Gramatica de Modales y Otros

Leccin 1: Plural del sustantivo
Gramtica Los sustantivos forman el plural aadiendo la terminacin "-s": cat / cats head / heads Cuando el sustantivo presenta una de las siguientes terminaciones forma el plural aadiendo "-es": - s (focus / focuses) - ss (miss / misses) - sh (fish / fishes) - ch (stitch / stitches) - x (fox / foxes) Si el sustantivo finaliza en "-y": Tras consonante: presenta en plural la terminacin "-ies" Battery / batteries Tras vocal: forma el plural aadiendo "-s" Bay / bays Si el sustantivo termina en vocal "-o" forma el plural aadiendo "-es": Tomato / tomatoes
1.- Escribe el plural de los siguientes sustantivos:
1.
Globe
2.
Dish
3.
Day
4.
Tax
5.
Match
6.
Parody
7.
Wish
8.
Flash
9.
Potato
10.
Box
11.
Go
12.
Casualty
13.
Church
14.
Miss
15.
Lieutenant
16.
Mouth
17.
Lens
18.
Cry
19.
Witch
20.
Boy
21.
Archer
22.
Bus
23.
Salary
24.
Dress
SOLUCION
1.- Escribe el plural de los siguientes sustantivos: 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Globes
2.
Dishes
3.
Days
4.
Taxes
5.
Matches
6.
Parodies
7.
Wishes
8.
Flashes
9.
Potatoes
10.
Boxes
11.
Goes
12.
Casualties
13.
Churches
14.
Misses
15.
Lieutenants
16.
Mouths
17.
Lenses
18.
Cries
19.
Witches
20.
Boys
21.
Archers
22.
Buses
23.
Salaries
24.
Dresses
Leccin 2: Doblar la consonante final

Gramtica 1.- Ciertas palabras inglesas (verbos, sustantivos, adjetivos) al incorporar un sufijo (terminacin) doblan la consonante final. a) Palabras monoslabas que finalizan en: una sola vocal + una sola consonante Doblan la consonante final cuando incorporan un sufijo que comienza por vocal (-ing / -ed / -er / -est ...) to run / runner to sit / sitting to sin / sinned b) Palabras de dos o ms slaba cuando el acento recae en la slaba final y esta slaba final termina en: una sola vocal + una sola consonante Al incorporar sufijos que comienzan por vocal ( -ing / -ed / -er / -est...) begin / beginner forget / forgetting c) Suelen doblar tambin la ltima consonante aquellas palabras que terminan en "l" (con independencia de que est acentuada o no la ltima silaba) cuando incorporan los sufijos "-ing / -ed": to cancel / cancelling to signal / signalled 2.- Otras palabras en cambio no doblan la consonante final a) Aquellas palabras que terminan en 2 o ms consonantes.
to fight / fighting to transform / transforming b) Aquellas palabras que finalizan en una consonante pero que delante llevan dos vocales. to eat / eating to meet / meeting c) las consonantes "w, x, y" no se doblan al final de una palabra to draw / drawing to sew / sewing
Exercises 1.- Escribe la palabra que se indica entre parntesis a partir de los siguientes infinitivos:
1.
To cut (participio presente)
2.
To sleep (participio presente)
3.
To accept (participio pasado)
4.
To fit (participio presente)
5.
To behave (participio presente)
6.
To put (participio presente)
7.
To repel (participio presente)
8.
To look (participio pasado)
9.
To attack (participio presente)
10.
To grow (participio presente)
11.
To submit (participio presente)
12.
To cook (participio presente)
13.
To travel (participio presente)
14.
To listen (sustantivo)
15.
To commit (participio presente)
16.
To rest (participio presente)
17.
To land (participio pasado)
18.
To dream (sustantivo)
19.
To forbid (participio presente)
20.
To conquer (sustantivo)
21.
To dig (participio presente)
22.
To blow (participio presente)
23.
To cross (participio presente)
24.
To spend (participio presente)
25.
To fix (participio pasado)
SOLUCION 1.- Escribe la palabra que se indica entre parntesis a partir de los siguientes infinitivos: 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Cutting
2.
Sleeping
3.
Accepted
4.
Fitting
5.
Behaving
6.
Putting
7.
Repelling
8.
Looked
9.
Attacking
10.
Growing
11.
Submitting
12.
Cooking
13.
Travelling
14.
Listener
15.
Committing
16.
Resting
17.
Landed
18.
Dreamer
19.
Forbidding
20.
Conqueror
21.
Digging
22.
Blowing
23.
Crossing
24.
Spending
25.
Fixed
Leccin 3: Palabras que terminan en "-y"

Gramtica Las palabras que terminan en "-y" tras consonante cambian la "y" por "i" delante de cualquier sufijo excepto "-ing" to dry / dried / drying to deny / denied / denying happy / happily funny / funnier / funniest Cuando se aade una "-s" final, bien para formar el plural del sustantivo bien la 3 persona del singular del presente del indicativo, la "y" final se transforma en "-ies": lorry / lorries country / countries to fly / flies to cry / cries Si la "y" va precedida por una vocal entonces no cambia, si bien hay excepciones: to employ / employed / employing / employer to convey / conveyed / conveying / conveyor
Exercises 1.- Escribe la forma que se indica entre parntesis a partir de las siguientes palabras:
1.
To fly (participio presente)
2.
To carry (participio pasado)
3.
To play (sustantivo)
4.
Baby (plural)
5.
Sunny (superlativo)
6.
To decay (participio pasado)
7.
Donkey (plural)
8.
Family (plural)
9.
Jockey (plural)
10.
To spray (participio pasado)
11.
To obey (participio pasado)
12.
Voluntary (adverbio)
13.
Heavy (superlativo)
14.
To unify (participio presente)
15.
To play (participio pasado)
16.
Sporty (sustantivo)
17.
Spray (plural)
18.
Cemetery (plural)
19.
To qualify (participio presente)
20.
To falsify (participio presente)
21.
To worry (participio pasado)
22.
To pray (participio pasado)
23.
To cry (participio pasado)
24.
Angry (adverbio)
25.
Dictionary (plural)
SOLUCION 1.- Escribe la forma que se indica entre parntesis a partir de las siguientes palabras: 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Flying
2.
Carried
3.
Player
4.
Babies
5.
Sunniest
6.
Decayed
7.
Donkeys
8.
Families
9.
Jockeys
10.
Sprayed
11.
Obeyed
12.
Voluntarily
13.
Heaviest
14.
Unifying
15.
Played
16.
Sportier
17.
Sprays
18.
Cemeteries
19.
Qualifying
20.
Falsifying
21.
Worried
22.
Prayed
23.
Cried
24.
Angrily
25.
Dictionaries
Leccin 4: Palabras que terminan en "-e"

Gramtica Las palabras que terminan en "-e" precedidas de consonante pierden la "-e" cuando incorporan un sufijo que comienza por vocal: to come / coming to believe / believable to dance / danced rude / rudest late / later Excepcin : si el verbo termina en "-ee " entonces mantiene la "-e" final: to see / seeing to flee / fleeing Si el sufijo comienza por consonante por regla general (hay excepciones) se mantiene la "-e" final: morose / morosely secure / securely to engage / engagement hope / hopeful Si es un adjetivo que finaliza en "-le" forma el adverbio sustituyendo "-le" por la terminacin "-ly": probable / probably understandable / understandably Exercises 1.- Escribe la forma que se indica entre parntesis a partir de las siguientes palabras:
1.
To compete (participio presente)
2.
To drive (participio presente)
3.
To decline (participio pasado)
4.
Complete (adverbio)
5.
To blame (participio presente)
6.
Close (superlativo)
7.
Visible (adverbio)
8.
To practise (participio pasado)
9.
To oppose (participio presente)
10.
Precise (adverbio)
11.
To leave (participio presente)
12.
Gentle (adverbio)
13.
Wise (superlativo)
14.
To give (participio presente)
15.
To arrive (participio pasado)
16.
Subtle (superlativo)
17.
To abuse (participio presente)
18.
Possible (adverbio)
19.
To agree (participio presente)
20.
Arguable (adverbio)
21.
To invite (participio presente)
22.
Decisive (adverbio)
23.
Crude (adverbio)
24.
To capture (participio pasado)
25.
Brave (comparativo)
Exercises 1.- Escribe la forma que se indica entre parntesis a partir de las siguientes palabras: 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Competing
2.
Driving
3.
Declined
4.
Completely
5.
Blaming
6.
Closest
7.
Visibly
8.
Practised
9.
Opposing
10.
Precisely
11.
Leaving
12.
Gently
13.
Wisest
14.
Giving
15.
Arrived
16.
Subtlest
17.
Abusing
18.
Possibly
19.
Agreeing
20.
Arguably
21.
Inviting
22.
Decisively
23.
Crudely
24.
Captured
25.
Braver
Leccin 5: Omisin del artculo

Gramtica 1.- Artculo indefinido: a / an Se omite: a) Delante de un sustantivo en plural: a car / cars a house / houses You can see a house over there / You can see houses over there b) Delante de nombres gnericos de sustancias (wine, milk, gold, wood, silver, petrol, blood...): I like milk I don't drink wine No obstante, si un sustantivo genrico se utiliza con un sentido concreto, para hacer referencia a algo determinado, entonces s lleva artculo: What a good wine! c) Delante de nombres abstractos (happiness, justice, fear, help, love, future, hope...): The children have fear of phantoms The drug addicts especially need understanding and help d) Delante de nombres de comidas; breakfast, lunch, dinner,... We have dinner at 8 o'clock This morning I had breakfast very late Salvo cuando van precedidos por un adjetivo calificativo: What a delicious dinner you have prepared! 2.- Artculo definido: the Se omite:
a) Con nombres abstractos , salvo que se utilicen con un sentido particular: Justice is the basis of any political system In Spain the justice works very slowly b) Delante de nombres de deportes: He plays tennis (football) c) Delante de nombres genricos en plural: Sport cars are always expensive Men practise sport more than women Children learn foreign languages more easily than adults In Spain dentists are very well paid Salvo cuando se utilizan con un sentido concreto: Last weekend we went to Paris with the children All the dentists I know advise you to brush your teeth after every meal d) Con los sustantivos "home" / "work": Last Friday I stayed at home all evening He goes to work e) Con los sustantivos "bed" / "church" / "prison" / "school" / "university" ... cuando se hace referencia a su finalidad bsica: To go to bed (to sleep) To go to church / to come back from church (to pray) To be in hospital / to leave hospital (as a patient) To stay in prison (as a prisoner) To be back from university / to leave school (as a student) Pero cuando se hace referencia a estos lugares por otros motivos (por ejemplo, ir a un hospital de visita) entonces s llevan artculos:
I went to the hospital to visit my wife I went to the university to ask for information Exercises 1.- Indica que artculo habra que emplear para completar las siguientes oraciones. En caso de que no fuera necesario ningn artculo selalo con una "N":
1.
Could you bring me ________ glass of water? Are you going to play ________ football with your friends? You can see ________ cat lying on that roof Yesterday evening I was at ________ home because I didn't feel well The Cathedral of Seville is one of the biggest in ________ world That sailing boat is made of ________ aluminium ________ Freedom is one of the pillars of modern society You can see ________ eagles flying over those hills I want to buy ________ books for this summer Theses plants need ________ water urgently
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
In our days, car accidents are one of the main causes of ________ death I like ________ coffee very much
12.
13.
________ Love can change your life
14.
I visited ________ church of St. Michael in Paris ________ Health is the first thing needed to find happiness Last Sunday morning I went to ________ church with my girlfriend After doing sport I really enjoy ________ good beer ________ party was a real disaster. People got drunk immediately ________ love I feel for my daughter is the most important thing in my life What ________ good coffee you can drink in that bar! ________ Death is the end of life
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Can you give me ________ piece of paper, please? ________ death of our boss has been a shock for all of us
23.
24.
________ Electricity is the basis of modern life What ________ weather! All day raining Are you coming with me to ________ hospital to see Peter? He doesn't have any sense of ________ justice This morning I got ________ taxi to go to work because it was very late I went to ________ school to speak to my son's teacher When I drive I like to listen to ________ music
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Exercises 1.- Indica que artculo habra que emplear para completar las siguientes oraciones. En caso de que no fuera necesario ningn artculo selalo con una "N":
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Could you bring me a glass of water?
2.
Are you going to play football with your friends? You can see a cat lying on that roof
3.
4.
Yesterday evening I was at home because I didn't feel well The Cathedral of Seville is one of the biggest in the world That sailing boat is made of aluminium Freedom is one of the pillars of modern society You can see eagles flying over those hills I want to buy books for this summer
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Theses plants need water urgently
11.
In our days, car accidents are one of the main causes of death
12.
I like coffee very much
13.
Love can change your life
14.
I visited the church of St. Michael in Paris Health is the first thing needed to find happiness Last Sunday morning I went to church with my girlfriend After doing sport I really enjoy a good beer The party was a real disaster. People got drunk immediately The love I feel for my daughter is the most important thing in my life What a good coffee you can drink in that bar! Death is the end of life
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Can you give me a piece of paper, please? The death of our boss has been a shock for all of us Electricity is the basis of modern life
23.
24.
25.
What weather! All day raining
26.
Are you coming with me to the hospital to see Peter? He doesn't have any sense of justice
27.
28.
This morning I got a taxi to go to work because it was very late I went to the school to speak to my son's teacher When I drive I like to listen to music
29.
30.
Leccin 6: Nombres geogrficos con / sin artculo

Gramtica La regla general es la siguiente (si bien hay excepciones): 1.- Con artculo "the": a) Pases que incluyen en sus nombres expresiones del tipo: repblica, estado, reino: The Soviet Union The United States of America The United Kingdom b) Pases con nombres plurales: The Netherlands c) Islas con nombre en plural: The Bahamas / The Falklands d) Regiones: The north of Finland The south of Italy e) Montaas con nombre en plural: The Alps / The Andes e) Nombres de oceanos, mares, ros: The Pacific Ocean The Red Sea The Mississippi 2.- No llevan artculo "the": a) Nombre de pases y continentes (salvo en los casos mencionados anteriormente):
Europe / Asia / America Spain / France / Turkey b) Nombre de ciudades: Paris / Rome / London c) Nombres de islas en singular: Sicily / Menorca d) Nombres de montaas en singular: Mont Blanc / Everest e) Nombre de lagos: Lake Baikal / Lake Michigan
Exercises 1.- Indica cuales de estos nombres propios va acompaado del artculo "the". Aquellos que no lo lleven selalo con una "N":
1.
________ Caribbean Sea
2.
________ Argentina
3.
________ Artic Ocean
4.
________ Amazon
5.
________ Canary Islands
6.
________ New Zealand
7.
________ West of Senegal
8.
________ Antigua (isla)
9.
________ Azores
10.
________ Urals
11.
________ Rhine
12.
________ Seychelles
13.
________ Lake Ontario
14.
________ North Sea
15.
________ Atlantic
16.
________ Middle East
17.
________ Hamburg
18.
________ Africa
19.
________ Rocky Mountains
20.
________ Republic of South Africa
21.
________ Brazil
22.
________ Ibiza
23.
________ Republic of Ireland
24.
________ Vienna
25.
________ Philippines
26.
________ Czech Republic
27.
________ West Indies
Exercises 1.- Indica cuales de estos nombres propios va acompaado del artculo "the". Aquellos que no lo lleven selalo con una "N": 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. The Caribbean Sea
2.
Argentina
3.
The Artic Ocean
4.
The Amazon
5.
The Canary Islands
6.
New Zealand
7.
The west of Senegal
8.
Antigua
9.
The Azores
10.
The Urals
11.
The Rhine
12.
The Seychelles
13.
Lake Ontario
14.
The North Sea
15.
The Atlantic
16.
The Middle East
17.
Hamburg
18.
Africa
19.
The Rocky Mountains
20.
The Republic of South Africa
21.
Brazil
22.
Ibiza
23.
The Republic of Ireland
24.
Vienna
25.
The Philippines
26.
The Czech Republic
27.
The West Indies
Leccin 7: Caso posesivo ('s) versus "of + sustantivo"

Gramtica 1.- El caso posesivo ('s) se utiliza: a) Si el poseeedor es una persona o un animal: My father's car The tiger's teeth b) Con organizaciones o grupos de personas (aunque la otra estructura tambin es posible): Trade union's elections (= the elections of the trade unions) The company's result (= the results of the company) c) Con lugares: The village's church Spain's surface d) Con expresiones de tiempo: today, tomorrow, yesterday, week... This week's trip Monday's meeting Si el sustantivo es singular se pone ('s), si es plural se pone un apstrofe al final de la palabra ( ' ): My brother's car / My brothers' car The manager's bonus / The managers' bonus 2.- Cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un ser inanimado se utiliza normalmente la estructura "of + sustantivo": The price of the house The depth of the river
Exercises 1.- Ordena las palabres entre parntesis , utilizando la estructura del apstrofe "'s" o de la preposicin " ___ of ___" segn convenga:
1.
(the / bodyguards / palace)
2.
(motorbike / son / the)
3.
(parents / cousin / the)
4.
(strategy / government / the)
5.
(attack / terrorist / Madrid)
6.
(exams / the / week)
7.
(the / book / end)
8.
(leader / the / party )
9.
(habits / neighbours / the)
10.
(news / evening / the)
11.
(the / equipment / soldier)
12.
(horns / the / bull )
13.
(colour / the / sea)
14.
(the / illness / friend )
15.
(the / traffic / morning / jam)
16.
(the / plane / wings)
17.
(team / coach / the)
18.
(constitution / Europe)
19.
(gleam / the / mirror)
20.
(daughter / Mr / Wilson )
21.
(food / horse / the)
22.
(the / car / tyres)
23.
(salaries / my / colleagues )
24.
(building / age / the)
25.
(capital / my / country )
Exercises 1.- Ordena las palabres entre parntesis , utilizando la estructura del apstrofe "'s" o de la preposicin " ___ of ___" segn convenga: 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. The palace's bodyguards
2.
The son's motorbike
3.
The cousin's parents
4.
The government's strategy
5.
Madrid's terrorist attack
6.
The week's exams
7.
The end of the book
8.
The party's leader
9.
The neighbours' habits
10.
The evening's news
11.
The soldier's equipment
12.
The bull's horns
13.
The colour of the sea
14.
The friend's illness
15.
The morning's traffic jam
16.
The wings of the plane
17.
The team's coach
18.
Europe's constitution
19.
The gleam of the mirror
20.
Mr Wilson's daughter
21.
The horse's food
22.
The tyres of the car
23.
My colleagues' salaries
24.
The age of the building
25.
My country's capital
Leccin 8: "of + sustantivo" versus "compound nouns"

Gramtica En algunos casos slo una de estas estructuras es posible; en otros ambas son posibles. En caso de duda es preferible utilizar la estructura "of + sustantivo". A continuacin se recogen las reglas generales, si bien hay excepciones. 1.- "of + sustantivo" a) Cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un ser inanimado: The name of the street The temperature of the water b) Cuando el poseedor es una persona o un animal pero va seguido por una oracin subordinada que lo define: The car of the man who lives beside me The claws of the cat that attacked my son 2.- Compound nouns La estructura: "sustantivo A + sustantivo B" se utiliza cuando: a) El "sustantivo A" representa el objeto del que forma parte el "sustantivo B": Museum entry Shop window b) El "sustantivo A" seala el lugar en el que se encuentra el "sustantivo B": Beach bar City theatre c) El "sustantivo A" seala el tiempo al que corresponde el "sustantivo B": Winter festival Sunday mass
d) El "sustantivo A" indica el material del que est hecho el "sustantivo B": Gold ring Silver cufflinks e) El "sustantivo A" indica la finalidad del "sustantivo B": Tennis racket Boxing gloves f) El "sustantivo A" da informacin sobre el "sustantivo B": Car park Bus ticket
Exercises 1.- Une las palabras entre parntesis utilizando la estructura "of + (the) noun" o "compound nouns" segn convenga:
1.
(tournament / summer)
2.
(number / victims)
3.
(engine / car)
4.
(bottle / plastic)
5.
(school / driving)
6.
(airport / city)
7.
(tie / silk)
8.
(course / winter)
9.
(colour / sky)
10.
(centre / town)
11.
(cost / life)
12.
(belt / safety)
13.
(lenght / beach)
14.
(roof / house)
15.
(toilet / restaurant)
16.
(shorts / boxer)
17.
(bridge / river)
18.
(bag / tea)
19.
(gate / iron)
20.
(level / sea)
21.
(bill / telephone)
22.
(shade / tree)
23.
(shop / shoe)
24.
(weight / box)
25.
(evening / Saturday)
Exercises 1.- Une las palabras entre parntesis utilizando la estructura "of + (the) noun" o "compound nouns" segn convenga: 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Summer tournament
2.
Number of victims
3.
Car engine
4.
Plastic bottle
5.
Driving school
6.
City airport
7.
Silk tie
8.
Winter course
9.
Colour of the sky
10.
Town centre
11.
Cost of life
12.
Safety belt
13.
Length of the beach
14.
House roof
15.
Restaurant toilet
16.
Boxer shorts
17.
River bridge
18.
Tea bag
19.
Iron gate
20.
Level of the sea
21.
Telephone bill
22.
Shade of the tree
23.
Shoe shop
24.
Weight of the box
25.
Saturday evening
Leccin 9: Orden de los adjetivos

