOPEZ.D.A,PEREZ.T, SIMISON .S.N,(2003), The influence of microstructure and chemical composition of carbon and low alloy steels in CO2 corrosion- A state of art appraisal, Material &Design , 24 (2003), pp 561-575. [9] THOMAS O. ALLEN, ALAN P. ROBERTS,(2007), Production operations, Well completions, Work over and stimulation, Volume 2, second addition, 2007, pp 89-111. [10] Training manual on production operations for nonproduction engineers, Institute of oil & gas production Technology, ONGC Ltd, Panvel, India, pp 7.1- 7.15. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 26

[11] VISWANATHAN S. and NILESH HALDAR,(2007),Corrosion inhibition of N80 steel in hydrochloric acid by phenol derivatives, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, Vol. 14, September 2007, pp. 501-506. [12] YADAV.M, and SHARMA.U,(2011),Eco friendly corrosion inhibitor for N-80 steel in Hydrochloric acid, J. Mater. Environ.Sci 2(4) pp 407-414. [13] MENEZES.M.A.M, VALLE.M.L.M, DWECK.J, and QU EIROZNETO.J.C,(2007),Temperature dependence of corrosion inhibition of steels used in oil well stimulation using acetylenic compound and halide ions salt mixtures, Brazilian J. of petroleum and gas, Vol.1, No.1, pp 8-15. [14] SAXENA.R.C and GOYAL.H.B, Corrosion inhibitors for oil well acidizing equipments, 15th LAWSP SYMPOSIUM, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun. [15] GROWCOCK.F.B and LOPP.U.R,(1988),The inhibition of steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid with 3-phenyl-2propyn-1-01, Corrosion Science, Volume 28, Issue 4, 1988, pp 397-410. [16] FRENIER W.W and DOWEL SCHLUMBERGER,(1989), Acidizing fluids used to stimulate high temperature wells can be inhibited using organic chemicals, SPE International symposium on oil field chemistry, February 1989, Houston, Texas, pp 8-10. [17] QURAISHI .M.A , DANISH JAMAL and MOHD.TARQ SAEED ,(2000),Fatty acid derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel and oil well tubular steel in 15% boiling Hydrochloric acid, JAOCS, Vol.77, No.3. [18] VISWANATHAN.S.SAJI,(2010),A review on recent patents in corrosion inhibitors , Recent patents on corrosion science, 2010,2,pp 6-12. ***

Quotable Quotes
A Dream you dream alone is only a dream, a dream together is a realty. - John Lennon If there is some pardon in everything, there is also something to condemn. - Friedich Nietzche A market is never saturated with a good product, but it is very quickly saturated with a bad one. - Henry Ford If you take responsibility for yourself, you will develop a hunger to accomplish your dreams. - Les Brown
March 2012

No. 55011-01-2009-CPAM Government of India Ministry of Coal

Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi, the 11th January, 2012 To 1. 2. 3. 4. The Chairman, Coal India Limited, Kolkatta The Chairman-cum-Managing Director, CMPDIL, Ranch The Chairman-cum-Managing Director, NLC. Neyveli. The Chairman-cum-Managing Dircctor, SCCL, A.P.

SUBJECT: GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF MINE CLOSURE PLAN -REG. Sir. 1. I am directed to state that H. has been decided by the Government. that all coal (including lignite) mining operations in India shall be governed as per the guidelines listed in the Annexure to this letter, as modified from time to time for preparation of Mine Closure Plan (MCP), which shall be incorporated in the Project Report / Mining Plan henceforth, for a new mine. The Mine Closure Plan (progressive and final) shall be approved along with the approval of Mining Plan/ Feasibility Report / Project Report as applicable. (i) All coal mine owners shall adopt a Mine Closure Plan for each of their mines comprising progressive closure plan and final closure plan duly approved by the competent authority.

2.