Gramtica Cuando 2 o ms adjetivos acompaan a un sustantivo el orden de su colocacin es el siguiente: 1.- Adjetivos subjetivos: Expresan una opinin personal: beautiful, ugly, nice, lovely, friendly, elegant, useful... 2.- Adjetivos objetivos Definen propiedades objetivas del sustantivo. Estos a su vez siguen el siguiente orden, si bien cabe cierta flexibilidad: a) Tamao: big, small, huge, great, medium... (excepto "little" que ira en el mismo lugar que los que expresan edad) b) Aspectos generales: sporty, dirty, quiet, expensive, healthy, strong... c) Edad: old, new, adult, young... (tambin "little") d) Forma: round, square, hexagonal, wide, narrow... e) Personalidad: shy, ambitious, humble, arrogant... f) Color: red, yellow, blue... g) Material:
plastic, wooden, metallic, woollen... h) Origen: Russian, Spanish, European... Exercises 1.- Escribe las siguientes frases, poniendo en orden los adjetivos entre parntesis (separa los adjetivos con una coma, salvo el ltimo)
1.
A ________ woman (Spanish / nice / old) A ________ table (square / big / wooden) A ________ carpet (Russian / yellow / rectangular) A ________ beach (beautiful / quiet / long) A ________ car (Italian / fast / red)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
An ________ girl (cheerful / young / attractive) A ________ painting (Spanish / modern / marvellous) An ________ book (old / interesting / German) An ________ watch (golden / old / Swiss)
7.
8.
9.
10.
A ________ diamond (hexagonal / expensive / big ) A ________ man (tall / blond / goodlooking) A ________ bucket (plastic / grey / big) A ________ house (typical / wooden / Swedish) A ________ tie (Italian / silky / red)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A ________ street (picturesque / narrow / city centre) A ________ friend (French / old / close) A ________ church (small / cosy / catholic) A ________ singer (romantic / Irish / young) A ________ train (new / Japanese / speedy) A ________ dish (Turkish / traditional / delicious) A ________ shirt (woollen / cheap / red) A ________ film (Italian / successful / old)
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An ________ holiday (one-week / unforgettable / expensive) A ________ boy (thin / red-haired / naughty) A ________ racket (old / wooden / fantastic)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe las siguientes frases, poniendo en orden los adjetivos entre parntesis (separa los adjetivos con una coma, salvo el ltimo) 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. A nice, old, Spanish woman
2.
A big, square, wooden table
3.
A rectangular, yellow, Russian carpet A beautiful, long, quiet beach
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A fast, red, Italian car
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An attractive, young, cheerful girl
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A marvellous, modern, Spanish painting An interesting, old, German book
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An old, golden, Swiss watch
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A big, expensive, hexagonal diamond A good-looking, tall, blond man
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A big, grey, plastic bucket
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A typical, wooden, Swedish house
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A red, silky, Italian tie
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A picturesque, city centre, narrow street A close, old, French friend
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A cosy, small, catholic church
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A romantic, young, Irish singer
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A speedy, new, Japanese train
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A delicious, traditional, Turkish dish A cheap, red, woollen shirt
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A successful, old, Italian film
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An unforgettable, one-week, expensive holiday A naughty, thin, red-haired boy
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A fantastic, old, wooden racket
Leccin 10: Posicin del adverbio en la oracin
Gramtica A continuacin se indican las reglas generales sobre la colocacin del adverbio en la oracin, si bien hay numerosas excepciones 1.- Adverbio de modo Ejemplos: carefully, honestly, quickly, silently, happily, quietly, well, badly... Se coloca detrs del verbo: She eats quickly O si la oracin lleva complemento, detrs de ste. Nunca entre el verbo y el complemento: She eats the apple quickly La regla anterior vara si el complemento va precedido de una preposicin, ya que entonces el adverbio se puede colocar delante de la preposicin o detrs del complemento: He looks for his keys desperately He looks desperately for his keys Si el objeto es una oracin el adverbio se suele colocar delante del verbo: He carefully looks after all the children that live with him 2.- Adverbio de lugar Ejemplos: down, up, everywhere, nowhere, here, there, somewhere, away, inside, upstairs... El adverbio se coloca detrs del verbo (si no lleva complemento): He went abroad
O si la oracin lleva complemento, detrs de ste. He sent his son abroad Si el complemento va precedido de una preposicin se coloca igualmente detrs de dicho complemento: He went with his wife abroad 3.- Adverbio de tiempo Ejemplos: soon, lately, today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, afterwards, recently, yet, still... Se puede colocar al principio o al final de la oracin: Yesterday I played tennis I played tennis yesterday 4.- Adverbio de freuencia Ejemplos: always, never, often, frequently, twice, seldom, once, sometimes, usually... Su colocacin va a depender del verbo: a) Con verbos simples: a.1) Verbo "to be": detrs del verbo: He is always at home a.2) Otros verbos: delante del verbo: He never answers the phone b) Con verbos compuestos: detrs del auxiliar: He has often travelled to England c) Con oraciones interrogativas: auxiliar+sujeto+adverbio Do you play tennis often? d) Con oraciones negativas: detrs del auxiliar:
I haven't ever danced Rock & Roll 5.- Adverbios de oracin Son aquellos adverbios que matizan el sentido completo de la oracin. Expresan la opinin del emisor. Ejemplos: evidently, probably, apparently, clearly, certainly, naturally, luckily, officially... Regla general: puede ir al principio o al final de la oracin (en ocasiones algunos de ellos tambin pueden ir en posiciones intermedias). Evidently your car is one of the most expensive in the market Your car is one of the most expensive in the market, evidently Naturally you can do whatever you want You can do whatever you want, naturally 6.- Adverbios de grado Ejemplos: much, very, quite, pretty, nearly, rather, completely, rarely, entirely, almost, extremely... Se coloca delante del verbo, adverbio o adjetivo al que modifica. Si el verbo es compuesto se coloca detrs del auxiliar. He is completely crazy She plays tennis quite well He almost died from tuberculosis This couple have completely finished their relationship Exercises 1.- Escribe nuevamente las siguientes frases incluyendo en el lugar correspondiente el adverbio que figura entre parntesis (adems de la solucin que aqu se da podra haber en algunos casos alguna otra alternativa)
1.
The kids play and it is impossible to sleep (noisily) Henry will know the results of his maths exam (soon) You cant find that book. It is not published any more (anywhere) My boss is travelling abroad (always)
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I felt very sick and had to call the doctor (recently) My client answered all the questions the judge asked him (correctly) Tomorrow the weather will be a little bit better (perhaps) The parents waited for their daughter (impatiently) This flat is in a worse condition than we expected (certainly) Your brother isn't. I think he left one hour ago (upstairs) My son behaves badly. I am desperate (always) John is not here; he has gone (downstairs) This man is crazy. We should call the police (completely)
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My girlfriend arrived at the party (very late) Emma has finished her homework (almost) The dog ran with the ball in its mouth (away) He didn't go to work because he had a very bad toothache (yesterday) Linda has been very friendly with us and I don't know the reason (never) I haven't seen my neighbours; probably they are away (lately) Caroline is thin and should go to the doctor (extremely) His secretary answers the phone and it is impossible to contact him (never) The mother looks at her baby (affectionately) The cause of this accident has been a human error (officially) I cant find your brother (anywhere)
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We have paid our telephone bills (periodically) I have understood your explanation; could you repeat it again? (hardly)
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My daughter listens to music (silently) That man is drunk; he cannot drive in this condition (completely) He decided to leave his job and he moved away (eventually)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe nuevamente las siguientes frases incluyendo en el lugar correspondiente el adverbio que figura entre parntesis (adems de la solucin que aqu se da podra haber en algunos casos alguna otra alternativa) 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. The kids play noisily and it is impossible to sleep Henry will know the results of his maths exam soon You cant find that book anywhere. It is not published any more My boss is always travelling abroad
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Recently I felt very sick and had to call the doctor My client correctly answered all the questions the judge asked him Perhaps tomorrow the weather will be a little bit better The parents waited for their daughter impatiently Certainly this flat is in a worse condition than we expected Your brother isn't upstairs. I think he left one hour ago My son always behaves badly. I am desperate
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John is not here; he has gone downstairs This man is completely crazy. We should call the police My girlfriend arrived at the party very late Emma has almost finished her homework The dog ran away with the ball in its mouth Yesterday he didn't go to work because he had a very bad toothache Linda has never been very friendly with us and I don't know the reason I haven't seen my neighbours lately; probably they are away Caroline is extremely thin and should go to the doctor His secretary never answers the phone and it is impossible to contact him The mother looks at her baby affectionately Officially the cause of this accident has been a human error I cant find your brother anywhere
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We have periodically paid our telephone bills I have hardly understood your explanation; could you repeat it again? My daughter listens to music silently
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That man is completely drunk; he cannot drive in this condition Eventually he decided to leave his job and he moved away
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Exercises 1.- Escribe nuevamente las siguientes frases incluyendo en el lugar correspondiente el adverbio que figura entre parntesis (adems de la solucin que aqu se da podra haber en algunos casos alguna otra alternativa)
1.
It is better to postpone our decision about the sale of the company (definitely) My father signed the documents that his lawyer presented him (reluctantly) He has been accused of smuggling (apparently) We are flying to Paris with our friends (today) Sally has answered two questions out of ten (only) Mark has gone to get the dictionary (upstairs) Your boss wants to see you (at once)
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I cannot carry that trunk; it is heavy for me (too) The kid eats the biscuits (anxiously)
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The accused will be sentenced to life imprisonment (presumably) I have seen that film and I really liked it (somewhere)
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He has spent his holidays in Greece (frequently) She doesn't like me. Even more, she detests me (clearly) The couple danced when the music stopped (happily) I have very strong headaches (sometimes) Don't worry, you will receive your money (soon) I haven't finished my homework (yet) She plays golf well (extremely)
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The boy threw the ball and hit a pedestrian (outside) Alice won the golden medal in the marathon (almost) She will come with us to the party (probably) They live with two dogs and one cat (downstairs) George has done his exam well and I am sure that he will pass it (pretty) This house is much more expensive than the old one (naturally)
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We will have a very important meeting with our president (tomorrow) Diana hid the box, where noone could find it (downstairs) Your mother doesn't want to buy you a motorbike (obviously) My son read the book while I watched TV (attentively)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe nuevamente las siguientes frases incluyendo en el lugar correspondiente el adverbio que figura entre parntesis (adems de la solucin que aqu se da podra haber en algunos casos alguna otra alternativa) 0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Definitely it is better to postpone our decision about the sale of the company My father reluctantly signed the documents that his lawyer presented him Apparently he has been accused of smuggling Today we are flying to Paris with our friends Sally has only answered two questions out of ten Mark has gone upstairs to get the dictionary Your boss wants to see you at once
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I cannot carry that trunk; it is too heavy for me The kid eats the biscuits anxiously
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Presumably the accused will be sentenced to life imprisonment I have seen that film somewhere and I really liked it
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He has frequently spent his holidays in Greece Clearly she doesn't like me. Even more, she detests me The couple danced happily when the music stopped I sometimes have very strong headaches Don't worry, you will receive your money soon I haven't finished my homework yet
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She plays golf extremely well
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The boy threw the ball outside and hit a pedestrian Alice almost won the golden medal in the marathon Probably she will come with us to the party They live downstairs with two dogs and one cat George has done his exam pretty well and I am sure that he will pass it Naturally this house is much more expensive than the old one
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Tomorrow we will have a very important meeting with our president Diana hid the box downstairs, where noone could find it Obviously your mother doesn't want to buy you a motorbike My son read the book attentively while I watched TV
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Leccin 11: Verbos seguidos de infinitivo / gerundio

Gramtica Cuando un verbo va acompaado por otro, este segundo puede ir en: Infinitivo Infinitivo (sin "to") Gerundio Ejemplos: Last summer we decided to go to the beach We can speak English fluently I hate driving at night Hay una serie de verbos que cuando van acompaados por otro este segundo va en gerundio: Admit / Appreciate / Avoid / Consider / Delay / Deny / Detest / Excuse / Finish / Forgive / Imagine / Keep (=continue) / Miss / Postpone / Practise / Prevent / Propose(=suggest) / Regret / Resist / Risk / Stop / Suggest / Understand Veamos algunos ejemplos: When I lost my job I postponed buying a new house After the heart attack my father stopped smoking My boss told me that he is considering promoting me for the new post If you drive when you are drunk you risk losing your driving licence The detainee admitted doing business with the mafia Tambin suelen ir seguidos de gerundios los siguientes verbos: Like / Dislike / Hate / Love / Enjoy / Mind Ejemplos: I like travelling with my girlfriend
I hate tidying my bedroom I enjoy dancing I dont mind going to English classes El verbo "like" puede tambin ir seguido por un infinitivo pero el significado es diferente: to like + gerundio: disfrutar to like + infinitivo: querer hacer algo porque considero que es positivo I like playing tennis I like to do my homework on Saturday mornings Algunos de los verbos anteriores si va precedido del auxiliar "would" pide entonces un infinitivo: Would like to Would love to Would hate to Would prefer to I would like to visit Paris I would love to go out for dinner tonight! I would hate to spend the summer in Seville I would prefer to go to the cinema than go to the gym Los siguientes verbos, si van acompaados por otro, este segundo va en infinitivo: Agree / Appear / Arrange / Ask / Choose / Claim / Decide / Decline / Demand / Fail / Forget / Happen / Hesitate / Hope / Learn / Manage / Offer / Plan / Prepare / Pretend / Promise / Refuse / Remember / Seem / Swear / Threaten Ejemplos: He agreed to help me with my homework
She promised to phone her mother My brother decided to sell his car El verbo "try" puede ir seguido de infinitivo o gerundio pero con distinto significado: + infinitivo: hacer un esfuerzo + gerundio: probar algo en plan experimento I will try to wash my car before lunch I tried calling my girlfriend with this mobile but it didn't work La expression "I am afraid" puede ir seguida de: Infinitivo: no quiero hacer algo porque creo que es peligroso "of + gerundio": existe la posibilidad de que algo malo me ocurra I am afraid to climb up the tree When I drive through the centre of town I am afraid of having an accident
Exercises 1.- Escribe (nicamente) el verbo entre parntesis en infinitivo o en gerundio segn convenga
1.
I hope ________ my studies this year (to finish) She promised ________ to me during her trip (to write) My boss postponed ________ a decision about my promotion (to make) I learned ________ English at school (to speak) My son detests ________ his medicine (to take) I dislike ________ up early, especially on Monday (to get) The police pretended ________ the terrorist at the border (to arrest) The old couple swore ________ a formal complaint against the hotel (to make) After my injury I missed ________ tennis a lot (to play) Forgive me for ________ you but your boss wants to see you immediately (to interrupt) I imagine ________ a sailing boat and travelling around the world (to have)
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She decided ________ her holidays in Italy (to spend) When the teacher entered the classroom the students stopped ________ a noise (to make) Driving so fast he risks ________ an accident (to have) The company postponed ________ its American franchise (to sell) My sister agrees ________ me money for my new house (to lend) The fire brigade decided ________ the fire with two helicopters (to extinguish) I completely detest ________ to the beach on Sundays; they are totally crowded (to go) Last weekend I tried ________ from Madrid to Seville without stopping (to drive) You must remember ________ your mum before leaving (to call) Every morning my dad likes ________ the newspaper during his breakfast (to read) I am afraid ________ to the boat; it is too far for me (to swim) I will try ________ the washing machine this afternoon (to repair) My girlfriend dislikes ________ the dishes (to wash)
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The thief admitted ________ the bag (to steal)
Exercises 1.- Escribe (nicamente) el verbo entre parntesis en infinitivo o en gerundio segn convenga
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I hope to finish my studies this year
2.
She promised to write to me during her trip My boss postponed making a decision about my promotion I learned to speak English at school
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My son detests taking his medicine
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I dislike getting up early, especially on Monday The police pretended to arrest the terrorist at the border The old couple swore to make a formal complaint against the hotel After my injury I missed playing tennis a lot Forgive me for interrupting you but your boss wants to see you immediately I imagine having a sailing boat and travelling around the world She decided to spend her holidays in Italy
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When the teacher entered the classroom the students stopped making a noise Driving so fast he risks having an accident The company postponed selling its American franchise The fire brigade decided to extinguish the fire with two helicopters My sister agrees to lend me money for my new house I completely detest going to the beach on Sundays; they are totally crowded Last weekend I tried to drive from Madrid to Seville without stopping You must remember to call your mum before leaving Every morning my dad likes reading the newspaper during his breakfast I am afraid to swim to the boat; it is too far for me I will try to repair the washing machine this afternoon My girlfriend dislikes washing the dishes The thief admitted stealing the bag
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Leccin 12: Some / Any

Gramtica Ambos adjetivos se traducen por "algo de", "algunos". Regla general: "Some": se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas. "Any": se utiliza en oraciones negativas o interrogativas. Particularidades: "Some": se utiliza a veces en preguntas: a) Que suponen ofrecimiento. Do you want some wine? Can I give you some advice? b) Cuando se espera casi con toda seguridad una respuesta afirmativa. Can I have some biscuits? "Any" se utiliza a veces: a) En oraciones afirmativas con el significado de "cualquiera". Any kid would have behaved like that You can pick any of these books You can go anywhere you want b) En oraciones condicionales con el significado de "alguien, algo, alguna cosa". If anyone ask for me, please tell them I will be back soon If anything happens, please call me immediately If I had any money I would buy a new car
Exercises 1.- Indica en cuales de las siguientes oraciones hay que utilizar "some" y en cuales "any":
1.
I have seen ________ dogs running after the postman Dou you have ________ books on French culture? Can I have ________ ice-cream please? You don't have ________ idea about the real situation of this company Could you lend me ________ money please? I really need it I have seen ________ films about the assassination of JFK I couldn't find ________ explanations for his behaviour Have you received ________ letters from your brother? If I have ________ doubt, I will ask you for help I haven't found ________ friends at the party I have bought ________ discs for my father Did I receive ________ calls when I was out? If I had ________ problem I would call you ________ of those suspects could have been the assassin
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Do you want ________ coffee? Yes, please Mum, can I invite ________ friends to my birthday please? When I was young I did ________ sports I don't have ________ souvenirs from Greece ________ houses have been destroyed by the fire The police didn't find ________ clues in the flat Could I have ________ water please? You must agree with me that ________ politicians don't behave ethically
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Exercises 1.- Indica en cuales de las siguientes oraciones hay que utilizar "some" y en cuales "any":
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I have seen some dogs running after the postman Dou you have any books on French culture? Can I have some ice-cream please? You don't have any idea about the real situation of this company Could you lend me some money please? I really need it I have seen some films about the assassination of JFK I couldn't find any explanations for his behaviour Have you received any letters from your brother? If I have any doubt, I will ask you for help I haven't found any friends at the party I have bought some discs for my father Did I receive any calls when I was out? If I had any problem I would call you
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Any of those suspects could have been the assassin Do you want some coffee? Yes, please Mum, can I invite some friends to my birthday please? When I was young I did some sports I don't have any souvenirs from Greece Some houses have been destroyed by the fire The police didn't find any clues in the flat Could I have some water please?
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You must agree with me that some politicians don't behave ethically
Gramtica Leccin 13: Much / Many / Little / Few / A lot of
1.- "much" / "many" / "a lot of" se traducen por "mucho". Las reglas que se aplican son las siguientes, si bien cabe cierta flexibilidad: a) En oraciones afirmativas: "a lot of" b) En oraciones negativas e interrogativas: b.1) Con sustantivos contables: "many" many books, many coins, many girls... b.2) Con sustantivos incontables: "much" much time, much effort, much energy 2.- "little" / "few" se traducen por "poco". a) Con sustantivos contables: "few" few books, few pencils, few tickets... b) Con sustantivos "incontables": "little" little sugar, little rain, little water... Ejemplos: She is very friendly and has a lot of friends I don't have many paintings in my flat When you were unemployed, did you receive much help from your family? This bookshop has few books about Spanish history There is little hope that the hostage will be released
Exercises 1.- Indica en cuales de las siguientes oraciones hay que utilizar "much" / "many" / "little" / "few" o "a lot of":
1.
There are ________ people who prefer to work part-time We don't have ________ time to listen to your arguments You need ________ time to finish your homework Look at the sky! You can see ________ birds flying southwards Have you received ________ letters from your friend? ________ people know that you worked abroad for ten years I can see that you have ________ interest in helping me ________ cars can go more than 300 km per hour There were ________ foreigners in that village last summer? I am very busy; I have ________ things to do Mark is not a millionaire. I am sure he doesn't have ________ money I put a ________ bit of sugar in my coffee because I don't like it very sweet Peter has a stomach ache and that is because he ate ________ biscuits
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He didn't have ________ luck. He lost all his money in the casino It is a very small car park; it allows ________ cars We haven't had ________ rain during this year I have ________ books on the Second World War He made ________ effort to win the race Martin doesn't eat ________ meat because he thinks that that is unhealthy Do you have ________ friends in England? He was very furious and said ________ nonsense ________ people can agree with your point of view about immigration After ________ attempts he could cross the river In the morning you can see ________ people running to the beach He found ________ support in his family when he got divorced
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Exercises 1.- Indica en cuales de las siguientes oraciones hay que utilizar "much" / "many" / "little" / "few" o "a lot of":
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. There are a lot of people who prefer to work part-time We don't have much time to listen to your arguments You need a lot of time to finish your homework Look at the sky! You can see a lot of birds flying southwards Have you received many letters from your friend? Few people know that you worked abroad for ten years I can see that you have little interest in helping me Few cars can go more than 300 km per hour There were many foreigners in that village last summer? I am very busy; I have a lot of things to do Mark is not a millionaire. I am sure he doesn't have much money I put a little bit of sugar in my coffee because I don't like it very sweet Peter has a stomach ache and that is because he ate a lot of biscuits
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He didn't have much luck. He lost all his money in the casino It is a very small car park; it allows few cars We haven't had much rain during this year I have a lot of books on the Second World War He made little effort to win the race Martin doesn't eat much meat because he thinks that that is unhealthy Do you have many friends in England? He was very furious and said a lot of nonsense Few people can agree with your point of view about immigration After a lot of attempts he could cross the river In the morning you can see a lot of people running to the beach He found little support in his family when he got divorced
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Leccin 14: No-one / Anyone / Nobody / Anybody...
Gramtica Los pronombres "no-one" / "anyone" / "nobody" / "anybody" / "nothing" / "anything"... tienen todos ellos significado negativo. Como regla general: a) "no-one" / "nobody" / "nothing" / "nowhere" / "no+sustantivo" se utilizan con oraciones afirmativas y se suelen colocar al comienzo de la oracin. b) "anyone" / "anybody" / "anything" / "anywhere" / "any+sustantivo" se utilizan con verbos negativos y se suelen colocar a mitad o al final de la oracin. Ejemplos: Nothing was decided in our last meeting No-one called you last night Last weekend I went nowhere because the weather was terrible I have been looking for my mother but I haven't found her anywhere I haven't seen anyone in your office My company hasnt done anything in relation with the Kioto Protocol Exercises 1.- Indica en cuales de las siguientes oraciones hay que utilizar "no-one" / "anyone" / "nobody" / "anybody" / "nothing" / "anything" / "nowhere" / "anywhere" / "no" o "any":
1.
________ will vote for a party with such extremist ideologies You won't find ________ who wants to support your party Nowadays you cannot travel ________ without a credit card ________ you will find people so friendly like in my country ________ can help you to solve that problem; you have to do it yourself I haven't found ________ interesting in that bookshop ________ information was given when the flight was delayed ________ wrote to me while I was in Finland I feel a little bit embarrassed because I haven't brought ________ for the party You can trust me. I won't tell your secret to ________ ________ complained when the flight was delayed I cannot find ________ explanation for his behaviour ________ told me that you called last night
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________ the kids are better than in the school ________ is more important than health Kevin hasn't phoned ________ this morning James is not going ________ this summer; he will stay here ________ was arrested by the police after the robbery ________ good has happened to me in the last two weeks ________ will buy your car; it is too old and in a very bad condition The accused didn't answer ________ questions during the interrogation I didn't hear ________ noise last night; the thieves entered my flat very quietly My sister didn't write to ________ while she was in Ireland I don't know ________ who speaks Russian ________ knows that you have been promoted to general manager
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0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Nobody will vote for a party with such extremist ideologies You won't find anybody who wants to support your party Nowadays you cannot travel anywhere without a credit card Nowhere you will find people so friendly like in my country No-one can help you to solve that problem; you have to do it yourself I haven't found anything interesting in that bookshop No information was given when the flight was delayed Nobody wrote to me while I was in Finland I feel a little bit embarrassed because I haven't brought anything for the party You can trust me. I won't tell your secret to anyone Nobody complained when the flight was delayed I cannot find any explanation for his behaviour No-one told me that you called last night
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Nowhere the kids are better than in the school Nothing is more important than health Kevin hasn't phoned anyone this morning James is not going anywhere this summer; he will stay here No-one was arrested by the police after the robbery Nothing good has happened to me in the last two weeks No-one will buy your car; it is too old and in a very bad condition The accused didn't answer any questions during the interrogation I didn't hear any noise last night; the thieves entered my flat very quietly My sister didn't write to anyone while she was in Ireland I don't know anyone who speaks Russian No-one knows that you have been promoted to general manager
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Leccin 15: Respuestas cortas

Gramtica Su estructura es la siguiente: So am I / Neither am I So do I / Neither do I So can I / Neither can I .... Se utilizan para expresar coincidencia con lo manifestado por el interlocutor. a) Si ste realiza una afirmacin, la coincidencia se manifiesta con las expresiones: "So am I" / "So do I" / "So can I" / "So have I" (El utilizar una u otra depender del verbo de la oracin principal) b) Si por el contrario ste realiza una negacin, la coincidencia se manifiesta con las expresiones: "Neither am I" / "Neither do I" / "Neither can I" / "Neither have I" En el caso de la negacin se puede utilizar tambin una estructura alternativa: "I am not either" / "I do not either" / "I can not either" / "I have not either" El verbo que se utiliza en estas respuestas es el auxiliar de la oracin principal: (Peter) I can play tennis / (John) So can I (Peter) I haven't been to Paris / (John) Neither have I (Peter) I study French / (John) So do I El verbo de estas respuestas va en el mismo tiempo que el de la oracin principal: (Peter) I was in Germany last November / (John) So was I
(Peter) I won't play football this Sunday / (John) Neither will I (Peter) I worked in a bank last summer / (John) So did I El sujeto es siempre un pronombre personal: (Peter) I am going to the cinema / (John) So is she (refirindose a una tercera persona que por el contexto ambos interlocutores conocen) (Peter) I finish my studies this year / (John) So do we
Exercises 1.- Contesta las siguientes oraciones utilizando una respuesta corta (primera persona del singular):
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I like football a lot. ________
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I didn't go to that concert. ________ I can speak English fluently. ________ I have read that book. ________
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I am fed up with his critics. ________ I don't feel well today. ________
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He did his homework. ________
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I could get a ticket for the flight. ________ I cannot fix my bike. ________
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I went to the beach last Sunday. ________ I have tidied my bedroom. ________ He couldn't finish the marathon. ________ I didn't pass the exam. ________
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He has played tennis this afternoon. ________ I haven't finished my breakfast. ________ I feel very sad. ________
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I don't like his girlfriend. ________ He liked your party a lot. ________ I cannot lend him money. ________ I haven't been invited to the party. ________ I have watered the garden. ________ He arrived very late; I had already left. ________ I wasn't there when the bomb exploded. ________ He has spoken in the meeting. ________ He isn't ready for the match. ________
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Exercises 1.- Contesta las siguientes oraciones utilizando una respuesta corta (primera persona del singular):
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I like football a lot. So do I
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I didn't go to that concert. Neither did I I can speak English fluently. So can I I have read that book. So have I
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I am fed up with his critics. So am I I don't feel well today. Neither do I He did his homework. So did I
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I could get a ticket for the flight. So could I I cannot fix my bike. Neither can I I went to the beach last Sunday. So did I I have tidied my bedroom. So have I He couldn't finish the marathon. Neither could I I didn't pass the exam. Neither did I
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He has played tennis this afternoon. So have I I haven't finished my breakfast. Neither have I I feel very sad. So do I
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I don't like his girlfriend. Neither do I He liked your party a lot. So did I I cannot lend him money. Neither can I I haven't been invited to the party. Neither have I I have watered the garden. So have I He arrived very late; I had already left. So had I I wasn't there when the bomb exploded. Neither was I He has spoken in the meeting. So have I He isn't ready for the match. Neither am I
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Leccin 16: Question tags
Gramtica Son preguntas cortas que realiza el emisor al final de la oracin con intencin de enfatizar. You have finished your exam. Haven't you? He doesn't speak German. Does he? Se utilizan para: a) Pedir confirmacin. b) Pedir informacin. Ello va a depender de la entonacin de la "question tag": a) Entonacin descendente: se pide al interlocutor confirmacin de lo que uno ha dicho (no es una pregunta, no se pide informacin). You have been to Paris. Haven't you? (bajando el tono de voz) El emisor est plenamente convencido de que su interlocutor ha estado en Pars. Le pide (y espera) que se lo confirme. b) Entonacin ascendente: se pide informacin. You haven't seen my brother . Have you? (subiendo el tono de voz) El emisor no sabe si su interlocutor ha visto o no a su hermano. Espera que le responda y que le facilite alguna informacin. Por ejemplo: - Yes, I have seen him one hour ago in the street - No sorry, I haven't seen him Tambin se utilizan las "questions tags" con oraciones negativas pare solicitar de modo informal pero corts algn favor.
Youu couldn't bring me a glass of water. Could you? Cmo se construye la "question tag"? Su estructura es muy simple: verbo auxiliar (de la oracin principal) + pronombre personal Your brother has bought a new car. Hasn't he? My mother phoned me. Didn't she? Your sister is in London. Isn't she? You can play tennis. Cant you? Your brother will go with us to the cinema. Won't he? El sujeto es siempre un pronombre. Si la oracin principal es afirmativa la "question tag" es negativa. You are coming with us. Aren't you? Y viceversa: si la oracin principal es negativa la "question tag" es afirmativa. You are not coming with us. Are you? Algunos casos particulares: a) Con oraciones imperativas se utiliza como verbo auxiliar "will" y va en afirmativo. Open the door. Will you? b)Con oraciones del tipo "Let us..." se utiliza como verbo auxilizar "shall" y va en afirmativo. Let's play tennis. Shall we? Exercises 1.- Escribe las "questions tags" que completaran las siguientes oraciones:
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They were coming with you. ________ Your friends will come to my party. ________ My sister has gone to the doctor. ________ You haven't read that book. ________ Let's go to the beach. ________
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Switch on the light, please. ________ You made a lot of noise. ________ You haven't finished your homework. ________ Your parents will come with us to the theatre. ________ Your sister is married. ________
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You enjoyed the party a lot. ________ She didn't pass the exam. ________ You have tidied your bedroom. ________
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Shut-up. ________
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Our boss has resigned. ________ The workers have gone on strike. ________ It was a very good concert. ________ The tournament started last week. ________ The plane crashed in the mountains. ________ When I arrived your brother had already left. ________ The bullfighter was very badly injured. ________ You couldn't help me with this translation. ________ The robbers escaped with the loot. ________ It was a brilliant speech. ________ Peter phoned you last night. ________
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Exercises 1.- Escribe las "questions tags" que completaran las siguientes oraciones:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. They were coming with you. Weren't they? Your friends will come to my party. Won't they? My sister has gone to the doctor. Hasn't she? You haven't read that book. Have you? Let's go to the beach. Shall we?
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Switch on the light, please. Will you? You made a lot of noise. Didn't you? You haven't finished your homework. Have you? Your parents will come with us to the theatre. Won't they? Your sister is married. Isn't she? You enjoyed the party a lot. Didn't you? She didn't pass the exam. Did she? You have tidied your bedroom. Haven't you?
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Shut-up. Will you?
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Our boss has resigned. Hasn't he? The workers have gone on strike. Haven't they? It was a very good concert. Wasn't it? The tournament started last week. Didn't it? The plane crashed in the mountains. Didn't it? When I arrived your brother had already left. Hadn't he? The bullfighter was very badly injured. Wasn't he? You couldn't help me with this translation. Could you? The robbers escaped with the loot. Didn't they? It was a brilliant speech. Wasn't it? Peter phoned you last night. Didn't he?
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Leccin 17: "Present" versus "Present continuous"

Gramtica Ambos verbos se utilizan para describir acciones presentes, si bien con diferentes matices. a) Present continuous a.1) Describe acciones que estn ocurriendo en ese preciso momento. I am reading the newspaper (lo estoy leyendo ahora) a.2) Tambin puede describir acciones que ocurren alrededor del momento actual, aunque no precisamente ahora. I am planning a trip to Egypt for this summer (por ejemplo, le estoy contando a un amigo que estoy planeando un viaje; no es que lo est planeando en ese preciso momento) b) Present simple b.1) Describe acciones habituales, actuales, generales, que no tienen porqu estar ocurriendo en ese preciso momento. I work in a bank I speak English very fluently In Madrid people drive very fast b.2) Describe tambin acciones que se repiten peridicamente, acciones rutinarias. Every morning I have a meeting with my boss at 8 o'clock I play tennis every Sunday Algunos verbos no se suelen utilizar en tiempo continuo, por lo que en estos casos hay que emplear el "present simple": Verbos que describen acciones de los sentidos: feel, hear, see, smell... Verbos de sentimiento / emocin: like, love, hate, want, wish, fear, desire, detest, dislike... Verbos de acciones mentales: agree, believe, forget, know, remember, think
(=tener una opinion), understand, realize... Verbos de posesin: belong, own, posess... Por ltimo, decir que estas dos formas verbales se emplean a veces para describir acciones futuras. Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "present" o "present continuous" segn corresponda:
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I ________ French literature a lot (to like) Where is your brother? My brother ________ tennis with James (to play) My neighbour is a cook; he ________ in a Mexican restaurant (to work) Excuse me, but I cannot open the door; I ________ a shower (to have) The phone ________; John, can you answer it, please? (to ring) Andrew, Why you ________ at me? (to shout) My wife ________ occasionally, mainly in parties (to smoke) My sister ________ the piano like a professional (to play) Where is your husband? He ________ the car (to wash) Congratulations Paul!, Your English ________ little by little (to improve) She is a dancer; she ________ in the National Ballet (to perform) Sorry, but at this moment I can not contact my boss; he ________ to London (to fly) Where do you come from? I ________ from Jamaica (to come)
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Chris, stop the car; the engine ________ a very strange noise (to make) We ________ elections in my country every four years (to have) My kids ________ to bed at 9 o'clock (to go) In winter, it ________ almost every day in Scotland (to rain) Alice is very religious; she ________ to mass every day (to go) My mother ________ supper ready (to get) In my country we ________ very high taxes (to pay) You________ too fast; I can not understand what you are saying (to speak) My family ________ to the beach every summer (to go) Peter is an economist; he ________ in a foreign bank (to work) Please don't disturb him; he ________ his homework (to do) Margaret, look at that plane! It ________ down (to come)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "present" o "present continuous" segn corresponda:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I like French literature a lot
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Where is your brother? My brother is playing tennis with James My neighbour is a cook; he works in a Mexican restaurant Excuse me, but I cannot open the door; I'm having a shower The phone is ringing; John, can you answer it, please? Andrew, Why are you shouting at me? My wife smokes occasionally, mainly in parties My sister plays the piano like a professional Where is your husband? He is washing the car Congratulations Paul!, Your English is improving little by little She is a dancer; she performs in the National Ballet Sorry, but at this moment I can not contact my boss; he is flying to London Where do you come from? I come from Jamaica
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Chris, stop the car; the engine is making a very strange noise We have elections in my country every four years My kids go to bed at 9 o'clock
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In winter, it rains almost every day in Scotland Alice is very religious; she goes to mass every day My mother is getting supper ready In my country we pay very high taxes You are speaking too fast; I can not understand what you are saying My family go to the beach every summer Peter is an economist; he works in a foreign bank Please don't disturb him; he's doing his homework Margaret, look at that plane! It is coming down
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Leccin 18: "Present continuous" versus "Future"

Gramtica 1.- Present Continuous Describe una accin que va a tener lugar en un futuro ms o menos inmediato, pero que la decisin de realizarla fue tomada en el pasado. Next Monday I am flying to Paris (La decisin de volar a Pars no la he tomado justo en este momento sino que ya lo haba decidido con anterioridad) Con un sentido similar se podra utilizar la expresin "going to...". Next Monday I am going to fly to Paris No obstante entre el "present continuous" y "going to..." hay algunas diferencias: a) El "present continuous" se prefiere en aquellas acciones que han sido ya programadas del tipo, reuniones, viajes, fiestas, etc, en las que hay que poner de acuerdo a otras personas. b) La expresin "going to..." se utiliza principalmente cuando se quiere resaltar la voluntad del emisor. Este est plenamente decidido a realizar esa accin por lo que hay muchas probabilidades de que se lleve a cabo. Posiblemente el emisor haya realizado ya alguna actuacin encaminada a ejecutar la accin. This evening I am going to the see the match between Real Madrid and Barcelona (ya he comprado las entradas) c) Tambin la expresin "going to" se utiliza para describir acciones que van a suceder en un futuro inmediato ya que hay indicios que apuntan a ello: The sky is very dark; it is going to rain d) Mientras que con el "present continuous" siempre hay que mencionar el momento en el que se va a desarrollar la accin, con la expresin "going to..." cabe a veces omitir toda referencia temporal (se entiende que va a tener lugar en un futuro inmediato pero no se precisa cuando). 2.- Future
El "future" describe acciones futuras, si bien no tienen por que ser tan inmediatas como con el "present continuous" o con "going to...". Tambin se utiliza para describir acciones futuras que han sido decididas sobre la marcha, en el momento actual. Oh, it is very late, I will go back home It is very cold, I will close the window O acciones futuras que el emisor considera que van a tener lugar pero que no dependen de su voluntad. When will you buy a new car? I am sure your brother will win the race The match between Real Madrid and Barcelona will be exciting Muchas veces va introducido por expresiones del tipo: I am sure / I supposse / Perhaps / Probably / Surely / Possibly... Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "future" o "present continuous" segn corresponda:
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I ________ a meeting in half an hour (to have) Which team do you think ________ the match? (to win) This evening I ________ to the Opera with my girlfriend (to go) I have studied very hard and I am sure I ________ the exam (to pass) I am sure your girlfriend ________ you for that little fault (to forgive) This afternoon my sister ________ an interview with a head hunter (to have) It's not sure but probably I ________ with you to the party (to go) If you continue disturbing the neighbours, they ________ you (to report) I feel very tired; I think I ________ this report tomorrow (to finish) I don't think that my father ________ a new car (to buy) I am sure that my train ________ late (to arrive) The condition of this patient is really bad; probably he ________ in the next few days (to die) Tomorrow we ________ with some friends to the Town Festival (to go)
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This winter the Annual Meeting of the G-7 ________ place in Madrid (to take) My boss ________ in two weeks (to retire) Tomorrow my mother ________ lunch with her friends (to have) As I told you before this evening we ________ dinner with our parents in law (to have) This Friday my brother ________ back from Moscow (to come) My brother ________ married next month (to get) This Friday I ________ to Rome (to travel) I am completely convinced that our candidate ________ the next elections (to win) This Sunday our CEO ________ our regional branches (to visit) Tomorrow afternoon we ________ football with our neighbours (to play) I m not feeling well; I ________ back home (to go)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "future" o "present continuous" segn corresponda:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I am having a meeting in half an hour Which team do you think will win the match? This evening I am going to the Opera with my girlfriend I have studied very hard and I am sure I will pass the exam I am sure your girlfriend will forgive you for that little fault This afternoon my sister is having an interview with a head hunter It's not sure but probably I will go with you to the party If you continue disturbing the neighbours, they will report you I feel very tired; I think I will finish this report tomorrow I don't think that my father will buy a new car I am sure that my train will arrive late The condition of this patient is really bad; probably he will die in the next few days Tomorrow we are going with some friends to the Town Festival
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This winter the Annual Meeting of the G-7 will take place in Madrid My boss is retiring in two weeks
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Tomorrow my mother is having lunch with her friends As I told you before this evening we are having dinner with our parents in law This Friday my brother is coming back from Moscow My brother is getting married next month This Friday I am travelling to Rome I am completely convinced that our candidate will win the next elections This Sunday our CEO is visiting our regional branches Tomorrow afternoon we are playing football with our neighbours I m not feeling well; I will go back home
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Leccin 19: "Past simple" versus "Past continuous"

Gramtica 1.- Past simple El "past simple" describe una accin pasada ya finalizada. When I was young I lived in Madrid (ahora vivo en Barcelona) 2.- Past continuous Indica que una accin se estaba desarrollando en cierto momento del pasado al cual se hace referencia. No dice si la accin ya finaliz o todava continuaba. When the mother came home her husband was playing with the kids (no sabemos si termin de jugar en ese momento o continu jugando) A veces se describen dos acciones simultneas que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. En dicho caso, se utiliza el "past imple" para describir aquella que finaliz y el "past continuous" para aquella otra que estaba ocurriendo cuando la primera tuvo lugar. Yesterday evening when you called me I was having a shower When the parents arrived home the children were watching TV Otra diferencia entre ambos tiempos es que el "past continuous" se utiliza a veces para indicar que la accin es ms casual, menos planificada. Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I was running (algo rutinario, que suelo hacer con frecuencia, por lo que no lo resalto) Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I ran (algo diferente, un tanto extraordinario, por lo que quiero destacarlo)
Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "past simple" o "past continuous" segn corresponda:
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Last Saturday when my brother arrived, I ________ TV (to watch) The police arrested the murderer when he ________ an old woman (to attack) My uncle ________ all his fortune playing in casinos (to lose) Yesterday it rained all day and the river almost ________ its banks (to burst) Last night when I left the party two gangs of hooligans ________ (to fight) Last Friday my father ________ to Paris to visit my brother who works there (to go) They ________ the new bridge in time for the Olympic Games (to finish) My girlfriend didn't come with us to the cinema because she ________ (to study) When the teacher entered the classroom the students ________ very loudly (to speak) That terrible accident ________ yesterday evening (to happen) Last night when the thieves ________ into my house I was sleeping (to break) My parents ________ in the Cathedral of Seville 40 years ago (to get married) The Socialist Party ________ the last elections and is now in power (to win)
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The other day when I ________ tennis I hurt my leg (to play) Philip ________ at home in very strange circumstances (to die) Susan ________ Law in the university of Madrid (to study) Yesterday when you came home I ________ the dog (to walk) The plane ________ into the mountains due to the weather conditions (to crash) He ________ late at the station and missed his train (to arrive) The mother went to calm her little baby because she ________ (to cry) My neighbour ________ a heart attack last year and still hasn't fully recovered (to have) This morning while my friends played football I ________ my homework (to do) Last summer we ________ to the south of Spain for our holiday (to go) Yesterday night it was raining when we ________ the Theatre (to leave) This morning the dog ________ the postman when he was delivering the mail (to attack)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "past simple" o "past continuous" segn corresponda:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Last Saturday when my brother arrived, I was watching TV The police arrested the murderer when he was attacking an old woman My uncle lost all his fortune playing in casinos Yesterday it rained all day and the river almost burst its banks Last night when I left the party two gangs of hooligans were fighting They finished the new bridge in time for the Olympic Games Last Friday my father went to Paris to visit my brother who works there My girlfriend didn't come with us to the cinema because she was studying When the teacher entered the classroom the students were speaking very loudly That terrible accident happened yesterday evening Last night when the thieves broke into my house I was sleeping My parents got married in the Cathedral of Seville 40 years ago The Socialist Party won the last elections and is now in power
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The other day when I was playing tennis I hurt my leg Philip died at home in very strange circumstances Susan studied Law in the university of Madrid Yesterday when you came home I was walking the dog The plane crashed into the mountains due to the weather conditions He arrived late at the station and missed his train The mother went to calm her little baby because she was crying My neighbour had a heart attack last year and still hasn't fully recovered This morning while my friends played football I was doing my homework Last summer we went to the south of Spain for our holiday Yesterday night it was raining when we left the Theatre This morning the dog attacked the postman when he was delivering the mail
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20: "Past simple" vs "Present perfect"