(ii) All coal mine owners, who are operating coal mines without the approval of any Mine Closure Plan are required to obtain a Mine Closure Plan approved as per these guidelines within a period of one year or two years in advance of mine closure whichever is earlier from the day these guidelines come into effect. (iii) All coal mine owners, who have already been accorded approval of Mining Plans/Project Reports without the Mine Closure Plans as per these guidelines, are also required to prepare and obtain the approval of Mine Closure Plan as per these guidelines within a period of one year from the day of these guidelines coming into effect. (iv) The competent authority for approval of the Mine Closure Plan shall be the Standing Committee constituted by the Ministry of Coal for the purpose of approval of Mining Plans. In case of projects/mines of Government Companies. the competent authority to approve the MCP will be the authority competent to approve the Mining Plan. (v) Four copies of MCP of all mines covered at Sub-Para iv) above shall be submitted to Ministry of Coal within the Umeframe indicated at (ii) and (iii) referred above. The Companies shall carry out all changes in the Closure Plan including the amount of money to be levied for thc proposed Escrow Account as directed by Ministry of Coal. The Mine Closure Plan will have two components viz. i) Progressive or Concurrent Mine Closure Plan and ii) Final Mine Closure Plan. Progressive Mine Closure Plan would include various land use activities to be done continuously and sequentially during the entire period of the mining operations, whereas the Final Mine Closure activities would start towards the end of mine life, and inay continue even after the reserves are exhausted and/or mining is discontinued till the mining area is restored to an acceptable level to create a self sustained ecosystem. Various project specific activities as per paragraphs 3, 4 and 6 of the enclosed guidelines for preparation of Mine Closure Plan shall be adhered to. The total cost estimate is to be assessed based on the activities as mentioned in the paragraphs 3, 4 and 6 of the said guidelines. The money to be levied per hectare of mining lease is to be deposited every year after commencement of any activity on the land for the mine after opening an Escrow Account. Mining company/owners including all Public Sector Undertakings shall deposit the yearly amount in a Scheduled Bank in accordance with paragraphs 7 of the guidelines Annexed herewith. No. 8 27 March 2012

3.

4.

MEJ, Vol. 13,

5.

The details of the final Mine Closure Plan along with the details of the updated -cost estimates for various mine closure activities and the Escrow Account already set up shall be submitted to the Ministry of Coal for approval at least five years before the intended final closure of the mine. Implementation of the approved Mine Closure Plan shall be the sole responsibility of the mine owner. It is estimated that major expenditure on final mine closure plan will be incurred during last five years of the project life. Upto 20% of the deposited amount from the Escrow Account can be released every year starting from 4th year before the proposed mine closure date. The balance amount will remain as security. The Coal Controller's Organization shall release the fund from the Escrow Account based on the progress made in the closure activities for the mine. The Government may at any time require certain activities to be included in the mine closure plans, which it may consider necessary for the safety and conservation of environment or in compliance with any modification/ amendment in the relevant legislation. Statutory obligations: The legal obligations, if any which the lessee is bound to implement like special conditions imposed while execution of lease deed. approval of mining plan, conditions imposed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, State of Central Pollution Control Board or by any other organisation describing the nature of conditions and compliance position thereof should be indicated here (the copies of relevant documcnts may be attached as Annexure). It is to be clearly understood that the funds so generated are towards the security to cover the cost of closure In case the mine owner fails to complete the relevant closure activities. The prime responsibility of mine closure shall always lie with the mine owner, and in case these funds are found to be insufficient to cover the cost of final mine closure, the additional fund shall be recovered from the mine owner by the Government.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. After the closure of the mine, the reclaimed leasehold area and any structure thereon, which is not to be utilized by the mine owner, shall be surrendered to the State Govt. concerned following a laid clown procedure as in vogue at that point of time. 11. These Guidelines are without any prejudice to any other relevant rules and regulations, such as those issued by the State Governments, Ministry of Environment & Forests. Ministry of Labour and Employment etc. End: As above. Copy to: (i) cryziDirector, NIC for putting on the Website of MOC. (ii) (ii) CA-I/CA-H Section for necessary action. Youts faithfully (V.S. Rana) Under Secretary to the Govt. of India

MEJ, Vol. 13,

No. 8

28

March 2012

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF FINAL MINING CLOSURE PLAN

1. Introduction The name of the mine owner, the location and the extent of lease area, the type of lease area (forest, non-forest etc), the present land use pattern, the method of mining and coalprocessing operations, should be given in the mines closure plan. 1.1 Reasons for closure: The reasons for closure of mining operations such as exhaustion of mineral, lack of demand, uneconomic operations. natural calamity, directives from statutory organization or court etc. should be specified. 1.2 Statutory obligations: The legal obligations, if any, which the mine owner is bound to eomply with such as special conditions imposed while execution of lease deed, approval of mining plan, directives issued by the Ministry of Coal, conditions imposed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, State Central Pollution Control Board or by any other organization describing the nature of conditions and compliance position thereof should be clearly indicated in the Plan (the copies of relevant documents to be attached as Annexures). 1.3 Closure plan preparation: The decision on mine closure should have the approval of the Board of Directors of the mining company or of any other equivalent competent authority. Copy of such approval should be incorporated in the final mine closure plan. 2.0 Mine Description 2.1 Geology: Briefly describe the topography and general geology indicating rock types available, including toxic elements, if any. at the mine site. 2.2 Reserves: Indicate the coal/lignite reserves available category wise (proved, indicated and inferred) in the leasehold area estimated in the last mining plan/ mining scheme approved along with the balance coal/ lignite reserves at the lime of proposed mine closure, including its quality (for final mine closure plan only). 2.3 Mining Method: Describe in brief the mining method followed to win the coal/lignite, mining machinery deployed, production level etc. 2.4 Coal Beneficiation: Describe in brief the coal beneficiation facilities, if any. indicating the process description in short. Indicate discharge details of any middlings/fines/rejects and their disposal/utilization practice followed. 3. Closure Plan 3.1 Mined-Out Land: Describe the proposals/ measures MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 29 to be implemented for reclamation (both physical and biological) and rehabilitation of mined-out land including the mariner in which the actual Site of the pit will be restored for post mining land use. The proposals should be supported with relevant plans and sections depicting the method of land restoration / reclamation / rehabilitation. 3.2 Water Quality Management: Describe in detail the existing surface and ground water bodies available in the lease hold areas and the measures to be taken for protection of the same including control of erosion. sedimentation, siltation, water treatment, diversion of water courses, if any, measures for protection of contamination of ground water from leaching etc. Quantity and quality of surface water bodies should also be indicated and corrective measures proposed to meet the Water quality conforming to the permissible limits should also be described. Report of hydrological study carried out in the area may also be submitted. The water balance chart should be given. If there is potential of Acid Mine Drainage, the treatment method should be given. 3.3 Air Quality Management: Describe the existing air quality status. The corrective measures to be taken for prevention of pollution of air should be described. 3.4 Waste Management: Describe the type, quality and quantity of overburden, coal/lignite rejects etc. generated and their disposal practice. If no utilization of waste material is proposed, the .manner in which the waste material will be stabilized should be described. The protective measures to be taken for prevention of siltation, erosion and dust generation from these waste materials should also be described. If toxic and hazardous elements are present in the waste material, the protective measures to be taken for prevention of their dispersal in the air, environment, leaching in the surface and ground water etc. should be described. As far as possible, reclamation and afforestation shall proceed concurrently with the mine activity. The quantity of waste material required to be re-handled or backfilled in the final voids should be specified. All efforts should be made and reflected (in the Project Report/ Mining plan) to keep land requirement bare minimum for external over burden dumping to minimise land degradation. This may necessitate increase of dump height to the maximum extent keeping in view the safety requirement with special emphasis on stability analysis. After back-filling of quarry voids, the lefl out void may be allowed to be filled with water. This will help to recharge and stabilize the water table in the March 2012

neighbourhood and the local populace will benefit from it. 3.5 Top Soil Management: The topsoil available at the site and its utilization should be described. 3.6 Management of Coal Rejects from Washery: The steps to be taken for proper functioning of the slurry pond, handling of coal rejects and its utilization, periodic desilting, arrangement for water re-circulation, measures to prevent water pollution from slu Ty ponds, arrangement for surplus water overflow etc. shall be given. 3.7 Infrastructure: The existing infrastructural facilities available such as roads, aerial ropeways. conveyer belts, railways, power lines, buildings & structures, water treatment plant, water supply sources in the area etc. and their future utilization should be evaluated on case to case basis. If retained, the measures to be taken for their physical stability and maintenance should be described. If decommissioning proposed; dismantling and disposal of building structures, support facilities and other infrastructure such as electric transmission line, water line, gas pipeline, water works, sewer line, telephone cables, underground tanks, transportation infrastructure such as roads, rails, bridges, culverts etc., electrical equipments and infrastructures such as electric cables, transformers should be described in connection with restoring land for further use. 3.8 Disposal of Mining Machinery: The decommissioning of mining machineries and their possible post mining utilization, if any. should be described. 3.9 Safety and Security: Describe the safety measures implemented to prevent access to surface openings for underground workings. excavations etc. (such as fencing carried out by barbed wires) and arrangements proposed during the mine abandonment plan and up to the site being opened for general public should be described. 3.10 Economic Repercussions of closure of mine: Manpower retrenchment, compensation to be given, socio-economic repercussions and remedial measures consequent to the closure of' mines should be described, specifically stating the following: i. Number of local residents employed in the mine, status Of the continuation of family occupation and scope of joining the occupation back. Compensation given or to be given to the employees concerning their sustenance and their family members. Satellite occupations connected to the mining industry - number of persons engaged therein continuance of such business after mine closure. No. 8 30

iv.

Continued engagement of employees in the rehabilitated status of mining lease area and any other remnant activities Envisaged expectation of the society on closure of mine.

v.