Gramtica Ambos tiempos describen acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, si bien presentan ciertas diferencias: a) Past Simple - Accin que se desarroll y finaliz en el pasado, sin que se de ninguna informacin sobre cual ha sido su repercusin en el tiempo presente. When I was young I played tennis (no nos da ninguna infomacin sobre si en la actualidad sigo jugando al tenis o no) - Accin que se desarroll y complet en un periodo de tiempo ya finalizado. This morning I had a very tense meeting with my boss (ya es por la tarde, la maana ha finalizado) Yesterday I went to the cinema with my friends b) Presente Perfect - Accin que se inici en el pasado y que an contina desarrollndose. I have worked in this bank for ten years (todava contino en el banco) - Accin que acaba de finalizar. I have missed my train (lo acabo de perder) - Accin que se ha desarrollado en un periodo de tiempo que an no ha terminado. This morning I has had a very tense meeting with my boss (an es por la maana) Today I have visited my parents (el da todava no ha finalizado) - Accin desarrollada en el pasado pero cuya repercusin an se manifiesta en el tiempo presente. My brother has broken his glasses (las gafas se han roto recientemente y siguen rotas)
Comparar con la siguiente oracin: My brother broke his glasses (no sabemos si las gafas ya estn arregladas o no) Para terminar, sealar que en ocasiones las diferencias entre estos dos tiempos no son muy ntidas, y de hecho en algunos casos cabra utilizar cualquiera de ellos. Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "past simple" o "present perfect" segn corresponda:
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They ________ and are now on their honeymoon (To get married) I ________ studying 10 years ago (To finish) ________ you my daughter? I can't find her (To see) I ________ a very interesting book about the Spanish Empire (recientemente) (To finish) I ________ the watch that my wife gave me on our honeymoon (To lose) This morning I ________ to the Spanish Embassy in Paris (To be) (todava es por la maana) They ________ five years ago in Naples (To get married) Today I ________ a programme on television about Africa (To watch) This is the first time I ________ to the Theatre (To be) Today I ________ tennis with my nephew (To play) My mother is not at home, she ________ to the school to speak to my teacher (To go) Where have you been this afternoon? I ________ to a restaurant with my wife (To be) When I ________ to London I visited the National Gallery (To go)
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A while ago I ________ a very interesting book about Islamic culture (To read) I ________ four men yesterday morning near my office (To see) This year I ________ my studies (To finish) When I was a child I ________ tennis with my dad (To play) Your boss ________ you yesterday evening (To phone) Today I ________ my father several times but I haven't been able to contact him (To phone) (todava es por la maana) Americans ________ to the Moon in 1969 (To go) A few days ago I ________ a very interesting programme on television about hunting (To watch) I went to the Russian Circus when I ________ Moscow (To visit) I already ________ too much. I should stop now because I have to drive later (To drink) Oh! I ________ my watch. Have you seen it? (To lose) Last Friday I ________ a lot at my friends wedding. I couldn't drive back home (To drink)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "past simple" o "present perfect"
segn corresponda:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. They have got married and are now on their honeymoon I finished studying 10 years ago
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Have you seen my daughter? I can't find her I have finished a very interesting book about the Spanish Empire I lost the watch that my wife gave me on our honeymoon This morning I have been to the Spanish Embassy in Paris They got married five years ago in Naples Today I have watched a programme on television about Africa This is the first time I have been to the Theatre Today I have played tennis with my nephew My mother is not at home, she has gone to the school to speak to my teacher Where have you been this afternoon? I have been to a restaurant with my wife When I went to London I visited the National Gallery
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A while ago I read a very interesting book about Islamic culture I saw four men yesterday morning near my office This year I have finished my studies When I was a child I played tennis with my dad Your boss phoned you yesterday evening Today I have phoned my father several times but I haven't been able to contact him Americans went to the Moon in 1969 A few days ago I watched a very interesting programme on television about hunting I went to the Russian Circus when I visited Moscow I have already drunk too much. I should stop now because I have to drive later Oh! I have lost my watch. Have you seen it? Last Friday I drank a lot at my friends wedding. I couldn't drive back home
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21: "Present perfect continuous" vs "Present perfect"

Gramtica 1.- Present perfect continuous Esta forma verbal se emplea cuando interesa destacar la accin en s misma ms que el resultado; no se precisa si la accin ha finalizado o no (la accin comenz en el pasado y puede que acabe de terminar o que incluso contine). I have been reading a book (resalto lo que he estado haciendo; no indico si he finalizado el libro o no) Este tiempo se utiliza tambin para indicar la duracin de una accin que comenz en el pasado (y que acaba de finalizar o an contina). I have been playing tennis for two hours I have been waiting for him for 1 hour (puede que la otra persona acabe de llegar o que yo an siga esperando; el contexto determinar un sentido u otro) El empleo de este tiempo indica que el emisor considera que la duracin ha sido larga. 2.- Present perfect simple Describe una accin que comenz en el pasado y que acaba de finalizar. Pone el nfasis en el resultado y no en la accin en si misma. I have read a book (destaco que he ledo un libro, que lo he terminado, y no el hecho de haber dedicado un tiempo a la lectura). En el siguiente ejemplo se puede observar la diferencia entre estas dos formas verbales: I have done my homework (indico que ya lo he finalizado) I have been doing my homework (indico la actividad que he estado desarrollando; no informo de si he terminado mis deberes o no) Se utiliza tambin para indicar cuantas acciones se han realizado en un tiempo determinado.
Today I have read ten books El empleo de este tiempo informa indirectamente sobre el presente, ya que conlleva que la situacin no ha cambiado. He has gone to Canada (esta persona sigue en Canda o est de viaje hacia all; en cualquier caso todava no ha regresado) I have broken my leg (la pierna sigue rota; an no ha sanado) Si no se da informacin sobre el presente hay que utilizar el "past simple". He went to Canada (no se informa de si l sigue all o ya volvi) I broke my leg (puede que la pierna ya est curada o que an siga rota) En aquellos verbos en los que no se utiliza la forma continua (leccin 17) hay que recurrir en todos estos supuestos al "present perfect simple". Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "present perfect" o "present perfect continuous" segn corresponda:
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This evening I ________ two letters to my parents (to write) My daughter ________ letters to her friends for hours (to write) This morning I ________ breakfast for my wife (to prepare) Today Lucy ________ her boyfriend three times (to phone) My friends ________ around Italy for five months (to travel) I ________ to music all evening (to listen) I ________ English since I was a child (to learn) We are coming from the beach where my kids ________ a sandcastle (to make) Why are you so dirty? I ________ in the garden (to work) I ________ to Malaga for three days with my in-laws (to be) I ________ my homework. Now I am going to rest (to finish) My brother ________ TV for three hours (to watch) John ________ since 3 o'clock (to study)
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The fatal accident just ________. The police haven't arrived yet (to happen) ________ you my watch? I have just lost it (to see) Emma is very tired; she ________ all day (to work) My son ________ two pages so far (to translate) What weather! It ________ since yesterday (to rain) This week my team ________ one match (to win) Today I ________ my room (to paint) My kids ________ at the beach all morning (to play) I ________ in this town since last February (to live) The police ________ the murderer (to arrest) What has happened to the neighbours? They ________ for hours (to shout)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "present perfect" o "present perfect continuous" segn corresponda:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. This evening I have written two letters to my parents My daughter has been writing letters to her friends for hours This morning I have prepared breakfast for my wife Today Lucy has phoned her boyfriend three times My friends have been travelling around Italy for five months I have been listening to music all evening I have been learning English since I was a child We are coming from the beach where my kids have made a sandcastle Why are you so dirty? I have been working in the garden I have been to Malaga for three days with my in-laws I have finished my homework. Now I am going to rest My brother has been watching TV for three hours John has been studying since 3 o'clock
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The fatal accident has just happened. The police haven't arrived yet Have you seen my watch? I have just lost it Emma is very tired; she has been working all day My son has translated two pages so far What weather! It has been raining since yesterday This week my team has won one match Today I have painted my room
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My kids have been playing at the beach all morning I have been living in this town since last February The police have arrested the murderer What has happened to the neighbours? They have been shouting for hours
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22: "Past simple" vs "Past perfect"

Gramtica Ambos tiempos describen acciones finalizadas en el pasado, si bien con algunas diferencias. a) Past Simple Accin finalizada en el pasado; no se hace referencia a ninguna conexin con el presente. I studied law at the university of Madrid b) Past Perfect Equivale al "present perfect" pero tomando como punto de referencia un momento en el pasado. - La accin finaliz cerca de dicho momento pasado que es mencionado en la oracin. Did you see him when you went to his office? No, he had left - La accin finaliz justo en dicho momento pasado o incluso continu despus. He had lived in Paris for 10 years when he decided to buy his own flat (continu viviendo en Pars)
Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "past perfect" o "past simple" segn corresponda:
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My father ________ in Madrid when he was young (To live) David's car was very new; he just ________ it (To buy) Ann passed her exam because she ________ a lot (To study) The oil tanker ________ in the middle of a terrible hurricane (To sink) Last summer my parents went to London; they never ________ there before (To be) When the police arrived the terrorist just ________ one hostage (To kill) (acababa de suceder) Mark didn't ________ me to his birthday party (To invite) Yesterday morning my kids ________ to the zoo (To go) Ten years ago I ________ 100.000 euros for my house (To pay) When I saw your father I didn't recognize him. He ________ a lot (To change) The first time I ________ my wife was in Paris during the Roland Garros Tournament (To meet) Last night I ________ to bed very late because I was reading a book (To go) When my mother phoned me yesterday night I just ________ to bed (To go) (justo poco antes
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de la llamada)
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I didn't see my brother last summer. He ________ in France (To be) I arrived very late at the party and my friends just ________ (To leave) (acababan de marcharse) Mr Wilson ________ alone in his castle (To die) Last September the village was very quiet: the holiday makers already ________ (To leave) (pocos das antes) Last time I went to Barcelona they ________the Olympic Village (To open) (poco tiempo antes) When the bomb exploded the police already ________ the building (To evacuate) I ________ for an American firm for 10 years (To work) (ya no trabajo) We ________ our trip to Italy a lot (To enjoy) When the helicopter finally arrived the oil tanker ________ (To sink) When the vaccine was finally developed that strange illness already ________ thousands of people (To kill) The bomb ________ in front of the police station (To explode) The public ________ the referee during the match (To insult)
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Exercises 1.- Escribe el verbo entre parntesis en "past perfect" o "past simple" segn corresponda:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. My father lived in Madrid when he was young David's car was very new; he had just bought it Ann passed her exam because she had studied a lot The oil tanker sank in the middle of a terrible hurricane Last summer my parents went to London; they had never been there before When the police arrived the terrorist had just killed one hostage Mark didn't invite me to his birthday party Yesterday morning my kids went to the zoo Ten years ago I paid 100.000 euros for my house When I saw your father I didn't recognize him. He had changed a lot The first time I met my wife was in Paris during the Roland Garros Tournament Las night I went to bed very late because I was reading a book When my mother phoned me yesterday night I had just gone to bed
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I didn't see my brother last summer. He was in France I arrived very late at the party and my friends had just left Mr Wilson died alone in his castle Last September the village was very quiet: the holiday makers had already left Last time I went to Barcelona they had opened the Olympic Village When the bomb exploded the police had already evacuated the building I worked for an American firm for 10 years We enjoyed our trip to Italy a lot When the helicopter finally arrived the oil tanker had sunk When the vaccine was finally developed that strange illness had already killed thousands of people The bomb exploded in front of the police station The public insulted the referee during the match
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23: Can / May

Gramtica
a) Posibilidad vs Probabilidad "Can" indica que algo es posible (las circunstancias lo permiten o alguien tiene la habilidad de hacerlo). I can play tennis quite well I can open that door with my key I can run for two hours This car can go faster than 200 km per hour You can go to France without a passport "May" indica que algo es probable; equivale a "perhaps" My friend may win the race The sky is very dark. It may rain b) Permiso Se utilizan ambos verbos modales, con los siguientes matices: - Tener permiso: "can" es ms habitual. I can smoke in the office - Dar permiso: "may" es ms habitual, "can" ms informal. You may smoke here if you want You may use my computer You can take my car (informal) Si el permiso viene de un tercero se utiliza "can". You can smoke here (la ley lo permite o las normas de esta oficina) - Pedir permiso: "can" es ms habitual y tambin ms informal Can I smoke in the office? (informal) / May I smoke in the office? (formal)
Can I speak to you? (informal) / May I speak to you? (formal) c) Peticin - Solicitar algo: Se utilian ambos verbos modales May (Can) I get your dictionary? - Pedirle a alguien que haga algo: se suele utilizar "can" Can you give me that book? d) Ofrecimiento Se utiliza ambos verbos modales Can (May) I help you? Exercises 1.- Elige "Can" o "May" para completar las siguientes oraciones, segn sea la forma ms habitual o aquella que se indica entre parntesis:
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My boss ________ speak English very fluently You ________ take my dictionary for your exam (formal) Your sister ________ come with us to the cinema. It depends on your mother (formal) You ________ open the bottle with that corkscrew You ________ use my computer if you want (formal) ________ you bring me a glass of water, please? My father is very strong, he ________ lift 100 kg You ________ enter the party with this invitation You ________ find that book in the Central Library ________ I switch on the light? I would like to read the newspaper (informal) Philip ________ use his father's motorbike If you need it you ________ use our lawnmower (formal) ________ you help me to clean the swimming pool, please?
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I ________ use the company car for private trips (informal) There are rumours that the Spanish airline Iberia ________ merge with British Airway We are going to the park; you ________ come with us if you want (formal) With that telescope you ________ see Mars You should buy lottery tickets; you ________ become millionaire ________ you help me to move this heavy box? I cannot do it on my own (informal) If you have any questions you ________ ask me (formal) My brother works in the Air Force; he ________ fly a fighter plane If you study hard you ________ pass your exams During the flight you ________ not use your mobile With my savings I ________ buy a new car Mark doesn't answer the phone; he ________ have left his office because he didn't feel well
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Exercises 1.- Elige "Can" o "May" para completar las siguientes oraciones,
segn sea la forma ms habitual o aquella que se indica entre parntesis:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. My boss can speak English very fluently You may take my dictionary for your exam Your sister may come with us to the cinema. It depends on your mother You can open the bottle with that corkscrew You may use my computer if you want Can you bring me a glass of water, please? My father is very strong, he can lift 100 kg You can enter the party with this invitation You may find that book in the Central Library Can I switch on the light? I would like to read the newspaper Philip can use his father's motorbike If you need it you may use our lawnmower Can you help me to clean the swimming pool, please?
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I can use the company car for private trips There are rumours that the Spanish airline Iberia may merge with British Airway We are going to the park; you may come with us if you want With that telescope you can see Mars You should buy lottery tickets; you may become millionaire Can you help me to move this heavy box? I cannot do it on my own If you have any questions you may ask me My brother works in the Air Force; he can fly a fighter plane If you study hard you may pass your exams During the flight you cannot use your mobile With my savings I can buy a new car Mark doesn't answer the phone; he may have left his office because he didn't feel well
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24: Can / Could

Gramtica "Can" y "could" se utilizan para expresar permiso, posibilidad o habilidad. Como regla general "can" se utiliza en el presente y "could" en el pasado, pero hay ciertos matices: a) Posibilidad / habilidad En el presente "can" y en el pasado "could" o "was / were able". With the new motorway you can go from Madrid to Barcelona in less than 4 hours Ten years ago you could go from Madrid to Barcelona in 6 hours I can play tennis I could (was able) to play tennis when I was a child "Could" tambin se utiliza con un sentido condicional, mientras que en el futuro se emplea "will be able": If I had money I could buy a new car In two years I will be able to speak English fluently b) Permiso En el presente distinguimos: - Tener o pedir permiso: "can" tiene un sentido informal y "could" formal. I can use the company's car for my private trips (informal) I could use the company's car for my private trips (formal) Can I borrow your car ? (informal) Could I borrow your car ? (formal) - Dar permiso: se utiliza "can"; "could" nicamente se emplea con un
sentido condicional. Tonight you can stay with us If you don't find any other place, you could stay with En el pasado se utiliza "could" y en el futuro "can". c) Ofrecimiento Slo se utiliza "can". Can I help you
Exercises 1.- Elige "Can" / "Could" / "Be able" para completar las siguientes oraciones, segn sea la forma ms habitual:
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________ I watch the football match in your house? (informal) When I asked him, he said his daughter ________ come with us to the party You are very strong, I am sure that you ________ lift a weight of 75 kilos I told my son that it was too late and he ________ not go to the party If I continue training I will ________ to run the marathon next summer My father was very fit; he ________ run a mile in less than 4 minutes ________ I open the window? It is very hot in here (formal) The anaesthetist asked the doctor if he ________ postpone the operation for at least one hour The soldiers are very tired. Please, tell them that they ________ rest for two hours James says that his daughter ________ come with us to the cinema My boss gave me an invitation so I ________ enter the conference In this building you ________ not smoke ________ I use your phone, please? (dirigindote a tu jefe)
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Mr Wilson, ________ I explain to you our new offer? (formal) ________ I use your phone, please? (dirigindote a un amigo) If you continue drinking you wont ________ to drive home With these new engines, rockets ________ reach Mars in half the time than before Henry, ________ you be quiet, please?. I cannot concentrate (informal) He ________ not go to France because he had lost his passport When my father bought the car we ________ go to the beach at the weekends You ________ leave your car here; we will be back soon My sister is an artist; she ________ dance like a professional ________ you pick me up at the airport at 6 0'clock? (informal) ________ you explain the lesson to me again, please? I didn't understand it at all (formal) When I was a child I was very shy. I ________ not speak in public
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Exercises 1.- Elige "Can" / "Could" / "Be able" para completar las siguientes oraciones, segn sea la forma ms habitual:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Can I watch the football match in your house? When I asked him, he said his daughter could come with us to the party You are very strong, I am sure that you can lift a weight of 75 kilos I told my son that it was too late and he couldn't go to the party If I continue training I will be able to run the marathon next summer My father was very fit; he could run a mile in less than 4 minutes Could I open the window? It is very hot in here The anaesthetist asked the doctor if he could postpone the operation for at least one hour The soldiers are very tired. Please, tell them that they can rest for two hours James says that his daughter can come with us to the cinema My boss gave me an invitation so I could enter the conference In this building you cannot smoke Could I use your phone, please?
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Mr Wilson, Could I explain to you our new offer? Can I use your phone, please? If you continue drinking you wont be able to drive home With these new engines, rockets can reach Mars in half the time than before Henry, can you be quiet, please?. I cannot concentrate He couldn't go to France because he had lost his passport When my father bought the car we could go to the beach at the weekends You can leave your car here; we will be back soon My sister is an artist; she can dance like a professional Can you pick me up at the airport at 6 0'clock? Could you explain the lesson to me again, please? I didn't understand it at all When I was a child I was very shy. I couldn't speak in public
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25: Must / Have to

Gramtica "Must" y "Have to" expresan una obligacin. A veces se pueden utilizar indistintamente (especialmente con la primera persona donde prcticamente tienen el mismo sentido), no obstante existen ciertas diferencias. "Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro "Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro Autoridad externa Pasado Presente Futuro Had to Have to Will have to Autoridad del emisor Had to Must Must
"Must": el emisor impone una obligacin. "Have to": el emisor no impone ninguna obligacin, se limita a comunicar una obligacin que existe. (Teacher) You must do your homework (El profesor impone el deber de hacer los deberes) (Student) I have to do my homework (el estudiante se limita a comunicar una obligacin que le ha sido impuesta) You must stop making noises (El profesor ordena a sus alumnos) You have to stop smoking (La mujer le recuerda a su marido una obligacin que le ha impuesto el medico) I cannot stay longer, I have to go home (mis obligaciones familiares me obligan a volver a casa) "Must" tambin se puede utilizar para expresar un consejo de forma enftica. Ver la diferencia entre:
You should stop smoking You must stop smoking En ambos casos no se trata de una obligacin sino de un consejo. Con "must" el consejo es ms enftico. Forma interrogativa Must + sujeto + verbo principal ? Do + sujeto + have to + verbo principal ? Must you leave now? Do you have to leave now? Forma Negativa Cuando la oracin es negativa el significado de estos dos verbos es diferente: "Mustn't": no se debe hacer algo "Don't have to": no es necesario hacer algo You mustn't go to that meeting (no debes ir ya que no has sido invitado) You don't have to go to that meeting (no es necesario que vaya; no se va a tratar nada interesante)
Exercises 1.- Elige "Must" / "Have to" (en el tiempo correspondiente) para completar estas oraciones:
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It is very cold, we ________ light the fire (a father to his son) You ________ go to bed now. It is very late (obligation) When I was at university I ________ study very hard (a mother to her daughter) You ________ come back home before midnight If I want to do a master, I ________ my degree first The neighbours complained and the police told us that we ________ to turn the music down This is a secret; you ________ not say anything about it You look very tired. You ________ rest I ________ to tidy my room before my mum comes back I have fixed the toilet; you don't ________ call the plumber The lawyer told his client that he didn't ________ confess to his participation in the fraud (A mother to her son) You ________ change your clothes; they are very dirty During the exam you ________ not speak to your classmates
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(A boss to his employee) You ________ finish your report before 4 o'clock My father will bring the newspaper; you don't ________ buy it We have a lot of food for the party; you don't ________ bring anything If you want to lose weight you ________ stop eating so much (muy enftico) You ________ leave my house immediately; if not I will call the police If I want to go to the USA I ________ get a Visa You ________ stop drinking so much; you are destroying yourself (muy enftico) Last summer, when I went to Greece I ________ rent a car to visit all the ruins The Formula 1 pilot ________ be very accurate to drive so fast If you are assaulted in the street, you ________ mpt show any resistance (enftico) In Spain you ________ always wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike If you don't want to miss your train, you ________ leave now
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Exercises 1.- Elige "Must" / "Have to" (en el tiempo correspondiente) para completar estas oraciones:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. It is very cold, we must light the fire You must go to bed now. It is very late When I was at university I had to study very hard You must come back home before midnight If I want to do a master, I have to finish my degree first The neighbours complained and the police told us that we had to turn the music down This is a secret; you mustn't say anything about it You look very tired. You must rest I have to tidy my room before my mum comes back I have fixed the toilet; you don't have to call the plumber The lawyer told his client that he didn't have to confess to his participation in the fraud You must change your clothes; they are very dirty
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During the exam you mustn't speak to your classmates You must finish your report before 4 o'clock My father will bring the newspaper; you don't have to buy it We have a lot of food for the party; you don't have to bring anything If you want to lose weight you must stop eating so much You must leave my house immediately; if not I will call the police If I want to go to the USA I have to get a Visa You must stop drinking so much; you are destroying yourself Last summer, when I went to Greece I had to rent a car to visit all the ruins The Formula 1 pilot has to be very accurate to drive so fast If you are assaulted in the street, you mustn't show any resistance In Spain you must always wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike If you don't want to miss your train, you must leave now
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26: Should / Must / Have to