5. Time Scheduling for abandonment: The details of time schedule of all abandonment operations as proposed in paragraphs 3 above should be described. The manpower and other resources required for completion of the proposed job should be described. The schedule of such operations should also be supplemented by bar charts etc. 6. Abandonment Cost: 6.1 Cost is to be estimated (at the time of preparation of Project Report/Mining Plan) based on the activities such as barbed wire fencing all around the working area, dismantling of structures/demolition and cleaning of sites, rehabilitation of mining machinery, plantation, physical/ biological reclamation, landscaping, biological reclamation of left out OB dump, filling up of decoaled void, post environmental monitoring for 3 years, superWsion charges for 3 years, power cost, protective and rehabilitation measures including their maintenance and monitoring, miscellaneous charges etc. 6.2 It has been estimated that typically closure cost for an open cast mine will come around rupees six lakhs per hectare of the total project area and it would be rupees one lakh per hectare for underground project area at current price level (August 2009) and these rates will stand modified based on the whole sale price index as notified by Government of India from time to tonic. In case of the Mine Closure Plans which have already been approved earlier on the basis of lease hold area, the project proponents are required to re-calculate the closure cost on the basis of total project area and submit a certificate stating that amount in Escrow account would be deposited as per the recalculated amount.

ii.

iii.

6.3 Annual closure cost is to be computed considering the total leasehold area at the above mentioned rates and dividing the same by the entire life of the mine in years for new projects and balance life of mine in years for operating/exisling mines. An amount equal to the annual cost is to be deposited each year throughout the mine life compounded Q5% annually. For example if the annual cost works out to Rs 100, then in the first year the amount to be deposited will be Rs 100, in the second year 100x(1+5%)A1, in the third. year 100x(1+50/0)^2 and so on. March 2012

MEJ, Vol. 13,

7. Financial Assurance i) ii) All coal mine owners shall strictly adhere to the following: For financial assurance the mining company shall open an Escrow Account with any Scheduled Bank, with the Coal Controller Organisation (on behalf of the Central Government) as exclusive beneficiary. The mining company shall cause payments to be deposited in such Escrow Account at the rale computed as indicated at 6.3 above. The owner of the company may select the Scheduled Bank where the Escrow Account is to be opened and inform the same to Coal Controller, Kolkata. The Escrow Account has to be opened as per the aforesaid guidelines of the Mine Closure Plan. The amount being deposited will be reviewed with such periodicity as deemed fit by the Coal Controller.

WANTED
We (M/S. Astra Mining Pvt Ltd) are involved in Mining / Quarrying and Crushing of Granite into stone aggregates for supplying to major clients and for self consumption. We are looking for personnel to the following posts for deployment at our projects in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 1. First and Second Class Mine Managers Qualifications Degree or Diploma in Mining Engineering with first class/ second class Mine Managers certificate of competency having 10 to 15 years experience in Mechanized Mines and Quarries. (Or) First class and second class Mine Managers certificate of competency with 20-25 years of experience in mechanized Mines and Quarries 2. Blasting Foreman Qualifications - Diploma in Mining Engineering having experience in blasting operations (Or) Field candidates having 3-5 years of experience in heavy blasting in Mines and Quarries. Garage Incharge Qualifications - Diploma in Mechanical Engineering with 6 to 10 years experience in supervising and operating/ maintaining Heavy Earth moving equipment like L & T, Komatsu, I/R Drill Machines, Tata / Leyland Dumpers, Wheel Loaders etc. Mechanics, Welders, Auto Electricians, Hydraulic Mechanics Qualifications Literate having 3 to 10 years working experience with heavy earth moving equipment in Mines/ Construction projects.

iii) When implementation of the final mine closure scheme is undertaken by the mine owner starting five years before the scheduled closure of mining operations, the Coal Controller may permit withdrawals (four years before final mine closure date) from the Escrow Account proportionate to the quantum of work carried out, as reimbursement. The withdrawn amount each year shall not exceed 20% of the total amount deposited in the account. iv) An agreement, outlining detailed terms and conditions of operating the Escrow Account, shall be executed amongst the mining company, the Coal Controller and the concerned bank in order to give effect to this. The agreement shall be executed before the grant of permission by the Coal Controller to open the mine. 8. Responsibility of the Mine owners It is the responsibility of the Mine owners to ensure that the protective measures contained in the mine closure plan including reclamation and rehabilitation works have been carried out in accordance with the approved mine closure plan and final mine closure plan. The owner shall submit to the Coal Controller a yearly report before 1st July of every year setting forth the extent of protective and rehabilitative works carried out as envisaged in the approved mine closure plans (Progressive and Final Closure Plans). 9. Provision for Mine Closure The mine owner shall be required to obtain a mine closure certificate from Coal Controller to the effect that the protective, reclamation and rehabilitation works in accordance with the approved mine closure plan/final mine closure plan have been carried out by the mine owner for surrendering the reclaimed land lo the State Government concerned. MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 31

3.

4.