Gramtica Should Se utiliza para dar consejos. Se indica que algo es bueno y por lo tanto se debera hacer. Es una recomendacin, no una obligacin. Tiene menos fuerza impositiva que "must" y que "have to". If you feel bad you should go to the doctor Tambin se utiliza para dar una orden pero de forma muy educada. Anyone who wants to enter the conference should show his credentials (Se trata realmente de una obligacin -es obligatorio mostrar las credenciales para entrar en la conferencia-, pero est expresada de forma poco coercitiva) Construccin: este verbo modal va seguido del infinitivo del verbo principal sin la partcula "to". Se utiliza en pasado, presente y futuro. I should have finished my report yesterday (pasado) You should help me, I can not do it alone (presente) Tomorrow you should call your parents (futuro) El pasado se utiliza para indicar algo que se debera haber hecho y no se hizo. La forma negativa es: shouldn't You shouldn't smoke Y la forma interrogativa: Should + sujeto...? Should I wear a dark suit for the party? Must / Have to
Expresan una obligacin, algo que hay que hacer. You must come here immediately (es una orden) If you want to make a career in a company you have to speak English (No hay alternativa: o hablas ingls o no hay carrera posible) Comprueba la diferencia con la siguiente oracin: Nowdays it is very important to speak English. You should do it. Aqu se trata de un consejo, mientras que en la anterior era una obligacin. Por otra parte, cuando se utiliza "must" / "have to" el emisor tiene la conviccin de que la obligacin va a ser cumplida, mientras que cuando se utiliza "should" no se sabe si el consejo se va a seguir o no. We should buy a new car (es un deseo; no hay seguridad de que vayamos a hacerlo) We must buy a new car (hay muchas probabilidades de que lo hagamos) Exercises 1.- Elige "Must" / "Should" / "Have to" (en el tiempo correspondiente) para completar estas oraciones:
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You ________ speak to your brother and try to solve that problem You ________ come with us to the cinema; the film we are going to see is marvellous You are very fat. You ________ practice sport (consejo) Please, we are in the church; you ________ stop making that unpleasant noise (A father to his son) If you want to watch TV, first you ________ finish your homework If I want to buy a new house I ________ get a mortgage (A mother to her daughter) You cannot go out with your friends. You ________ stay at home because you have fever In internal flights you ________ check in one hour before the departure I ________ go to the bank to get some money You ________ visit Paris. What a beautiful city! The doctor is very worried about my dad and has told him that he ________ work less I ________ fill the tank; it is almost empty
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Our teaches have told us that we ________ be quiet during the class (A father to his son) You will have exams in two weeks. You ________ study harder (obligation) (The police officer to the protesters) You ________ leave this place immediately I ________ leave immediately; it is very late and tomorrow I have to get up early In the petrol station we ________ switch off the engine before filling the tank The weather is really nice. We ________ go for a walk You ________ to go to the dentist; you have lost a filling (consejo muy enftico) You ________ go by plane; by car it is a very long journey You ________ read more; it is very good for your education Kevin, you ________ shave yourself; you look a little bit scruffy (A mother to her son) You ________ get up; it is very late (orden) Jane, you ________ rest; you look very tired
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The police told us that we ________ get out of the car
Exercises 1.- Elige "Must" / "Should" / "Have to" (en el tiempo correspondiente) para completar estas oraciones:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. You should speak to your brother and try to solve that problem You should come with us to the cinema; the film we are going to see is marvellous You are very fat. You should practice sport Please, we are in the church; you must stop making that unpleasant noise If you want to watch TV, first you must finish your homework If I want to buy a new house I have to get a mortgage You cannot go out with your friends. You must stay at home because you have fever In internal flights you have to check in one hour before the departure I have to go to the bank to get some money You should visit Paris. What a beautiful city! The doctor is very worried about my dad and has told him that he has to work less I have to fill the tank; it is almost empty
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Our teaches have told us that we must be quiet during the class You will have exams in two weeks. You must study harder You must leave this place immediately I have to leave immediately; it is very late and tomorrow I have to get up early In the petrol station we have to switch off the engine before filling the tank The weather is really nice. We should go for a walk You must to go to the dentist; you have lost a filling You should go by plane; by car it is a very long journey You should read more; it is very good for your education Kevin, you should shave yourself; you look a little bit scruffy You must get up; it is very late Jane, you should rest; you look very tired The police told us that we must get out of the car
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27: Preposiciones de lugar: In / On / At
Gramtica La utilizacin de estas preposiciones con expresiones de lugar tiene muchos matices. A continuacin vamos a indicar sus principales usos, si bien la mejor manera de dominar sus usos es indudablemente mediante la prctica IN a) Dentro de un espacio cerrado: in the bedroom / in my office / in your pocket / in hospital / in prison / in bed in the front / in the back of a car (pero; at the front / at the back of a cinema, of a building) O dentro de un objeto: in that book / in the water b) En un lugar abierto (sitios determinados con unos lmites definidos): in the park / in the street / in the garden / in the queue c) Con pases y ciudades: in Spain / in Madrid / in my country / in this town ON a) Sobre una superficie, con contacto fsico: on the table / on the wall / on the floor / on my shoulder / on page 103 / on the second floor b) Con las expresiones: on the left / on the right AT a) Lugar determinado:
at the door / at the window / at the trafic light / at the top of the page / at the bridge b) Con las expresiones: at home / at school / at work / at the office / at the bus stop / at the airport / at someone's house c) Con acontecimientos: at the party / at the meeting / at the conference d) Tambin se puede utiliza con edificios, con un significado diferente al de "in": at the museum (en el museo: puede ser dentro o justo fuera) in the museum (dentro del museo) e) "At" se utiliza cuando se menciona donde tuvo lugar un acto: This morning I visited the painting exposition at the National Museum Yesterday we had dinner at the new Chinese restaurant f) O con lugares abiertos con agua: "at": al lado; "in": dentro at the river (en la orilla del ro) / in the river (dentro del agua) at the lake / in the lake at the swimming pool / in the swimming pool at the sea / in the sea En numerosos casos con un mismo sustantivo se pueden utilizar diferentes preposiciones si bien el significado vara: in the car (dentro del coche) on the car (sobre el coche) at the car (dentro o justo al lado el coche) Exercises
1.- Selecciona "In" / "On" / "At" para completar las siguientes oraciones:
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I have left my luggage ________ the car My flat is ________ the tenth floor To go to that restaurant you must turn left ________ the next corner I study law ________ the Madrid University My dog plays ________ the square with a little ball In Japan people drive ________ the left, the same as in England You can find that article ________ page 15. I recommend that you read it The president of that football club is now ________ prison accused of multiple frauds When I was young I lived ________ Paris with my parents He must be very tired; he has fallen asleep ________ the sofa I will meet you at the cinema ________ 10 o'clock The eagles fly ________ the sky looking for food Look at that butterfly ________ the wall. It is so beautiful
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I have put my glasses ________ your bag. Please, look after them If you agree you must sign ________ the bottom of this document You can see my grandparents ________ this photograph I have two coins in my hand and another two ________ my pocket My kids are swimming ________ the river with their friends She was all evening ________ home listening to music I have left my car ________ the end of this street I have read that theory ________ a very old book I couldn't hear the teacher because I sat ________ the back of the classroom Do you know where there is a post box? Yes, right ________ that corner Be quiet, a little bird is ________ the window. I will try to catch it I live in Madison Avenue ________ New York City
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Exercises 1.- Selecciona "In" / "On" / "At" para completar las siguientes oraciones:
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I have left my luggage in the car My flat is on the tenth floor To go to that restaurant you must turn left at the next corner I study law at the Madrid University My dog plays in the square with a little ball In Japan people drive on the left, the same as in England You can find that article on page 15. I recommend that you read it The president of that football club is now in prison accused of multiple frauds When I was young I lived in Paris with my parents He must be very tired; he has fallen asleep on the sofa I will meet you at the cinema at 10 o'clock The eagles fly in the sky looking for food Look at that butterfly on the wall. It is so beautiful
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I have put my glasses in your bag. Please, look after them If you agree you must sign at the bottom of this document You can see my grandparents in this photograph I have two coins in my hand and another two in my pocket My kids are swimming in the river with their friends She was all evening at home listening to music I have left my car at the end of this street I have read that theory in a very old book I couldn't hear the teacher because I sat at the back of the classroom Do you know where there is a post box? Yes, right at that corner Be quiet, a little bird is at the window. I will try to catch it I live in Madison Avenue in New York City
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28: Preposiciones de lugar (II)

Gramtica Above: Por encima de The lamp hangs above the table Against: Contra I put the mirrors against the wall Among: Entre (ms de 2 personas u objetos) The Spanish flag waves among the other European ones Behind: Detrs de The child hides behind the tree Below: Debajo de The submarine sails below the surface Beside: Junto a, al lado de In the last meeting I sat beside my boss Between: entre (2 personas u objetos) I sat in the cinema between my wife and my daughter In front of: Delante de In the queue he was just in front of me Inside: Dentro de Your wallet is inside that drawer Next to: Al lado de, junto a I can see your daughter next to your house Opposite: Enfrente de
The accused stood opposite the judge Over: Por encima de , sobre You can see an eagle flying over the forest Under: Debajo de The ball is under the car Diferencias a) Above / Over Ambas preposiciones significan "por encima de" y con este sentido se pueden utilizar indistintamente. The birds fly above / over the fishing boat No obstante la preposicin "over" tiene otras acepciones: 1.- Al otro lado de: He lives over the forest 2.- De un lado a otro: There is a bridge over the railway 3.- Cubriendo: He put a blanket over his son b) Below / Under Las dos significan "por debajo de" y en este sentido se pueden utilizar en muchos casos indistintamente. The cat sleeps below / under my bed No obstante, si hay contacto fsico hay que utilizar "under", ya que "below" implica que existe un espacio entre ambos elementos I put the letter under the book The plane flys below the cloud c) In front of / Opposite Cuando se utilizan con personas:
1.- Opposite: uno delante del otro dndose la cara In the train my friend sat opposite me (enfrente de mi, cara a cara) En la mesa, para sealar que una persona est enfrente de la otra. In the restaurant my wife sat opposite me 2.- In front of: uno delante del otro, dndose la cara o la espalda My broter stand in front of me (mi hermano est delante de mi; puede ser dndome la cara o la espalda) In the cinema my son sat in front of me (mi hijo se sent delante de mi dndome la espalda; aqu no se podra utilizar "opposite") Cuando se utiliza con objetos la diferencia ya no es tan ntida, si bien en algunas situaciones se tiende a utilizar una de ellas determinada. Veamos algunos ejemplos: Dos casas en la misma calle, una enfrente de la otra: "opposite" My brother lives opposite me Un plato en la mesa enfrente de un comensal: "in front of" My mother put the plate in front of me
Exercises 1.- Selecciona una de estas preposiciones para completar las siguientes oraciones. (adems de las soluciones que aqu se dan, puede haber otras alternativas igualmente vlidas) "Above" / "Against" / "Among" / "Behind" / "Below" / "Beside" / "Between" / "In front of" / "Inside" / "Next to" / "Opposite" / "On"
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My son sat in the cinema ________ me (detrs) That restaurant is ________ the bank where I work (prximo) The springboard is ________ the swimming pool I live on the fifth floor and my brother ________ me, on the second He stopped his car ________ his house (delante) I put the ballpoint pen ________ the drawer In the cocktail party the Spanish ambassador was ________ his colleagues The book that you are looking for is ________ that shelf Peter, you left your raincoat ________ my car The winner stood on the podium ________ the second and the third After the race, he was very tired and leant ________ the tree I cannot find my glasses but I am sure that I left them ________ the keys (al lado) The parachutist jumped ________ the village
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They are building a tunnel ________ the river I sat at the table ________ my boss (enfrente) Belgium is ________ Holland and France The cat sleeps ________ the roof He put the ladder ________ the wall In this photo you can see my brother ________ friends I lived in the same street as my parents; my house is ________ theirs (enfrente) The museum is ________ the railway station (delante) It is very hot and the bull rests ________ the tree You can find the butcher's ________ the baker's (al lado) He arrived at the concert very late and was in the queue ________ me (detrs) I parked my car ________ the traffic light (prximo)
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Exercises 1.- Selecciona una de estas preposiciones para completar las siguientes oraciones. (adems de las soluciones que aqu se dan, puede haber otras alternativas igualmente vlidas) "Above" / "Against" / "Among" / "Behind" / "Below" / "Beside" / "Between" / "In front of" / "Inside" / "Next to" / "Opposite" / "On"
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. My son sat in the cinema behind me That restaurant is next to the bank where I work The springboard is above the swimming pool I live on the fifth floor and my brother below me, on the second He stopped his car in front of his house I put the ballpoint pen inside the drawer In the cocktail party the Spanish ambassador was among his colleagues The book that you are looking for is on that shelf Peter, you left your raincoat inside my car The winner stood on the podium between the second and the third After the race, he was very tired and leant against the tree I cannot find my glasses but I am sure that I left them beside the keys The parachutist jumped above the village
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They are building a tunnel below the river I sat at the table opposite my boss Belgium is between Holland and France He put the ladder against the wall The cat sleeps on the roof
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In this photo you can see my brother among friends I lived in the same street as my parents; my house is opposite theirs The museum is in front of the railway station It is very hot and the bull rests below the tree You can find the butcher's beside the baker's He arrived at the concert very late and was in the queue behind me I parked my car next to the traffic light
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29: Preposiciones de movimiento: To / In / On / At

Gramtica a) From: Indica el origen de un movimiento. We went from Paris to London I come from Spain Where do you come from? b) To: Indica el destino, el punto final de un movimiento, con verbos como: to go to / to come to / to drive to / to fly to / to travel to / to run to / to walk to I will go to America You walk to the cinema She flied to London My father drove to the beach He went to a party She went to bed La expresin "to get + to" significa llegar a un destino; se puede utilizar con cualquier destino: This morning I got to the office at 10 o'clock She got to England last week c) Into: cuando el movimiento finaliza dentro de un lugar. The police went into my house It is raining; we can go into the cinema Mientras que la preposicin "in" se utiliza habitualmente para
indicar posicin. He studies in his room d) "Out of": salir de un lugar He went out of the theatre The robbers went out of the bank with a hostage e) "On"; cuando el movimiento finaliza sobre una superficie The birds land on the tree The rain falls on the car "On" se puede utilizar tambin para indicar posicin Your glasses are on your desk f) Onto: movimiento que implica un cambio de nivel My father went up onto the roof The cat jumped onto the chair Peculiaridades 1.- Con el verbo "to arrive" no se utiliza la preposicin "to" sino: "in" (si el destino es una ciudad o un pas) "at" (si el destino es un pueblo u otros destinos) I arrived in Paris / in France She arrives at the museum / at the railway station 2.- Con el sustantivo "home" no se utiliza preposicin: To go home: ir a casa To get home: llegar a casa To come home: venir a casa
Why don't you come home? After work I went home Yesterday I got home very late Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin de movimiento para completar las siguientes oraciones. En algunas oraciones puede que no haya que utilizar ninguna preposicin; indcalo con una X. (En algunos casos podra ser igualmente valida alguna otra respuesta diferente a la que aqu se facilita)
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Can you come ________ home this evening? The students went ________ the school and crossed the road When George arrived ________ the bookshop, it was closed Jack flew ________ New York from Mexico DC Sunday morning my family goes ________ church The climber went ________ the top of the mountain We arrived ________ Paris last Friday evening Helen was coming ________ Geneva by car when she had the accident The robbers went ________ the jewellery shop before it was open After dinner we got ________ the cinema to see the new film of Almodovar It was very late so I decided to go ________ the airport by taxi The bees landed ________ the rose This road goes straight ________ the beach
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I arrived ________ school with my kids We went ________ the building through the car park If you want to go ________ Cordoba you should get the next train In the middle of the storm the fighter landed ________ the aircraft carrier The builders went ________ the scaffolding to repair the roof Oh! It is very late; we should go ________ home! The dentist arrived ________ his surgery at 10 o'clock The dog jumped ________ the bed to play with the child The train comes ________ Barcelona with a 2 hour delay This morning my brother arrived ________ work very late The snow fell ________ the court and the match had to be suspended My parents arrived ________ Athens yesterday night
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Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin de movimiento para completar las siguientes oraciones. En algunas oraciones puede que no haya que utilizar ninguna preposicin; indcalo con una X. (En algunos casos podra ser igualmente valida alguna otra respuesta diferente a la que aqu se facilita)
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Can you come home this evening? The students went out of the school and crossed the road When George arrived at the bookshop, it was closed Jack flew to New York from Mexico DC Sunday morning my family goes to church The climber went onto the top of the mountain We arrived in Paris last Friday evening Helen was coming from Geneva by car when she had the accident The robbers went into the jewellery shop before it was open After dinner we got to the cinema to see the new film of Almodovar It was very late so I decided to go to the airport by taxi The bees landed on the rose This road goes straight to the beach
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I arrived at school with my kids We went out of the building through the car park If you want to go to Cordoba you should get the next train In the middle of the storm the fighter landed on the aircraft carrier The builders went onto the scaffolding to repair the roof Oh! It is very late; we should go home! The dentist arrived at his surgery at 10 o'clock The dog jumped onto the bed to play with the child The train comes from Barcelona with a 2 hour delay This morning my brother arrived at work very late The snow fell on the court and the match had to be suspended My parents arrived in Athens yesterday night
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30: Preposiciones de movimiento (II)

Gramtica Across: de un lado a otro James swims across the river Along: a lo largo de Every morning Michael runs along the beach Down: Abajo Paul went down the hill Over: sobre, por encima de The horse jumps over the fence Round: alrededor de The dog runs round the house chasing the cat Through: a travs de Henry hit the ball and it went into the classroom through the window Towards: hacia That plane flies towards America Up: Arriba Thomas went up the stairs to take the English dictionary Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin de movimiento para completar las siguientes oraciones. Aunque en las respuestas se dan unas soluciones puede que otras alternativas tambin sean vlidas.
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Every morning I run half an hour ________ the tennis court (alrededor) He went ________ to the cellar and picked a bottle of red wine The athletes ran ________ the track training for the Olympic Games I like walking ________ the beach early in the morning The missile passed ________ the city and exploded at the airport The plane went ________ and crashed into the village The helicopter flies ________ the jungle looking for survivors of the plane crash The rescue team went ________ the mine to try to help the trapped miners The sailing boat sails ________ the beach The petrol flows ________ the pipe into the engine The river flows ________ the sea The swallows fly ________ their nests Martin ran ________ the street from one side to the other
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The fire engine ran ________ the runway while the plane on fire tried to land The ferry sails ________ the channel from France to England My cat ran ________ the tree and chased a little bird The train passed ________ the tunnel at a very high speed After the collision the Russian submarine went ________ to the surface The American rockets fly ________ Mars The storks fly ________ the tower looking for a place for their nest (alrededor) Can your horse jump ________ that fence? The bullet entered ________ the window and hit the kidnapper The terrorist went ________ the border into Italy The child kicked the ball and it went ________ the wall and hit a pedestrian
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Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin de movimiento para completar las siguientes oraciones. Aunque en las respuestas se dan unas soluciones puede que otras alternativas tambin sean vlidas.
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Every morning I run half an hour round the tennis court He went down to the cellar and picked a bottle of red wine The athletes ran round the track training for the Olympic Games I like walking along the beach a lot early in the morning The missile passed over the city and exploded at the airport The plane went down and crashed into the village The helicopter flies over the jungle looking for survivors of the plane crash The rescue team went down the mine to try to help the trapped miners The sailing boat sails along the beach The petrol flows through the pipe into the engine The river flows towards the sea The swallows fly towards their nests Martin ran across the street from one side to the other
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The fire engine ran along the runway while the plane on fire tried to land The ferry sails across the channel from France to England My cat ran up the tree and chased a little bird The train passed through the tunnel at a very high speed After the collision the Russian submarine went up to the surface The American rockets fly towards Mars The storks fly round the tower looking for a place for their nest Can your horse jump over that fence? The bullet entered through the window and hit the kidnapper The terrorist went across the border into Italy The child kicked the ball and it went over the wall and hit a pedestrian
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31: Preposiciones utilizadas con medios de transporte

Gramtica a) Viajar en un medio de transporte Si se hace referencia nicamente al medio de transporte utilizado y no a un vehculo concreto se utiliza la preposicin "by": To go by car To go by train To go by plane To go by ship To go by bus To go by motorbike To go by bicycle Tambin: By road By sea By air By rail By underground Salvo en las expresiones: On foot On horse On a bicycle Cuando se hace referencia a un vehculo concreto:
1.- Se utiliza la preposicin "in" con los siguientes vehculos: In my car In a taxi 2.- Y la preposicin "on" con los siguientes vehculos: On the bus number 12 On the 09:00 train On a very old ship On my bike b) Subir o bajar de un medio de transporte Depende del tipo de vehculo: 1.- Con "car", "taxi" se utilizan las expresiones: Get in (into): subir Get out of : bajar 2.- Con "train", "bus", "horse", "bicycle", "motorbike", etc.: Get on (onto): subir Get off : bajar 3.- Con un barco se utiliza la expresin: To go on board Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin para completar las siguientes oraciones.
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Daniel came from Israel ________ plane The accident took place when the old woman was getting ________ the taxi My house is not far from here: we can go ________ foot You can go ________ the bus number 11 to the centre of town We can go to the zoo ________ my car From Cordoba to Barcelona you can go ________ the 09:15 train Get ________ my car immediately! How do you prefer to go to England, ________ train or by bus? Come on! Get ________ the train! It is leaving The best way to move in Paris is ________ underground The police ordered me to stop and get ________ my motorbike George, it is time to go ________ board The cowboy got ________ his horse and went into the saloon
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Last summer my parents went to Rome ________ car From the airport to the hotel we went ________ a very old taxi I really enjoyed it when I went to Mallorca ________ a sailing boat The fastest way to cross the channel is ________ hovercraft The police went ________ the train and arrested two terrorists It is possible to go to the post office ________ foot? My sister went to the village ________ her bicycle The robbers went ________ a black van and drove off The fire brigade arrived to the valley ________ helicopter To go to the hospital you should get ________ the bus at the next stop The president of Italy arrived in Paris ________ plane When it is sunny I go to work ________ my bicycle
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Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin para completar las siguientes oraciones.
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Daniel came from Israel by plane The accident took place when the old woman was getting in the taxi My house is not far from here: we can go on foot You can go on the bus number 11 to the centre of town We can go to the zoo in my car From Cordoba to Barcelona you can go on the 09:15 train Get out of my car immediately! How do you prefer to go to England, by train or by bus? Come on! Get on the train! It is leaving The best way to move in Paris is by underground The police ordered me to stop and get off my motorbike George, it is time to go on board The cowboy got off his horse and went into the saloon
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Last summer my parents went to Rome by car From the airport to the hotel we went in a very old taxi I really enjoyed it when I went to Mallorca on a sailing boat The fastest way to cross the channel is by hovercraft The police went on the train and arrested two terrorists It is possible to go to the post office on foot? My sister went to the village on her bicycle The robbers went into a black van and drove off The fire brigade arrived to the valley by helicopter To go to the hospital you should get off the bus at the next stop The president of Italy arrived in Paris by plane When it is sunny I go to work on my bicycle
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32: Preposiciones de tiempo: At / On / In