5. Operators (L & T Komatsu Excavator), Drivers, Drill Operators Qualifications Literate having 3 to 10 years experience with heavy earth moving machinery in Mines/Quarries and construction projects. 6. Operators (300 TPH, 3 stage stone crushers)/ incharges Qualifications Literate having 3 to 6 years experience in operating/maintaining the 300 TPH, 3 stage crushers. 7. Transport Managers / Incharges Qualifications Degree/Matriculate having 8 to 15 years of experience in managing (running/maintaining) atleast 20 to 30 tippers (10 Wheelers), for transporting material from mine to other places. Emoluments will depend on the qualifications, experience and competence of the candidates. Interested candidates including retired persons can apply with their bio-data enclosing the latest photographs, indicating their contact numbers (Telephone, Mobile) and email id and forward the applications to

The General Manager

Seven Hills Enterprises, # 305-A, MLA Colony, Road No. 12, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034. E-mail: astramining@hotmail.com

Astra Mining Pvt. Ltd.,

March 2012

Most Immediate

NO. 17/2/2012-MV GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES OFFICE MEMORANDUM

New Delhi, 25th January, 2012. Sub:
1.

Obtaining of Central Excise Registration for Manufacture of Iron Ore Concentrates and discharge of Central Excise liability.

The undersigned is directed to refer to representation received from FIMI dated 26th December, 2011 on levy of excise duty on Iron ore lumps and fines produced after a result of crushing and screening. FIMI has pointed out that vide the Finance Act, 2011, Chapter note No. 4 was inserted in Chapter 26 of the Central Excise Tariff Act 1985 whereby the process of conversion of ores into concentrates has been notified to be a "process amounting to manufacture" with effect from 1 March 2011. Bhubaneswar Commissionerate, Central Excise, Customs & Tax has sent notices to various mine owners for registration under Central Excise Law for the purpose of levy of excise duty on lumps and fines produced by crushing and screening. In this regard it is informed that the term "Concentrate" applies to ores which have had part or all of the foreign matter removed by special treatments including gravitational, magnetic and other special techniques, whereas there is no special treatment involved in crushing and screening of Run-of-Mine (ROM) to Lumps and Fines. Specifically, the grade of ore is substantially improved through the process of beneficiation. The end products can be termed as concentrate while lumps and fines are naturally occurring forms of ore. The process of crushing and screening of ore to give different sized lumps and fines without any beneficiation in the grade of ore does not amount to producing concentrate. For this purpose excise levied on lumps and fines generated through process of crushing and screening is not valid. Till beneficiation of grade is there, iron ore lumps or fines produced by crushing and screening do not classify as a "concentrate" for levy of excise duty. It is requested to issue suitable guidelines in the matter since levy of excise duty on lumps and fines produced by crushing and scrqhng may lead to unnecessary litigation.

2.

3.

4.

To Shri Anoop Kurnar Srivastava, Joint Secretary, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, North Block, New Delhi- 110 001.
MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 32

(Anil Subramaniam) Under Secretary to Govt. of India Telefax: 23383946

March 2012

Honorary Chair CMD, National Mineral Development Corp. INTERNATIONAL CHAIR Dr. Raj K. Singhal (singhal@shaw.ca) CHAIRMEN Mr. V.S.Rao Mr. N.K.Nanda CO-CHAIRS Mr.Zou Jian Professor. B.B. Dhar Professor Monika Hardygora Dr. Marie Vrbova Prof. Raimondo Ciccu Prof. Hani Mitri Prof. Richard Poulin INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Prof. Derek Apel, Mr. Achmad Ardianto, Prof. Ernest Baafi, Dr.Nuray Demirel, Dr. Marilena Cardu, Mr. Ivan Montenegro de Menezes, Prof. Carsten Drebenstedt, Prof. Gennadiy Pivnyak, Dr.Atac Bascetin, Prof. John Hadjigeorgiou, Dr.Meimei Zhang, Prof. Ge Hao, Prof. Nuh Bilgin, Prof. Celal Karpuz, Prof. Vladimir Kebo, Prof. Andrey V. Korchak, Prof. Dwayne D. Tennant, Prof. P.P.Manca, Dr. Mohan Yellishetty, Prof. Samuel Frimpong, Prof. Uday Kumar, Dr. Mahinda Kuruppu, Dr. Cuthbert Musingwini, Prof. Per Nicolai Martens, Prof. Laeeque Daneshmend, Prof. Kikuo Matsui, Dr. Gento Mogi, Dr. Vera Muzgina, Dr. Morteza Osanloo, Mr. James Lipkewich, Prof. George N. Panagiotou, Professor Newton Amegbey, Dr. Juri- Rivaldo Pasterns, Prof. Hakan Schunnesson, Prof. Doug Stead, Prof. S.S. Rathore, Prof. D.C Panigrahi, Dr. Shigeru Sarata, Prof. Malcolm Scoble, Ms. M. Singhal, Prof. Lindolfo Soares, Dr. Eleonora. Widzyk-Capehart, Mr. B. P. Singh, Prof. Nick Vayenas, Prof. Michael A. Zhuravkov

ORGANIZED BY Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universite Laval: China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing; The National Technical University of Athens, Greece (NTUA); Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tecnologie Ambientali, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy: Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University of Technology. Australia; National Mining University of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk; International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment; American Society for Mining and Reclamation; School of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada; Istanbul University. Engineering Faculty-Mining Engineering Department. Lulea University, Sweden; Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB - Technical University, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Hokkaido University, Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Japan; Faculty Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland; Department of Mining, Metals and Materials, McGill University; Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University; DIGET-Politechnico di Torino, Italy; Rock Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland: Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla: School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering University of Nottingham, UK. International Mininig (UK); Mining Engineering Department, University of British Columbia: Middle East Technical University Mining Engineering Department, Turkey; SASE, Monash University Australia MAJOR THEMES TO BE COVERED * Economic and Technical Feasibility Studies, Reserve Estimation, Mine Development Case Studies * Design, Planning and Optimization of Surface and Underground Mines inc. Transition from surface to underground mining * Drilling, Blasting, Tunneling and Excavation Engineering * New and innovative Materials handling Equipment * Mining Equipment Selection, Automation and Information Technology * Maintenance and Production Management for Mines and Mining Systems * Mining: Health, Safety and Environment * Case studies from Coal and Metal Mines * Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Applications * Research & Development to improve health, safety & productivity in Mines Important Dates June 30, 2012 July 16, 2012 September 15, 2012 Receipt of abstracts (1 page limit) Notification of paper acceptance Deadline for camera-ready manuscripts

CALL FOR PAPERS

For further information, please contact: Dr. Raj Singhal (singhal@shaw.ca) Or Conference Organizers The Reading Matrix Inc. Email: editors@readingmatrix.com Please submit abstracts online at Official Website: http://www.mpes-cami-swemp.coml

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International Chair Dr. Raj Singhal, Canada Email: singhal@shaw.ca Co-Chairs Prof. AY. Ghose, India Prof. Kostas Fytas, Canada Dr. Petr Sklenicka, Czech Republic Prof. Zhenqi Hu, China Prof. Anil K. Mehrotra. Canada Corninittee Members Prof. C. Avila. Argentina, Dr. Ian S Lowndes. England, Prof. Sukumar Bandopadhyay,U.S.A., Dr. David Boadi, Canada, Dr. Z. Bzowski, Poland, Prof. Raimondo Ciccu, Italy, Dr. Carmen Mihaela Neculita, Korea, Dr. Michael Hitch, Canada, Prof. Carsten Drebenstedt, Germany, Prof. Josee. Duchesne,Canada, Prof. Sevket Durucan, England, Dr. Iranildes Daniel dos Santos, Brazil, Ms. Yanhua (Helen) Fu, China, Dr. Lidia Gawlik, Poland, Prof. Martin J. Haigh, England, Prof. Ge Hao, China, Prof. Ferri Hassani, Canada, Prof. Mikael Hilden, Finland, Dr. Noune. Melkoumian, Australia, Prof. Gurdeep Singh. India, Dr. Anna Korre, England, Prof. Anders Lagerkvist, Sweden, Prof. Per Nicolai Martens, Germany, Prof. Giorgio Massacci. Italy, Dr. A.K. Nanda. India, Dr. Maria Menegaki, Greece, Prof. Toyoharu Nawa, Japan, Dr. Antonio Nieto, U.S.A., Dr. Bernadette O'Regan, Ireland, Prof. Daniele Peila. Italy, Dr. Emilie Pecharova, Czech Republic, Ms. Ana de Guzman Baez, Spain, Prof. Bibhu Mohanty, Canada, Dr. Chris Reardon, U.K, Prof. Semyon Shkundin, Russia, Ms. M. Singhal. Canada, Prof. Svetlana V. Yefremova, Kazakhstan, Prof. A. B. Szwilski, U.S.A., Dr. Marie Vrbova, Czech Republic, Prof. Chunxia Wang, China, Dr. Young Wook Cheong, South Korea, Prof. Mauricio L Torem, Brazil, Ms. Richa Shukla, Australia, Mr. Martin Kabma, Czech Republic, Prof. Tuncel M. Yegulalp, U.S.A., Dr. Gerald J. Zagury, Canada, Prof. Lizhong Zhu. China
Important Dates