Gramtica At Se utiliza para sealar momentos puntuales del da: At six o'clock At midday At breakfast time At what time? Tambin se utiliza en: At the age of 14 years At the weekend Y con periodos vacacionales oficiales: At Christmas At Easter On Con das de la semana o das determinados: On Monday On Friday evenings On my birthday On 15 November In Con meses del ao: In January, in April
Con estaciones: In winter, in autumn Con aos: In 1964 Con siglos: In the 19th century Con perodos del da: In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening (pero: at night) No obstante, si se indica a que da corresponde ese periodo entonces se utiliza "on": On Friday morning On Saturday night In + a period of time: In 10 weeks In two hours In three months Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin para completar las siguientes oraciones.
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The film starts ________ 10 o'clock I am sure that I will finish my report ________ Sunday I was born in Seville ________ 1964 I think that the best time to go to Paris is ________ Christmas My brother will arrive from London ________ Friday afternoon I want to organize a big party ________ my birthday In Madrid it is very cold ________ winter Napoleon lived ________ the 19th century We can go to the beach ________ the weekend I usually get up ________ six o'clock Normally I feel very tired ________ night The final match will take place ________ 15 November I prefer to play tennis ________ the evenings
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I started to work in this company ________ February We can go to the theatre ________ Friday evening In the office I have one hour free ________ lunch time In my family it is a tradition to dinner together ________ Christmas day The Olympic Games took place in Barcelona ________ 1992 ________ summer, Seville is full of tourist ________ the 20th century there were two world wars The American astronaut Amstrong went to the Moon ________ 1969 The first time I went to London I arrived ________ two o'clock in the morning I will finish my studies ________ December My family usually goes to mass ________ Sunday morning
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Exercises 1.- Selecciona una preposicin para completar las siguientes oraciones.
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. The film starts at 10 o'clock I am sure that I will finish my report on Sunday I was born in Seville in 1964 I think that the best time to go to Paris is at Christmas My brother will arrive from London on Friday afternoon I want to organize a big party on my birthday In Madrid it is very cold in winter Napoleon lived in the 19th century We can go to the beach at the weekend I usually get up at six o'clock Normally I feel very tired at night The final match will take place on 15 November I prefer to play tennis in the evenings
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I started to work in this company in February We can go to the theatre on Friday evening In the office I have one hour free at lunch time In my family it is a tradition to dinner together on Christmas day The Olympic Games took place in Barcelona in 1992 In summer, Seville is full of tourist In the 20th century there were two world wars The American astronaut Amstrong went to the Moon in 1969 The first time I went to London I arrived at two o'clock in the morning I will finish my studies in December My family usually goes to mass on Sunday morning
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33: For / Since

Gramtica Ambas preposiciones se utilizan para indicar la duracin de una accin: Since: indica el comienzo de la accin. La accin se prolonga hasta el momento en que habla el emisor. For: seala la duracin de la accin. Ejemplos: I have been living in Seville since last june (y sigo viviendo) I haven't seen you since last week (y hasta este momento no te he visto) Yesterday I studied for three hours I have been living in Seville for 1 year I haven't seen you for a week Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "for" o "since".
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I have been studying mathematics ________ three hours George has worked in this company ________ 8 years The socialist party has been in power ________ March 2004 This terrorist has been in prison ________ three years My mother has been travelling ________ last April The oil price has been going up ________ three months Alice has been in her bedroom ________ two hours We have been married ________ 1992 The socialist party has been in power ________ 6 months What weather! It has been snowing ________ two days It is unbelievable. They have been arguing ________ 6 o'clock The oil price has been going up ________ last March My French teacher has been ill ________ one week
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I have been studying mathematics ________ 4 o'clock This terrorist has been in prison ________ 2001 My boyfriend has been sleeping ________ 7 o'clock yesterday evening My mother has been travelling ________ 4 months Alice has been in her bedroom ________ 6 o'clock George has worked in this company ________ 1997 My boyfriend has been sleeping ________ 15 hours We have been married ________ 12 years It is unbelievable. They have been arguing ________ 4 hours My French teacher has been ill ________ last week Our king has been abroad ________ 10 days It has been snowing ________ Thursday
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Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "for" o "since".
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I have been studying mathematics for three hours George has worked in this company for 8 years The socialist party has been in power since March 2004 This terrorist has been in prison for three years My mother has been travelling since last April The oil price has been going up for three months Alice has been in her bedroom for two hours We have been married since 1992 The socialist party has been in power for 6 months What weather! It has been snowing for two days It is unbelievable. They have been arguing since 6 o'clock The oil price has been going up since last March My French teacher has been ill for one week
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I have been studying mathematics since 4 o'clock This terrorist has been in prison since 2001 My boyfriend has been sleeping since 7 o'clock yesterday evening My mother has been travelling for 4 months Alice has been in her bedroom since 6 o'clock George has worked in this company since 1997 My boyfriend has been sleeping for 15 hours We have been married for 12 years It is unbelievable. They have been arguing for 4 hours My French teacher has been ill since last week Our king has been abroad for 10 days It has been snowing since Thursday
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34: For / During

Gramtica Las dos preposiciones se traducen por "durante". 1.- For + (periodo de tiempo): describe la duracin temporal de una accin. For three hours For one week For two years,... No se puede decir: During three hours, During one week, During two years 2.- During + sustantivo: seala el momento durante el cual se desarrolla la accin, NO la duracin de sta. Indica un periodo de tiempo que tiene nombre propio. During the summer During the concert During the meal During the holidays During the Middle Ages During my childhood,... Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "for" o "during".
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I have been waiting here ________ three hours The plumber has been repairing the tap ________ 1 hour I learnt to play tennis ________ my childhood My wife phoned me ________ the film Next December my friend is going abroad ________ two weeks I made a lot of friends ________ my holiday in Greece My boss received my message ________ the meeting The Conservative Party has been in power ________ 8 years The goal keeper injured himself ________ the match James has been in hospital ________ 10 days It snowed ________ two days and we had to stay at home The child has been crying ________ hours The murderer has been sent to prison ________ 15 years
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Jennifer started feeling bad ________ the meal The robber entered my house ________ the night I got married ________ the summer of 1992 She has been reading the newspaper ________ half an hour The student has been doing his homework ________ 3 hours My son has been learning English ________ 6 years It rained a lot ________ Christmas Workers didn't receive their salaries ________ the strike I have been living in Spain ________ 5 years The student has been doing his homework ________ the evening Andrew has been very ill ________ this winter I fell asleep ________ the afternoon
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Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "for" o "during".
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I have been waiting here for three hours The plumber has been repairing the tap for 1 hour My wife phoned me during the film I learnt to play tennis during my childhood Next December my friend is going abroad for two weeks I made a lot of friends during my holiday in Greece My boss received my message during the meeting The Conservative Party has been in power for 8 years The goal keeper injured himself during the match James has been in hospital for 10 days It snowed for two days and we had to stay at home The child has been crying for hours The murderer has been sent to prison for 15 years
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Jennifer started feeling bad during the meal The robber entered my house during the night I got married during the summer of 1992 She has been reading the newspaper for half an hour The student has been doing his homework for 3 hours My son has been learning English for 6 years It rained a lot during Christmas Workers didn't receive their salaries during the strike I have been living in Spain for 5 years The student has been doing his homework during the evening Andrew has been very ill during this winter I fell asleep during the afternoon
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35: From / Since

Gramtica 1.- From: desde. Se utiliza con expresiones de tiempo y lugar. Se suele utilizar conjuntamente con las preposiciones "to" (de tiempo o lugar) o "till / until" (expresiones de tiempo). Con ellas se indica el principio y el final de un periodo o de un movimiento. Se utiliza cuando la accin ya ha terminado o no ha empezado todava. He lived in Madrid from 1990 to / till 1995 We walked from the school to the bus stop Cuando no va la preposicin "from" hay que utilizar las preposiciones "till / until" pero no "to" He lived in Madrid till 1995 2.- Since: desde Se utiliza con expresiones de tiempo, nunca expresiones de lugar. Con ella se indica el principio du un periodo que se extiende haste el momento en el que se desarrolla la accin principal. Simce se suele utilizar con present perfect o past perfect We have been married since 1992 Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "from" / "since" o "till".
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I have been living in Spain ________ 1995 This train goes ________ Barcelona to Paris I work every morning ________ 9 o'clock to 12 o'clock She told me that she had been waiting ________ 7 o'clock My teacher will be at school ________ 10 o'clock I have been working in this company ________ I finished my studies The meeting will last ________ 5 o'clock to 7 o'clock This motorway goes ________ London to Manchester I haven't seen him ________ his divorce David studied at the university ________ 1991 to 1996 Alice has been dancing ________ midnight These workers have been on strike ________ last Christmas Where do you come ________ ?
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Kevin has been abroad ________ Saturday This flight goes ________ Rome to London I haven't felt well ________ yesterday evening My father will be out of his office ________ 08:30 to 10 o'clock I was unemployed ________ January to March Last summer I went by bike ________ Madrid to Paris in 10 days The Spanish prime minister has been in power ________ 2004 I waited for him ________ 2 o'clock to 3:30 Emma has been ill ________ her childhood I will be in London ________ Monday to Friday This supermarket opens ________ 9 o'clock to 5:30 That terrorist has been in prison ________ 1996
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Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "from" / "since" o "till".
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I have been living in Spain since 1995 This train goes from Barcelona to Paris I work every morning from 9 o'clock to 12 o'clock She told me that she had been waiting since 7 o'clock My teacher will be at school till 10 o'clock I have been working in this company since I finished my studies The meeting will last from 5 o'clock to 7 o'clock This motorway goes from London to Manchester I haven't seen him since his divorce David studied at the university from 1991 to 1996 Alice has been dancing since midnight These workers have been on strike since last Christmas Where do you come from?
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Kevin has been abroad since Saturday This flight goes from Rome to London I haven't felt well since yesterday evening My father will be out of his office from 08:30 to 10 o'clock I was unemployed from January to March Last summer I went by bike from Madrid to Paris in 10 days The Spanish prime minister has been in power since 2004 I waited for him from 2 o'clock to 3:30 Emma has been ill since her childhood I will be in London from Monday to Friday This supermarket opens from 9 o'clock to 5:30 That terrorist has been in prison since 1996
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36: Like / As
Gramtica Cuando se utilizan como preposiciones van seguidas de un sustantivo o de un pronombre. "Like" se traduce por "como / igual que / similar a / parecido a" con el sentido de similitud. Se trata de una comparacin: He behaved like a kid (no es que fuera un nio, pero lo pareca) Your car is fast like a rocket He looks like his father "As" se traduce tambin por "como" con el sentido de "en calidad de". Se trata de una identidad. Use this rope as a belt (la cuerda no se parece a un cinturn, pero se utiliza haciendo la funcin de cinturn) The army used this building as its headquarters En el siguiente ejemplo se puede ver la diferencia entre "like" y "as": My house is always full of people, it is like a hotel (es parecido a un hotel) The building where I live was used before as a hotel (funcion en calidad de hotel) Tambin se utiliza la preposicin "as" con profesiones: My brother works as a lawyer "As" se puede utilizar tambin como conjuncin en cuyo caso va seguido por una oracin (sujeto + verbo). Se traduce por "como". The terrorist acted as we expected Do your homework as your teacher has told you
Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "like" o "as".
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My boss is very strict; he is ________ a sergeant His house is very big; it is ________ a castle He has found a job in Marbella ________ a gardener The thief threatened the old couple using a screwdriver ________ a weapon During the war they used this local road ________ an airfield You must reply to the judge ________ your lawyer has told you When I finished my studies I started working ________ an accountant What a beautiful place! It is ________ paradise Can you swim that distance ________ fast as I can? My wife always behaves ________ her mother What a big dog! It is ________ a pony What a scandal in the restaurant! That person behaved ________ a clown Be careful! That dog is fierce ________ a tiger
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When he was young he worked in Paris ________ a postman Helen didn't pass her exam ________ we expected You can go to work walking ________ I do. It is very healthy When he was attacked in the street he reacted ________ a coward In summer they use the local school ________ a sports centre She is very funny. I really ________ people like her Who is that guy? He looks ________ my teacher I have brought you this book ________ I promised I wouldn't have reacted ________ you did Edward is really angry. He looks ________ a madman What a fantastic swimming pool! It is really big, ________ a lake George, you can work here ________ my assistant
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Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con "like" o "as".
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. My boss is very strict; he is like a sergeant His house is very big; it is like a castle He has found a job in Marbella as a gardener The thief threatened the old couple using a screwdriver as a weapon During the war they used this local road as an airfield You must reply to the judge as your lawyer has told you When I finished my studies I started working as an accountant What a beautiful place! It is like paradise Can you swim that distance as fast as I can? My wife always behaves like her mother What a big dog! It is like a pony What a scandal in the restaurant! That person behaved like a clown Be careful! That dog is fierce like a tiger
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When he was young he worked in Paris as a postman Helen didn't pass her exam as we expected You can go to work walking as I do. It is very healthy When he was attacked in the street he reacted like a coward In summer they use the local school as a sports centre She is very funny. I really like people like her Who is that guy? He looks like my teacher I have brought you this book as I promised I wouldn't have reacted as you did Edward is really angry. He looks like a madman What a fantastic swimming pool! It is really big, like a lake George, you can work here as my assistant
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Adjetivos seguidos de preposiciones
Gramtica According + to Accustomed + to Afraid, frightened, terrified, scared, proud, ashamed, jealous, envious, suspicious + of (someone / something) Angry, annoyed, furious + about (something) / with (someone for doing something) Anxious + about Aware, conscious + of (something) Capable, incapable + of (something) Crowded + with (people) Delighted, pleased, satisfied, disappointed, bored, fed up + with (something) Different + from (someone / something) Excited, worried, upset + about (something) Famous + for (something) Fit + for Fond + of (someone / something) Full + of (something) Good, bad, excellent+ at (doing something) / for (someone / something) Impressed + by (someone / something) Interested + in (something)
Keen + on (something) Married, engaged + to (someone) Nervous + of Nice, kind, good, generous, mean, stupid, silly, intelligent, clever, polite, rude, unreasonable + of (someone) Prepared + for Ready + for Responsible + for (something) Short + of (something) Similar + to (something) Sorry + about (something) / for (doing something) Successful + in Surprised, shocked, amazed, astonished + by (something) Tired + of (something) Used + to Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con una preposicin.
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He was impressed ________ the prices of the houses The man is very fond ________ his son I think that Daniel is not fit ________ the marathon It was very nice ________ you to lend me your car Thomas was surprised ________ his boss's decision When I was a child I was frightened ________ wolves I am completely ashamed ________ your behaviour The teacher was conscious ________ her efforts I am used ________ working very hard It is very good ________ you to practice tennis He was really angry ________ his neighbour for doing barbecues It was very intelligent ________ you to call the police You have been always generous ________ me
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I am not used ________ criticisms! We are short ________ coffee; we should buy some I am very suspicious ________ her kindness It has been very polite ________ your parents to invite me for dinner I am very upset ________ today's earthquake in Spain My wife is very interested ________ French cooking Gary is very bad ________ foreign languages According ________ his information our company has merged with an Italian one You have been very rude ________ your sister My brother was furious ________ me for taking his racket It was very stupid ________ the referee to award a penalty to the visiting team It was very kind ________ him to help me with my exam I am scared ________ that man who looked at me persistently
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I am aware ________ your claim but I cannot do nothing Jack is very famous ________ his music In August the Spanish beaches are crowded ________ tourists My friend has got married ________ an English girl I regret to tell you that you are not prepared ________ this exam You are completely different ________ your brothers and sisters I am very worried ________ my son's health I am excited ________ going to the beach this weekend
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Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con una preposicin.
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. He was impressed by the prices of the houses The man is very fond of his son I think that Daniel is not fit for the marathon It was very nice of you to lend me your car Thomas was surprised by his boss's decision When I was a child I was frightened of wolves I am completely ashamed of your behaviour The teacher was conscious of her efforts I am used to working very hard It is very good for you to practice tennis He was really angry with his neighbour for doing barbecues It was very intelligent of you to call the police You have been always generous to me
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I am not used to criticisms! We are short of coffee; we should buy some I am very suspicious of her kindness It has been very polite of your parents to invite me for dinner I am very upset about today's earthquake in Spain My wife is very interested in French cooking Gary is very bad at foreign languages According to his information our company has merged with an Italian one You have been very rude to your sister My brother was furious with me for taking his racket It was very stupid of the referee to award a penalty to the visiting team It was very kind of him to help me with my exam I am scared of that man who looked at me persistently I am aware of your claim but I cannot do nothing
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Jack is very famous for his music In August the Spanish beaches are crowded with tourists My friend has got married to an English girl I regret to tell you that you are not prepared for this exam You are completely different from your brothers and sisters I am very worried about my son's health I am excited about going to the beach this weekend
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My family is completely shocked ________ his death I am very pleased ________ my promotion It was very clever ________ the robber to be able to pass all the security checks It is unreasonable ________ you to demand that compensation When I was in the Caribbean I was afraid ________ the hurricanes It was silly ________ you to enter in that shop with your dog He was jealous ________ her former boyfriend I was very disappointed ________ my colleagues William was annoyed ________ his wife for buying a new washingmachine His father was always very mean ________ him I am delighted ________ this weather Thomas was amazed ________ her superb performance I am tired ________ this stupid book
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Simon has always been very successful ________ making money The child was very sorry ________ breaking the window It is excellent ________ your health to run half an hour every morning The president is responsible ________ the results of the company Your car is similar ________ mine I am ready ________ my wedding The parents were anxious ________ the results of their son's operation That spy was capable ________ betraying his country Janet was always envious ________ her sister's beauty You have always been very good ________ me I am really satisfied ________ my new car This mother was very proud ________ her daughter The students were nervous ________ their examination results It is disgusting! This beach is full ________ rubbish
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My sister is engaged ________ my best friend Richard is terrified ________ flying I am very keen ________ playing tennis
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0 Respuestas Correctas 1. My family is completely shocked by his death I am very pleased with my promotion It was very clever of the robber to be able to pass all the security checks It is unreasonable of you to demand that compensation When I was in the Caribbean I was afraid of the hurricanes It was silly of you to enter in that shop with your dog He was jealous of her former boyfriend I was very disappointed with my colleagues William was annoyed with his wife for buying a new washing-machine His father was always very mean to him I am delighted with this weather Thomas was amazed by her superb performance I am tired of this stupid book
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Simon has always been very successful in making money The child was very sorry for breaking the window It is excellent for your health to run half an hour every morning The president is responsible for the results of the company Your car is similar to mine I am ready for my wedding The parents were anxious about the results of their son's operation That spy was capable of betraying his country Janet was always envious of her sister's beauty You have always been very good to me I am really satisfied with my new car This mother was very proud of her daughter The students were nervous of their examination results It is disgusting! This beach is full of rubbish
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My sister is engaged to my best friend Richard is terrified of flying I am very keen on playing tennis
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38: Verbos + preposiciones
Gramtica To accuse (someone) of (something) To apologise to (someone) for (something) To apply for (a job) To ask (someone) about (someone / something) To ask (someone) for (something) (pedir algo) To believe in (something) To belong to (someone) To blame (someone / something) for (something) To borrow (something) from (someone) To compare (something) with (something) To complain to (someone) about (someone / something) To concentrate on (something) To congratulate (someone) on (something) To crash into (something) (estrellarse) To depend on (someone / something)
To die of (an illness) To divide (something) into (parts) To dream about (someone / something) To explain (a problem) to (someone) To forgive (someone) for (something) To happen to (someone / something) To hear about (something) To insist on To invite (someone) to (a party) To laugh at To listen to (someone / something) To look after (someone / something) To look at (someone / something) To look for (someone / something) (to try to find) To look forward to To object to (someone / something) To pay (someone) for (something) To persist in To prefer (someone / something) to (someone / something) To prepare for To protect (someone / something) from (someone / something) To provide (someone) with (something) To punish (someone) for (something)
To remind (someone) of (someone / something) (me hace redordar) To remind (someone) about (something) (recordarle a alguien algo) To run into (something) (estrellarse) / (someone) (atropellar) To spend (money) on (something) To shout at (someone) (angrily) / to (someone) (para que se entere) To smile at To speak to (someone) about (someone / something) To succeed in To suffer from (an illness) To take care of (someone / something) To talk to (someone) about (someone / something) To thank (someone) for (something) To think about (someone / something) (reflexionar sobre algo, recordar) To think of (pensar en algo, imaginar, recordar) To throw (something) at (someone / something) (para golpearle) To throw (something) to (someone / something) (para que lo coja) To translate (a book) from (one language) into (another language) To wait for (someone / something) To warn(someone) about (someone / something) To write to (someone)
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Next Friday I have to look ________ my kids He lost control of his car and ran ________ the news-stand You must think ________ your marriage; it doesn't work Last Sunday I had to borrow a tennis racket ________ my brother That old lady spent all her money ________ gambling Our president persists ________ his arguments to oppose the merger I have been thinking ________ your proposals but I definitively cannot accept it This scarf belongs ________ my wife I didn't hear ________ your divorce Do you believe ________ God? Have you heard that the prime minister has died ________ a heart attack? You should write ________ your parents; you haven't seen them for a very long time
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Be quiet, please! Your brother has to concentrate ________ his exam The embassy provided the detainee ________ legal assistance What a party! Tom was all night talking ________ me about his girlfriend Victoria cannot come with us; she has to take care ________ her youngest brother I want to congratulate you ________ your birthday The father shouted ________ his son when he threw the stone If you have finished your studies you should apply ________ a job I warned you ________ your neighbours You should ask your brother ________ money The police has accused these detainees ________ being responsible of the terrorist attacks That African country depends ________ foreign aid for survival In class you must listen ________ the teacher
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He cannot walk; he suffers ________ a very rare disease Have you invited my cousins ________ the party? We should look ________ a new flat; this one has become too small for us I am getting angry; they are laughing ________ me After the accident we had to wait ________ the judge
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Next Friday I have to look after my kids He lost control of his car and ran into the news-stand You must think about your marriage; it doesn't work Last Sunday I had to borrow a tennis racket from my brother That old lady spent all her money on gambling Our president persists in his arguments to oppose the merger I have been thinking about your proposals but I definitively cannot accept it This scarf belongs to my wife I didn't hear about your divorce Do you believe in God?
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Have you heard that the prime minister has died of a heart attack? You should write to your parents; you haven't seen them for a very long time
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Be quiet, please! Your brother has to concentrate on his exam The embassy provided the detainee with legal assistance What a party! Tom was all night talking to me about his girlfriend Victoria cannot come with us; she has to take care of her youngest brother I want to congratulate you on your birthday The father shouted at his son when he threw the stone If you have finished your studies you should apply for a job I warned you about your neighbours You should ask your brother for money The police has accused these detainees of being responsible of the terrorist attacks That African country depends on foreign aid for survival In class you must listen to the teacher He cannot walk; he suffers from a very rare disease
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Have you invited my cousins to the party? We should look for a new flat; this one has become too small for us I am getting angry; they are laughing at me After the accident we had to wait for the judge
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He didn't come last night; What could have happened ________ him? You cannot blame your son ________ the accident; he drove carefully The bus crashed ________ a fountain but no one was injured When she left the hospital she thanked the doctors ________ their treatment Margaret is so nice! All the time smiling ________ me You must punish your son ________ breaking the window Your brother is crazy; he threw a hammer ________ me My wife objected ________ my idea of selling the house When the fire broke out in the building the neighbours prepared ________ the evacuation I explained that theory ________ my son Look ________ the sky! It is full of stars You should protect your kids ________ the sun with some lotion
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The general director spoke ________ his team about the new plans This morning I had to remind my son ________ his exam I am looking forward ________ my holidays Can you throw that magazine ________ me, please? John, you should apologise to the teacher ________ your behaviour I prefer Picasso ________ Dal Last night I dreamt ________ our next trip Please, don't insist ________ that subject; the decision has been taken Could you divide this cake ________ 5 parts? You should forgive him ________ that mistake Do you know who can translate this document ________ German to Spanish? You cannot compare the present situation ________ the one that existed ten years ago
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When he was young he succeeded ________ rugby I will complain to the chef ________ the meal
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. He didn't come last night; What could have happened to him? You cannot blame your son for the accident; he drove carefully The bus crashed into a fountain but no one was injured When she left the hospital she thanked the doctors for their treatment Margaret is so nice! All the time smiling at me You must punish your son for breaking the window Your brother is crazy; he threw a hammer at me My wife objected to my idea of selling the house When the fire broke out in the building the neighbours prepared for the evacuation I explained that theory to my son Look at the sky! It is full of stars You should protect your kids from the sun with some lotion
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The general director spoke to his team about the new plans This morning I had to remind my son about his exam I am looking forward to my holidays Can you throw that magazine to me, please? John, you should apologise to the teacher for your behaviour I prefer Picasso to Dal
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Last night I dreamt about our next trip Please, don't insist on that subject; the decision has been taken Could you divide this cake into 5 parts? You should forgive him for that mistake Do you know who can translate this document from German to Spanish? You cannot compare the present situation with the one that existed ten years ago When he was young he succeeded in rugby
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I will complain to the chef about the meal
39: Conjunciones
Gramtica And I study and my brother watches TV As (mientras; la 2 accin ocurre antes de que la 1 haya finalizado, o evolucionan paralelamente) As he grew older he became more aggressive Because (porque) You cannot go to the party because you are too young Both...and Both the Spanish team and the English one play football quite well But I studied very hard but I didn't pass the exam Either...or I have to decide to go either to Paris or to London However (como quiera, sin embargo) I explained my problem to him, however he didn't understand it If (si -condicional-) If he studys he will pas his exams Neither... nor
I like neither this tie nor that one Nevertheless (sin embargo) I didn't receive an invitation to the party; nevertheless I went there Not only...but also My brother not only speaks French but also German Or From here to Gibraltar you can go by train or by car Otherwise (de otro modo) We must leave now, otherwise we will lose our flight So (por lo tanto) It was raining a lot, so we decided to rest at home That (que) I didn't know that you had bought a new car Therefore (mismo significado que "so" pero ms formal) I had fever; therefore I didn't go to work Though (aunque, pero) ("Although" tiene el mismo significado pero es ms formal) He didn't admit his fault, though he knew it was his responsibility Unless (a menos que) Unless you study more you wont pass your exams When (cuando; las dos oraciones ocurren simultneamente o una detrs de la otra) When the weather is good lots of people go to the beach
Diferencia entre When / as Las 2 se utilizan para acciones paralelas. La conjuncin "when" tambin se utiliza cuando una accin ocurre despus de la otra: When you finish your homework you will play with your friends "As" tambin se emplea cuando una accin ocurre antes que finalice la otra As I flew to Barcelona I started feeling bad While (mientras) While I was away my house was burgled Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con una conjuncin. (Aparte de la solucin que se indica puede haber otras altrenativas igualmente vlidas)
1.
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He promised to go to the party ________ at the end he stayed at home The climbers were exhausted; ________ they could reach the top I speak ________ English nor French Last year he bought a new car ________ a new house I have studied English all my life; ________ I don't speak well The police are not sure ________ this has been a terrorist attack ________ Spain and Portugal became members of the European Union the same year We didn't have enough money, ________ we decided to postpone our trip I should buy either a car ________ a motorbike He didn't enjoy the party ________ left very early Not only did he loose his wallet ________ also his car keys Yesterday I met an old friend ________ we talked for almost an
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hour
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He was condemned ________ he had a very convincing alibi His party won the past elections; ________ he will be the next President (formal) I don't know if I should call my mother now ________ do it a bit later If you see my brother, please tell him ________ mum wants to speak to him ________ he left prison he started a completely new life Their marriage worked ________ they argued very often I am sure that he will win ________ a gold medal or a silver one Not only have they been to the Caribbean Sea ________ also to Argentina ________ you go to bed now, tomorrow you won't get up early My father wanted to buy a new car ________ he didn't have enough money The President has promised ________ he will lower the taxes
24.
He likes ________ tennis nor football He wasn't invited to the wedding ________ he went all the same You have to decide whether to come with us ________ to stay at home He both plays ________ sings really well He didn't pass the exam ________ he couldn't enter the university My son ________ my daughter can look after your children ________ lions and tigers can be very dangerous
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Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes oraciones con una conjuncin. (Aparte de la solucin que se indica puede haber otras altrenativas igualmente vlidas)
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. He promised to go to the party but at the end he stayed at home The climbers were exhausted; nevertheless they could reach the top I speak neither English nor French Last year he bought a new car and a new house I have studied English all my life; however I don't speak well The police are not sure that this has been a terrorist attack Both Spain and Portugal became members of the European Union the same year We didn't have enough money, so we decided to postpone our trip I should buy either a car or a motorbike He didn't enjoy the party and left very early Not only did he loose his wallet but also his car keys Yesterday I met an old friend and we talked for almost an
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He was condemned though he had a very convincing alibi His party won the past elections; therefore he will be the next President I don't know if I should call my mother now or do it a bit later If you see my brother, please tell him that mum wants to speak to him When he left prison he started a completely new life Their marriage worked though they argued very often I am sure that he will win either a gold medal or a silver one Not only have they been to the Caribbean Sea but also to Argentina Unless you go to bed now, tomorrow you won't get up early My father wanted to buy a new car but he didn't have enough money The President has promised that he will lower the taxes
24.
He likes neither tennis nor football He wasn't invited to the wedding but he went all the same You have to decide whether to come with us or to stay at home He both plays and sings really well He didn't pass the exam so he couldn't enter the university My son or my daughter can look after your children Both lions and tigers can be very dangerous
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I voted for him; ________ I don't totally agree with his ideas ________ you change your behaviour, you will have problems with your boss He wasn't the favourite; ________ he won the tournament What do you want, coffee ________ tea? I like listening to music a lot ________ it relax me ________ you had studied a bit harder you would have passed your exams I prepared breakfast ________ my wife was still sleeping ________ you finish the ironing, please place the clothes in the wardrobe I watched her ________ she danced ________ alcohol and tobacco are very harmful for our health Now he can be either at home ________ in the office
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He didn't convince the judge, ________ he was condemned ________ you hurry up you will miss your train I had lost my passport; ________ I could not travel to USA He was really brilliant, ________ he wasn't successful in his professional life The police want to speak to you ________ you saw the accident Caroline didn't speak French ________ she had lived in Paris for 10 years (formal) He didn't speak Spanish; ________ he understood what I told him My son studies ________ my daughter listens to music I could do my homework ________ I waited for the train to go back home My sister is vegetarian; she eats ________ meat nor fish The hurricane reached the cost; ________ the fishing fleet stayed in the
port
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James didn't confess ________ he was a member of that gang Not only has he lost his job ________ also his wife has left him They were very much in love ________ their marriage didn't work I am very angry with my children ________ they don't obey me The accused not only attacked the old couple ________ also burnt their car ________ you convince your mother you can go with us to the cinema ________ he arrived home he saw the police there waiting for him This Saturday we can ________ go to the beach or to the mountains
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I voted for him; however I don't totally agree with his ideas Unless you change your behaviour, you will have problems with your boss He wasn't the favourite; nevertheless he won the tournament What do you want, coffee or tea? I like listening to music a lot because it relax me If you had studied a bit harder you would have passed your exams I prepared breakfast as my wife was still sleeping When you finish the ironing, please place the clothes in the wardrobe I watched her as she danced Both alcohol and tobacco are very harmful for our health
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Now he can be either at home or in the office He didn't convince the judge, so he was condemned Unless you hurry up you will miss your train I had lost my passport; therefore I could not travel to USA He was really brilliant, however he wasn't successful in his professional life The police want to speak to you because you saw the accident Caroline didn't speak French although she had lived in Paris for 10 years He didn't speak Spanish; nevertheless he understood what I told him My son studies and my daughter listens to music I could do my homework as I waited for the train to go back home My sister is vegetarian; she eats neither meat nor fish
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The hurricane reached the cost; therefore the fishing fleet stayed in the port James didn't confess that he was a member of that gang Not only has he lost his job but also his wife has left him They were very much in love but their marriage didn't work I am very angry with my children because they don't obey me The accused not only attacked the old couple but also burnt their car If you convince your mother you can go with us to the cinema When he arrived home he saw the police there waiting for him This Saturday we can either go to the beach or to the mountains
40: Phrasal verbs: To Break