Call for papers

ORGANIZED BY Department of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic; ; The International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment; The Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universite Canada; National Technical University of Athens, Atilim University, Turkey; University of Cagliari, Italy; Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE), University of Calgary, Canada; Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Mining, Estonia; Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China; Columbia University, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA; Curtin University of Technology, Australia; Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London; Lulea University of Technology Sweden; Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland; Hokkaido University, Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Japan; Finnish Environment Institute (SYE), Finland, Mining Engineering Department, Istanbul University, Turkey; Department of Mining University of British Columbia; SYMPOSIUM THEMES D Environmental Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Projects D Environmental Impact Assessment and related national international case histories D Mining and Reclamation/Rehabilitation in Context of Landscape Ecology D Ecological Impact Assessment, Rehabilitation and Pollution Control D Water Management in Post-Mining Sites D Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology D Environmental Issues in Deep Mining- Mine Ventilation, Refrigeration and Worker Health Protection D Sustainable Development for Mineral and Energy Industries-national perspectives D Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Energy and Mineral Production Operations D Rem ediation of Contaminated Mine Area :Soil and Groundwater D Health Hazard and Safety Issues in Small-Scale Mining D Environmental Issues in Surface and Underground Mining of metalliferous, coal, uranium, industrial minerals. D Occupational Health, Safety, Rehabilitation of Mineworkers, and Re-use of Depleted Mine Sites D Control of Effluents from Mineral Processing, Metallurgical and Chemical Plants D Emerging Technologies for Environmental Protection D Mine Site Closure and Rehabilitation D Computer Modeling, Optimization and Applications D Geographical Information Systems(GIS) and Remote Sensing D Reliability of Waste Containment Structures, Tailings Treatment, Recycle, Disposal, and Decommissioning. D Tailings Recycling for New Construction Materials( Controlled Low strength MaterialsCLSM etc)

For further information please contact: Dr. Raj Singhal or Conference Organizers The Reading Matrix Inc Email: editors@readingmatrix.com

June 30, 2012 Receipt of abstracts July 16, 2012 Notification of Paper acceptance September 15, 2012 Deadline for camera-ready manuscripts

Please register and submit abstracts online at: http://www.mpes-cami-swemp.com

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MEAI NEWS
The Annual General Meeting of Rajasthan Chapter Jaipur was held on 11.02.2012 at Hotel Las Vegas, Jaipur. Shri V C S Shreemal, Chairman welcomed the members and guests- Dr. A K Ghosh of NABET, Shri S P Goyal, COM IBM, Ajmer and other members from New Delhi, Rajasthan chapter-Udaipur & Rajasthan chapter-Jodhpur followed by address by Shri A K Kothari, Vice President III, MEAI. Shri Anil Mathur, Secretary presented the annual report for the year 2010-11 while Shri Narendra Garg, Jt. Secretary-cumTreasurer presented the audited accounts for the financial year 2010-11 which were approved by the members unanimously. The proposal to split the post of Jt. Secretary-cum-Treasurer into two posts i.e. Jt. Secretary and Treasurer was also approved unanimously. Shri Anil Mathur, Secretary declared results of the election to the new Executive body for the term 2012-14 as recommended by Prof. N K Khandelwal, the Returning Officer. The following new executive body was elected. Shri O P Gupta Chairman Shri Anil Mathur Shri P C Bakliwal Shri Narendra Garg Shri Anand Sharma Members: Shri R K Joshi Shri Pradeep Agarwal Shri J P Jhakar Shri S.M.Meena Shri D.K.Rai The new chairman addressed the gathering highlighting the priorities of the chapter. It was approved that the chapter would put in efforts to acquire its own accommodation for office purpose and invited S/Shri R K Bakaliwal and V C S Shreemal as the patrons of the chapters. Shri M L Gupta, one of the senior most mining engineers congratulated the new executive body and spoke on important issues concerning the mining industry which were deliberated by the members present. The outgoing members of the previous executive body were felicitated with mementos presented by Shri S P Goyal, Controller of Mines, IBM Ajmer. The meeting concluded MEJ, Vol. 13, No. 8 35 Dr. Pradhan (3rd from the left receiving the award from Er. Murugesh Nirani, Honble Minister for Large and Medium Enterprises Government of Karnataka. CONFERENCE The International Kimberlite Conference was organized in Hotel Sherton, Benguluru, Karnataka during the period 6th February to 11th February 2012. Several Geologists from various countries participated in the event and interacted on the occurrences and exploration of Kimberlites. The deligates visited the Kimberlite fields of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. M/S Rio Tinto, DeBeers and BHP Billiton were among the important Multi National Companies who sponsored the event. The event was co-ordinated by Geological Society of India, Benguluru. March 2012 Vice Chairman Secretary Jt. Secretary Treasurer with the vote of thanks by the newly elected Secretary, Shri P C Bakliwal. (The photographs of the new Executive Committee (201214) are available under the brief history of Rajasthan chapterJaipur published in previous pages of this issue). ACHIEVEMENT BY MEAI MEMBER Dr. G K Pradhan, (LM NO: 600), Additional Director and Chief Regional Co-ordinator./ PCRA-ER, Kolkata was awarded the Mining Engineering Design Award by the Institution of Engineers (India) on 16th December 2011 during the 26th Indian Engineering Congress organized in the Palace Ground, Bengaluru . The MEJ and MEAI congratulate Dr. Pradhan on his achievement