Gramtica El phrasal verb es una combinacin de verbo + partcula (preposicin / adverbio). La partcula hace cambiar el significado del verbo. En ingls se utilizan hasta 5.000 phrasal verbs.
Los verbos ms utilizados en la formacin de phrasal verbs son: to come, to get, to go, to look, to make, to put, to take Las prticulas que suelen acompaar a estos verbos son: about, around, away, back, down, for, in, into, off, on, out, over, through, up, with, Phrasal verbs: "To Break" Atencin: (tr.): Transitivo, va acompaado de complemento directo (intr.) Intransitivo, no lleva complemento directo To break down (tr.): Derribar algo utilizando la fuerza The police broke down the door to get into the house To break down (tr.): Dividir un total en diferentes subrgrupos Could you break down the total sales of your company into countries? To break down (intr.): Derrumbarse una persona fsica o mentalmente When he heard about his father's death he broke down To break down (intr.): Dejar una mquina de funcionar Last Sunday, coming back from the beach my car broke down To break in (intr.) / into (tr.): entrar en un sitio
utilizando la fuerza para robar The robbers broke into the bank during the night To break in (intr.) / into (tr.): Interrumpir a alguien que est hablando de forma descorts (Ingls americano) When the teacher was explaining the lesson one student broke in with a stupid remark To break off (tr. / intr.): Separar un trozo de algo A big branch broke off and fell onto the car To break off (tr.): Romper un compromiso / unas negociaciones My company broke off its agreement with the local authorities To break off (intr.): Parar de repente de hablar He was talking to us about his trip but suddenly broke off without any reason To break out (intr.): Estallar (guerras, epidemias, fuego) The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936 To break out (intr.): Escapar de prision Two very dangerous prisoners broke out of prison and disappeared To break up (tr./intr.): destruir, desintegrar The rocket broke up when it entered the atmosphere To break up (intr.): Finalizar (meeting, fiesta, curso escolar...) (Ingls americano) The meeting with our salesmen broke up at 2 o'clock in the morning
Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de la solucin que se indica puede haber otras altrenativas igualmente vlidas)
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My computer broke ________ yesterday evening and I couldn't finish my report My girlfriend broke ________ our engagement two months before our wedding I planned to go to Madrid on my motorbike but it broke ________ You always break ________ when I speak He very often does that, starts talking and suddenly breaks ________ A war between these two countries can break ________ at any moment He took a sheet and broke ________ a piece The two companies broke ________ their negotiation without any explanation Do you know how the Spanish population breaks ________ into age-groups?
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The couple were arguing but broke ________ when their daughter appeared The thieves broke ________ my flat during the night Two terrorists have broken ________ of prison by helicopter A big rock broke ________ and rolled down the mountains Mexico broke ________ diplomatic relation with Cuba due to different disagreements The managing director broke ________ the number of clients into 5 different categories Our wedding celebration broke ________ at 6 o'clock in the morning After winning the tournament the tennis player broke ________ Two planes crashed in the air and broke ________
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It is very impolite to break ________ when another person speaks A tile broke ________ and fell out of the roof My lawnmower broke ________ and now I had to call a mechanic That family broke ________ after the parents' divorce Two persons broke ________ the National Museum and stole a very famous painting The English Summer Course broke ________ at 31st August He hit the door and broke it ________ Three very dangerous terrorists have broken ________ of jail and the police is on the alert My boss got furious because someone broke ________ when he was telling us about the new campaign The fire in the warehouse broke ________ at 4 o'clock in the
morning
29.
When my friend knew he had been fired he broke ________
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. My computer broke down yesterday evening and I couldn't finish my report My girlfriend broke off our engagement two months before our wedding I planned to go to Madrid on my motorbike but it broke down You always break in when I speak He very often does that, starts talking and suddenly breaks off A war between these two countries can break out at any moment He took a sheet and broke off a piece The two companies broke off their negotiation without any explanation Do you know how the Spanish population breaks down into agegroups?
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The couple were arguing but broke off when their daughter appeared The thieves broke into my flat during the night Two terrorists have broken out of prison by helicopter A big rock broke off and rolled down the mountains Mexico broke off diplomatic relation with Cuba due to different disagreements The managing director broke down the number of clients into 5 different categories Our wedding celebration broke up at 6 o'clock in the morning After winning the tournament the tennis player broke down Two planes crashed in the air and broke up It is very impolite to break in when another person speaks
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A tile broke off and fell out of the roof My lawnmower broke down and now I had to call a mechanic That family broke up after the parents' divorce Two persons broke into the National Museum and stole a very famous painting The English Summer Course broke up at 31st August He hit the door and broke it down Three very dangerous terrorists have broken out of jail and the police is on the alert My boss got furious because someone broke in when he was telling us about the new campaign The fire in the warehouse broke out at 4 o'clock in the morning When my friend knew he had been fired he broke down
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Phrasal verbs: To Call
Gramtica To call at (a place): Visitar por un corto periodo de tiempo I called at the chemist's to buy some medicines To call back (intr.): Volver a un lugar con objeto de visitar a alguien o recoger algo (ya que antes no se hizo) I left my glasses in my brother's house; I have to call back to pick them To call for (someone / something): Visitar un lugar para recoger a alguien o algo I have to go to the airport to call for a friend who comes from Russia To call for (something): necesitar o requerir, demandar una accin particular o una cualidad The behaviour of that football player called for an exemplary sanction To call in (a person): Llamar a alguien para que venga a casa a realizar algn servicio Yesterday night my wife had to call in a plumber to fix a tab To call in (intr.): Visitar un lugar / una persona por un corto periodo de tiempo, normalmente de paso hacia otro sitio During my last trip to Madrid I had time to call in and see my brother To call off (something): cancelar algo que an no ha empezado o abandnar algo que ya estaba en progreso The concert had to be called off because of the few
people interested To call (someone) up: telefonear My mother called me up this morning to know our plans for the week-end Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de la solucin que se indica puede haber otras altrenativas igualmente vlidas)
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If I have time this morning I will call ________ the lawyer to pick some documents up Yesterday evening we couldn't open the front door and had to call ________ a locksmith My boss had to go immediately to Madrid and the meeting had to be called ________ If you are going into town you can call ________ the travel agency and ask for our plane tickets Someone has called you ________ but I don't remember his name I left my luggage in the hotel and called ________ them later I forgot my handbag in the shop; I have to call ________ Congratulations! You passed your exams; this call ________ a party If you have time this evening, please call
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________ and tell me about your last trip For economic reason the opera Carmen in Seville has been called ________ If you go to mass this evening can you call ________ me, please? The accused suffered a heart attack and the trial had to be called ________ My God! I haven't switched off the central heating in the office; I have to call ________ immediately Your granny will arrive at 5 o'clock; can you call ________ her at the airport? Last summer we went to Marbella and we enjoyed so much that we want to call ________ next summer I don't know how to repair this socket; I will have to call ________ an electrician The foreign minister called the president ________ to communicate his
resignation
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We have eaten very well in this restaurant; we have to call ________ in other occasion Yesterday morning I called ________ the bank to get information about mortgages The level of unemployment in my country call ________ urgent action from the government When I saw my father on the floor I called ________ immediately a doctor This morning my mother called me ________ to tell me that dad was in the hospital The company sales plummeted to its lowest level in the last 10 years. This situation calls ________ urgent measures My kids are in the school playing football; I will call ________ them later
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Peter, if you pass next to my mother's house, please call ________ to see how she is His death has been very strange and the neighbours have called ________ the police The pilot's strike obliged the company to call ________ all the flights Every evening my parents call ________ for a moment to see their grandchildren Peter, when you come here, can you call ________ the baker's and buy some bread? Last Friday I called my girlfriend ________ to invite her for dinner
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. If I have time this morning I will call at the lawyer to pick some documents up Yesterday evening we couldn't open the front door and had to call in a locksmith My boss had to go immediately to Madrid and the meeting had to be called off If you are going into town you can call at the travel agency and ask for our plane tickets Someone has called you up but I don't remember his name I left my luggage in the hotel and called for them later I forgot my handbag in the shop; I have to call back Congratulations! You passed your exams; this call for a party If you have time this evening, please call in and tell me about your last trip
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For economic reason the opera Carmen in Seville has been called off If you go to mass this evening can you call for me, please? The accused suffered a heart attack and the trial had to be called off My God! I haven't switched off the central heating in the office; I have to call back immediately Your granny will arrive at 5 o'clock; can you call for her at the airport? Last summer we went to Marbella and we enjoyed so much that we want to call back next summer I don't know how to repair this socket; I will have to call in an electrician The foreign minister called the president up to communicate his resignation We have eaten very well in this restaurant; we have to call back
in other occasion
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Yesterday morning I called at the bank to get information about mortgages The level of unemployment in my country call for urgent action from the government When I saw my father on the floor I called in immediately a doctor This morning my mother called me up to tell me that dad was in the hospital The company sales plummeted to its lowest level in the last 10 years. This situation calls for urgent measures My kids are in the school playing football; I will call for them later Peter, if you pass next to my mother's house, please call in to see how she is His death has been very strange and the neighbours have called in the
police
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The pilot's strike obliged the company to call off all the flights Every evening my parents call in for a moment to see their grandchildren Peter, when you come here, can you call at the baker's and buy some bread? Last Friday I called my girlfriend up to invite her for dinner
42: Phrasal verbs: To Come