conferences, seminars, workshops etc.,

INDIA 2011 Energy and Mineral Production at New Delhi, India. Contact : Dr. Raj Singhal, Email: editors@readingmatrix. com. Abroad 2011 15 - 19 April, 23 - 27 April & 1 May 2012 : "Canton Fair 2012" at Zuagzhon, Chaina. for datails visit1: www.visittradefairs.com & laju@orbit_star.com 5 - 6 June 2012 : 3rd International Conference on "Processing of Industrial Minerals & Coal 12" (PIMC 12); Istanbul, Turkey; Organised by : MEI in consultation with Prof. Guven Onal. Contact person Dr. Barry Wills; Website; http;//www.min-eng.com/pimc12/index.gtnk; Deadline for abstracts/proposals; Not available; Check the event website for latest details. 10 -13 June 2012 : 4th International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking; Organised by MEFOS - Metallurgical Research Institute AB; Contact person: Lotti Jarlebro; P.O. Box 812 SE-971 25, Lulea, Sweden; email: <lotti.jarlebro@mefos.se> or Karein Edfast, Information coordinator. P.O. Box 812 SE-971 25, Lulea, Sweden, Email : <Karin.edfast@mefos.se>; web: <www.scanmet.info>. 2 - 10 August 2012 : 34th International Geological Congress : Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Theme : Unearthing our Past and Future; Organised by : Australian Geoscience Council; Contact person : Liz Cuffe; Website : http://www.34igc.org; Deadline for abstracts/proposals: Not available; Check the event website for latest details. 18 - 19 September 2012 : Seminar on "Water in Mining 2012" Brisbane, Queensland, Visit : www.ausimm.com.au 20 - 29 November 2012 : "10th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentati on by Blasting" at New Delhi, Contact : Dr. Pradeep K. Singh, Tel.: +91-326-2296028, Fax: +91-326-296211, Email: pradeep.cimfr@yahoo.com, Website: www.fragblast10.org

2nd March 201: Conference on "Development vs Environment Focus on Sustainable Development" at Hotel Taj Deccan, Hyderabad organized by CII. Contact: Sridher/Syam. Telephone: 040- 27765964/66/67, email: sridher.bhagavatula@cii.in/syam.prasad@cii.in 17th, 18th and 19th March 2012: 1. First Quadrennial Congress of Economic Geologists and Mineral Prospectors 2. National Symposium on Sustainable development of Indias Mineral Resources Problems and Prospects 3. Round Table Conference of Geo - scientists, Professionals and Entrepreneurs of Mineral Sector. Organized by University Grants Commission, Ministry of Earth Sciences Government of India and Federation of Indian Mineral Industries. Contact: Prof. D C Gupta/Dr. Datta Mainkar/Dr. R N Sahu. Telephone: 0755-2491812, 2491858 (M): 09425378171, Email:sdimr2012@gmail.com 13 - 14 April 2012 : National on "Environmental and CSR Challenges" at Somnath, Veraval, Gujarat. Organised by : Veraval-Porbandar Chapter of MEAI. Contact: Vinod Saraswat, Email: khambhalia@oal.co.in 4 - 5 May 2012 : "MineTech' 11 workshop" (Exploration, Eploitation, Equipment, Safety and Environment), Organised by the Indian Mining and Engineering JournalDept. of Mining Engineering, NIT, Rourkela. Contact: Prof. S. Jayanthu, Email: sjayanthu@rediffmail.com/i.me.journal@ hotmail.com 11 - 12 May 2012 : 12th Annual Symposium on New Equipment, New Technology management and Safety in Mines at Bhubaneshwar by Geomin Tech, contact : Shri J.K. Hota, Cell: 093373 00818 / 099374 97760, Email: hotaeditor@sify.com 28 - 30 November 2012 : 13th International Symposium on Environment Issues and Waste Management in

Printed by A.S. Rao, Secretary General, Mining Engineers Association of India, Published by A.S. Rao, Secretary General, on behalf of Mining Engineers Association of India and printed at Deepu Printers at 5-8-352, Raghav Ratna Towers (Ground Floor), Chirag Ali Lane, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001. and published at 5-8-352, Raghav Ratna Towers (Ground Floor), Chirag Ali Lane, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001. Editor : V.K. Verma

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Regd. with RNI R.No. 71519/99

Postal Regd. No. H/HD-GPO/024/012-014