Gramtica To come across (tr.): Encontrar por causalidad un objeto / una persona Yesterday when I was looking for a book I came across these old photos To come along (intr.): Llegar a un lugar The film started at 10 o'clock but we came along one hour later To come apart (intr.) Dividirse en varias partes My watch fell onto the floor and came apart To come away (intr.): Separarse de algo He hit the ball with his racket so strongly that its grip came away
To come off (intr.): Tener xito en un plan, un proyecto (se utiliza en oraciones negativas) His plan to work abroad didn't come off To come off (intr.): Tener lugar, celebrarse Our wedding is coming off next September To come on (intr.): Animar a alguien a hacer algo / a darse prisa (cuando est dudando) Come on! You can jump that distance, Try again! To come out (intr.): Desaparecer una mancha (de color, de suciedad...) I am not sure that this stain will come out To come out (intr.): Ser publicado The fifth book about Harry Potters came out last May To come out (intr.): Ser revelado (la verdad, un hecho que inicialmente se trat de esconder pero que finalmente ha salido a la luz pblica) The president tried to hide his past but finally his relation with the Mafia came out To come over: Visitar a alguien en su casa This evening I am coming over to my brother's house to talk to him To come round (intr.): Recobrar la conciencia After the accident he was unconscious for two hours until he finally came round To come round (intr.): Aceptar una sugerencia inicialmente rechazada At the beginning he didn't accept my suggestion but finally he came round
To come up (intr.): To be mentioned (en una conversacin) Their disagreement about the monarchy always comes out when they talk about politics To come up to (tr.): Acercarse a una distancia corta para poder hablar My boss came up to me and told me that I was fired Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de la solucin que se indica puede haber otras altrenativas igualmente vlidas)
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His only book came ________ 10 years ago I had been two hours waiting for him and when I was just leaving he came ________ His birthday party came ________ last Saturday evening Yesterday when I walked to work I came ________ your brother whom I hadn't seen for a very long time Be very careful with that old book because its cover can come ________ If you put your trousers in water that stain will come out Always that I talk with Peter the question of our salaries comes ________ in our conversation When my calculator hit the floor it came ________ Their attempt to overthrow the current regime
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came ________ and they were arrested This morning a builder fell from the scaffolding and still he hasn't come ________ I am not sure that your new business will come ________ That person came ________ to me and started to insult me Your article will come ________ in tomorrow's newspaper The next week's meeting will come ________ on Tuesday Come ________ ! Don't be so pessimistic; I am sure that you will pass your exam Please, don't touch the lamp; it is very old and can come ________ at any moment When I took that silver frame its glass came ________ The trade union tried to convince the government about a new
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strike regulation but it didn't come ________ In the antique shop my wife came ________ these two beautiful paintings Yesterday John had an accident and only came ________ once in the ambulance Come ________ ! You must finish your report before Wednesday I was walking in the park when my son came ________ with his girlfriend Would you like to come ________ my flat next Friday to watch a film? At the end of the last meeting with our boss the company's plan to close our division came ________ The chocolate stains don't come ________ easily I have been for six months asking my boss a salary increase and finally he has come
________
27.
Our company tried to buy its main competitor but this project didn't come ________
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. His only book came out 10 years ago I had been two hours waiting for him and when I was just leaving he came along His birthday party came off last Saturday evening Yesterday when I walked to work I came across your brother whom I hadn't seen for a very long time Be very careful with that old book because its cover can come away If you put your trousers in water that stain will come out Always that I talk with Peter the question of our salaries comes up in our conversation When my calculator hit the floor it came apart Their attempt to overthrow the current regime
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came out and they were arrested This morning a builder fell from the scaffolding and still he hasn't come round I am not sure that your new business will come off That person came up to me and started to insult me Your article will come out in tomorrow's newspaper The next week's meeting will come off on Tuesday Come on! Don't be so pessimistic; I am sure that you will pass your exam Please, don't touch the lamp; it is very old and can come apart at any moment When I took that silver frame its glass came away The trade union tried to convince the government about a new
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strike regulation but it didn't come round In the antique shop my wife came across these two beautiful paintings Yesterday John had an accident and only came round once in the ambulance Come on! You must finish your report before Wednesday I was walking in the park when my son came along with his girlfriend Would you like to come over my flat next Friday to watch a film? At the end of the last meeting with our boss the company's plan to close our division came up The chocolate stains don't come out easily I have been for six months asking my boss a salary increase and finally he has come round
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Our company tried to buy its main competitor but this project didn't come off
43: Phrasal verbs: To Get

Gramtica To get away (intr): Abandonar un lugar, una persona, con el sentido de liberarse I always have a lot of work in the office and cannot get away till very late To get away with (tr): Escapar sin castigo de algo mal hecho He copied in the exam and got away with it To get back (tr): Recuperar la posesin de algo I lent him a very interesting book and I am sure that I am not going to get it back To get behind with (tr): Retrasarse con el trabajo, con los pagos, etc. I have lost my job and I am afraid that now I could get behind with my mortgage To get on (intr.): Tener xito en alguna actividad, hacer progresos My brother is getting on very well with his studies To get on (intr.): Llevarse bien con alguien My friend doesn't get on well with his father To get out (intr.): Escapar de un sitio cerrado The tiger got out of his jail and the zoo had to be evacuated
To get out of (tr.): Liberarse de una obligacin, de un hbito I drink too much coffee but I cannot get out of this habit To get over (tr): Recuperarse de una enfermedad I still feel very weak. Undoubtedly I need more time to get over this serious pneumonia To get over it (tr): Acometer algo y finalizarlo ("it" representa algo desagradable) It was very sad for me to sell my house but finally I could get over it To get round (tr): Encontrar un modo de superar o evitar una norma, una regulacin, una dificultad My lawyer is looking for a way to get round the new law that impede us to build in this land To get through (tr): Terminar con xito un trabajo o tarea de cierta dificultad I could get through my exams with a lot of effort To get through (intr): Establecer comunicacin telefnica When I was in Russia and tried to call Spain it was very difficult to get through To get together with (somebody): Reunirse con alguien para hacer algo, para pasar un tiempo junto When I was in England last summer I got together with people from different countries To get up (intr.): Levantarse de la cama At what time did you get up this morning?
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He tried to get ________ the law but finally the police arrested him I don't know how that baby could get ________ of the cot James never got ________ his liver operation and finally died Every day my son gets ________ very late Yesterday I couldn't get out with my friends because I need to get ________ with my essay Mary, can I get my dictionary ________ ? I need it My colleague is alcoholic and hasn't been able to get ________ of it Last week I was in bed with fever and got ________ with my work My parents-inlaw are very nice persons and it is very easy to get
________ well with them 10. In Christmas it is very typical to get ________ with colleagues for dinner The surgeon could get ________ the operation successfully When his wife died he fall in a depression but he could get it ________ In that country you can do whatever illegal activity you can imagine and get ________ with it My son has got ________ his flu very soon Last Saturday many old friends got ________ and we had a very funny evening I want to call my mum but I cannot get ________ This couple has very serious problems; they don't get ________ well with each other
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Now I have in the office a lot of work and I am not sure if I will be able to get ________ it Tomorrow I am not sure if I will be able to get ________ from the office before 5 o'clock My brother has been condemned to pay a very high compensation. He want to do it at once and get it ________ On Monday it has been always difficult for me to get ________ early I promised to lend him money and now I don't know how to get ________ of it The prisoner has got ________ of jail by helicopter This evening I have a meeting with my boss and I don't know when I will be able to get ________ I try to pay my rent the first day of the month because I hate
to get ________ with it 26. Yesterday he tried to contact me but he couldn't get ________ He was responsible of the accident but he got ________ with it without any fine There are many ways to get ________ the law to pay less taxes I lent him some compact discs and I never got them ________
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0 Respuestas Correctas 1. He tried to get round the law but finally the police arrested him I don't know how that baby could get out of the cot James never got over his liver operation and finally died Every day my son gets up very late Yesterday I couldn't get out with my friends because I need to get on with my essay Mary, can I get my dictionary back? I need it My colleague is alcoholic and hasn't been able to get out of it Last week I was in bed with fever and got behind with my work My parents-inlaw are very nice persons and it is very easy to get on well with them
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In Christmas it is very typical to get together with colleagues for dinner The surgeon could get through the operation successfully When his wife died he fall in a depression but he could get it over In that country you can do whatever illegal activity you can imagine and get away with it My son has got over his flu very soon Last Saturday many old friends got together and we had a very funny evening I want to call my mum but I cannot get through This couple has very serious problems; they don't get on well with each other Now I have in the office a lot of work and I
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am not sure if I will be able to get through it Tomorrow I am not sure if I will be able to get away from the office before 5 o'clock My brother has been condemned to pay a very high compensation. He want to do it at once and get it over On Monday it has been always difficult for me to get up early I promised to lend him money and now I don't know how to get out of it The prisoner has got out of jail by helicopter This evening I have a meeting with my boss and I don't know when I will be able to get away I try to pay my rent the first day of the month because I hate to get
behind with it
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27.
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Yesterday he tried to contact me but he couldn't get through He was responsible of the accident but he got away with it without any fine There are many ways to get round the law to pay less taxes I lent him some compact discs and I never got them back
44: Phrasal verbs: To Go

Gramtica To go ahead (intr.): Seguir adelante You should go ahead with that interesting project, even if you don't find any support To go along with (something / someone): Apoyar una idea, estar de acuerdo con alguien Our president went along with my idea to enter in the Chinese market To go away (intr..): Marcharse I haven't seen her for a while; probably she has gone away without saying a word To go back on (tr.): Retirar o romper una promesa He went back on his promise to invite me for dinner To go down (intr.): Ser recibida una idea con aprobacin His plan to reduce costs in the factory went down very well To go for (tr.): Elegir My parents went for this school because it was very close to our home To go for (tr.): Atacar Your dog went for my cat and almost killed it To go in for (tr.): Estar muy interesado en algo, practicar algo, participar en competiciones My brother goes in for golf
To go into (tr.): Investigar detenidamente The police is determined to go into his death; they don't believe that it was a suicide To go off (intr.): Abandonar un lugar para dirijirse a otro After work I went off to try to find a shop where to buy a new suit To go off (intr.): Explotar The bomb went off in the middle of the parking To go on (intr.): Continuar The went on arguing about politics all the night To go on with (tr.): Continuar con algo You should go on with your studies about the French Revolution To go on (intr.): Ocurrir Many ambulances have passed; do you know what's going on? To go out (intr.): Salir de casa para entretenerse My son has a lot of friends and he goes out almost every evening To go over (tr.): Examinar, estudiar o repetir cuidadosamente I have to go over my report to correct some spelling mistakes To go through with (tr.): Finalizar algo desagradable o difcil que has planeado o que has prometido hacer My son didn't want to go to England, but finally he decided to go through it
To go through (tr.): Experimentar una situacin difcil o desagradable Last year I went through a very difficult time after losing my job To go through (tr.): Examinar el conetenido de algo atentamente In the bookshop I went through the books looking for one about tidal waves To go together (intr.): Personas / objetos / situaciones que suelen ir juntas Normally the optimism and the good luck go together To go without (tr.): No tener algo que habitualmente se tiene What a problem! I broke my glasses and I cannot go without it Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de las soluciones que aqu se dan, otras alternativas pueden ser igualmente vlidas).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
When finished the party he went ________ to the airport to get the first flight to London I didn't want to change my car but my wife has convinced me to go ________ it His wife always goes ________ with his eccentric ideas My friend has gone ________ a very difficult year until his son has recovered from a very serious accident I really love to go ________ with my friends on Friday evening The police could evacuate the school before the bomb went ________ The IT specialist went ________ the programme and discovered many mistakes Once you have started a business you cannot abandon
9.
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at the first difficulty; you must go ________ In the last meeting I proposed to change the publicity agency but this proposal didn't go down ________ The detective went ________ her boyfriend's past and discovered he was already married I have many plans for this summer but I have to go ________ one of them When the teacher arrived two students were fighting. He demanded what was going ________ Since last summer Tom goes ________ for swimming We should leave this building immediately; the bomb can get ________ at any moment
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They started playing tennis at 10 o'clock and went ________ until 4 o'clock The police went ________ the documents trying to find some clues This week I will have to go ________ my car because it is in the garage The boy was playing with the gun when it went ________ but luckily no one was hurt Nowadays it is impossible to go ________ a computer; we depend totally on them You shouldn't go ________ on your promise to invite your parents this week-end to the beach We didn't have coffee in the cottage and had to go ________ it all week Driving after drinking alcohol and accidents go ________
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It is very dangerous to play with a gun; it can go ________ accidentally My brother promised me to lend me money but finally he went ________ on it Mary is very persistent; she goes ________ with her projects overcoming any difficulty The school director is very upset with the incident and want to go ________ it After finishing her legal studies my sister went ________ for export-import regulation In my country the two main political parties never go ________ with each other John went ________ a very difficult moment when he knew that his father had had an accident
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Her behaviour was so bad that her father punished her forbidding to go ________ Aids and hepatitis usually go ________ In the shop I went ________ the ties looking for one for a present People are running in the street; do you know what's going ________ ? The government's proposal to increase the taxes didn't go down ________ My wife wants to make reforms in our house so I would have to go ________ it All the films were very interesting; it was difficult to go ________ one of them He was with us but suddenly went ________ without saying a word What a weather! It went ________
snowing all night 39. The students should go over their exams before handing them ________ to the teacher
Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de las soluciones que aqu se dan, otras alternativas pueden ser igualmente vlidas).
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. When finished the party he went off to the airport to get the first flight to London I didn't want to change my car but my wife has convinced me to go through it His wife always goes along with his eccentric ideas My friend has gone through a very difficult year until his son has recovered from a very serious accident I really love to go out with my friends on Friday evening The police could evacuate the school before the bomb went off The IT specialist went over the programme and discovered many mistakes Once you have started a business you cannot abandon
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at the first difficulty; you must go ahead In the last meeting I proposed to change the publicity agency but this proposal didn't go down well The detective went into her boyfriend's past and discovered he was already married I have many plans for this summer but I have to go for one of them When the teacher arrived two students were fighting. He demanded what was going on Since last summer Tom goes in for swimming We should leave this building immediately; the bomb can get off at any moment They started playing tennis at 10 o'clock and went on until 4 o'clock
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The police went through the documents trying to find some clues This week I will have to go without my car because it is in the garage The boy was playing with the gun when it went off but luckily no one was hurt Nowadays it is impossible to go without a computer; we depend totally on them You shouldn't go back on your promise to invite your parents this week-end to the beach We didn't have coffee in the cottage and had to go without it all week Driving after drinking alcohol and accidents go together It is very dangerous to play with a gun; it can go off accidentally My brother promised me to lend me money
but finally he went back on it 25. Mary is very persistent; she goes ahead with her projects overcoming any difficulty The school director is very upset with the incident and want to go into it After finishing her legal studies my sister went in for exportimport regulation In my country the two main political parties never go along with each other John went through a very difficult moment when he knew that his father had had an accident Her behaviour was so bad that her father punished her forbidding to go out Aids and hepatitis usually go together
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In the shop I went through the ties looking for one for a present People are running in the street; do you know what's going on? The government's proposal to increase the taxes didn't go down well My wife wants to make reforms in our house so I would have to go through it All the films were very interesting; it was difficult to go for one of them He was with us but suddenly went off without saying a word What a weather! It went on snowing all night The students should go over their exams before handing them over to the teacher
45: Phrasal verbs: To Look

Gramtica
To look after (tr.): Cuidar When my mother is not at home I have to look after my little brother To look ahead (intr.): Prever el futuro para tomar ya medidas You should look ahead and decide what do you want to do in your life To look at (tr.): Mirar directamente Please, don't look at me like that To look back (intr): Mirar al pasado Alice is always looking back. She should live the present To look for (tr.): Buscar Can you help me to look for my glasses? To look forward to (tr.) : Esperar con inters un acontecimiento futuro (suele ir acompaado de gerundio) I am looking forward to seeing you next summer To look in (intr.): Hacer una corta visita de improviso a alguien Coming back from work I looked in to see my parents To look into (tr.): Investigar The police is looking into the strange death of that businessman To look out (intr.): Estar atento Look out! You are driving too fast To look over (tr.) Revisar algo rpidamente, leer
nuevamente, inspeccionar criticamente You should look over your essay before handing it to the teacher To look through (tr.) Mirar entre un conjunto de cosas buscando algo para seleccionarlo Look through all these books and pick whichever you want To look up (tr.): Buscar algo (un nombre, una palabra, una definicin, etc.) en un libro If you don't understand a word you can look up it in the dictionary Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de las soluciones que aqu se dan, otras alternativas pueden ser igualmente vlidas).
1.
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4.
5.
6.
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They are looking ________ to their trip to Africa Look ________! Go back! the tree is coming down Could you look ________ my kids this evening? How did you hand ________ your report without looking over it? You should look ________ and make plans for this summer Yesterday, coming back from the airport, he looked ________ to see his girlfriend Look ________ that car! It is going to crash He looked ________ all the ties but finally didn't buy anyone When you look ________ there are many things in your life that you don't like
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I had to look ________ all those papers to find the phone bill What are you doing? I am looking ________ my keys You can look ________ her phone number in that phone book I am looking ________ to the next week-end The police is still looking ________ the terrorist attack We should look ________ a new apartment. This is too small for us This sea is quite dangerous, if you want to swim you should look ________ This summer I didn't travel abroad because I had to look ________ my parents The journalist didn't have time to look ________ his article
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Look ________ the ball and hit it with your racket The seller looked ________ the price of the printer in the catalogue It is important to look ________ and to learn from the errors If you decide to buy an old car you should look ________ it Have you seen my wife? I have been two hours looking ________ her I am looking ________ to seeing you again Tell your kids to look ________ when crossing the road I still don't know who could look ________ my dog next Saturday The president want me to look ________ the accounts of our off-shore branch
28.
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Look ________ the ceiling; have you seen that crack before? He is still in bed; this evening I will look ________ You cannot change the past but can look ________ to avoid to make the same errors
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. They are looking forward to their trip to Africa Look out! Go back! the tree is coming down Could you look after my kids this evening? How did you hand over your report without looking over it? You should look ahead and make plans for this summer Yesterday, coming back from the airport, he looked in to see his girlfriend Look at that car! It is going to crash He looked through all the ties but finally didn't buy anyone When you look back there are many things in your life that you don't like I had to look through all those papers to find the phone
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bill
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What are you doing? I am looking for my keys You can look up her phone number in that phone book I am looking forward to the next week-end The police is still looking into the terrorist attack We should look for a new apartment. This is too small for us This sea is quite dangerous, if you want to swim you should look out This summer I didn't travel abroad because I had to look after my parents The journalist didn't have time to look over his article Look at the ball and hit it with your racket The seller looked at the price of the printer in the
catalogue 21. It is important to look back and to learn from the errors If you decide to buy an old car you should look over it Have you seen my wife? I have been two hours looking for her I am looking forward to seeing you again Tell your kids to look out when crossing the road I still don't know who could look after my dog next Saturday The president want me to look into the accounts of our off-shore branch Look at the ceiling; have you seen that crack before? He is still in bed; this evening I will look in You cannot change the past but can look
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ahead to avoid to make the same errors
46: Phrasal verbs: To Make

Gramtica To make for (somewhere) (tr.): Ir en esa direccin When I saw the dogs I made for the exit To make off (intr.): Largarse (ladrones con algo) (Ingls americano) The thieves made off with a big loot before the police arrived To make out (something): Comprender porque algo ha ocurrido I cannot make out how this microwave got on fire To make out: Ver / or algo / a alguien con dificultad This classroom is very noisy. I cannot make out what the teacher says To make up (something): Inventarse una historia o una excusa The detainee made up a ridiculous story to justify himself To make up (something): Componer, formr parte A watch is made up of hundreds of pieces To make up one's mind: Tomar una decisin I don't know what to do: I haven't made up my mind yet
To make up (a quarrel): Finalizar una disputa You should make up that dispute with your brother To make up (the face): Maquillarse (Ingls americano) You don't need to make up your face; you look wonderful Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de las soluciones que aqu se dan, otras alternativas pueden ser igualmente vlidas).
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
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It was very foggy and I couldn't make ________ the road My friend made ________ his arguments with his wife It was too late so I decided to make ________ home The government coalition is made ________ of many different small parties I cannot make ________ how I lost my wallet My wife always make ________ herself before going out My brother is very creative and make ________ new games all the time The gang made ________ when the police arrived For me it is completely impossible to
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make ________ his handwriting The robbers escaped with the money and made ________ the mountains The queen's hair band is made ________ of many diamonds He made ________ his problems with his father and now they have a very good relationship The mechanic didn't make ________ which was the problem of my car In the end he made ________ his mind to buy a new car The hall was very noisy and I couldn't make ________ what he was saying The presenters have to make ________ their faces before appearing on TV
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Every night I have to make ________ new tales for my kids Jupiter is mad ________ of different sort of gases Our financial director made ________ with the money of the company When I saw your father this morning he was making ________ his office Two very dangerous prisoners made ________ from jail That boy is a liar; he is making ________ excuses all the time She doesn't know how to make ________ her face The 10 per cent of the Spanish population is made ________ of immigrants
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I cannot make ________ why this television doesn't work You should made ________ your disputes with your boss I don't believe him; I am sure that he has made ________ this story My son hasn't made up his mind yet ________ what to study In autumn the birds make ________ the south
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. It was very foggy and I couldn't make out the road My friend made up his arguments with his wife It was too late so I decided to make for home The government coalition is made up of many different small parties I cannot make out how I lost my wallet My wife always make up herself before going out My brother is very creative and make up new games all the time The gang made off when the police arrived For me it is completely impossible to make out his handwriting The robbers escaped with the money and made for the
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mountains
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The queen's hair band is made up of many diamonds He made up his problems with his father and now they have a very good relationship The mechanic didn't make out which was the problem of my car In the end he made up his mind to buy a new car The hall was very noisy and I couldn't make out what he was saying The presenters have to make up their faces before appearing on TV Every night I have to make up new tales for my kids Jupiter is mad up of different sort of gases Our financial director made
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off with the money of the company When I saw your father this morning he was making for his office Two very dangerous prisoners made off from jail That boy is a liar; he is making up excuses all the time She doesn't know how to make up her face The 10 per cent of the Spanish population is made up of immigrants I cannot make out why this television doesn't work You should made up your disputes with your boss I don't believe him; I am sure that he has made up this story My son hasn't made up his mind yet about what to study
29.
In autumn the birds make for the south
47: Phrasal verbs: To Put

Gramtica To put aside (tr.): Ahorrar (especialmente dinero) para un uso posterior We should start putting aside money to pay an English summer course for our daughter To put (something) back: Atrasar la fecha de un evento Next Monday our president will be abroad; we have to put the meeting back To put (a watch) back / forward : Atrasar / adelantar un reloj The 31st of October in Europe the watches have to be put back one hour To put (something) back: Volver a colocar algo en su sitio My kids never put their toys back; I always have to do it myself To put down (tr.): Sofocar una rebelin / revuelta The police put down the demonstration using tear gas To put down (tr.): Escribir I could put down the number plate of the car that hit yours To put down (tr.): Poner en un sitio (lo contrario de pick-up)
I told my kid to put down the old watch but he didn't obey me To put (something) down to (tr.): Atribuir a algo He was very listless in the party but I put it down to his tiredness To put forward (propuesta / idea): Proponer algo para su debate I put forward a proposal in the last meeting but no one supported it To put in (tr.): Colocar / instalar una maquina en su sitio The technician came yesterday to put in the new dishwasher To put in for ( a job / a post): Solicitar un trabajo When I finished my studies I put in for a job in a bank To put (someone) off: Comunicar a alguien que se retrasa una cita con l I invited him for dinner but had to put him off because I started feeling bad To put off (an action): Postponerla We should put off our tennis match; I will be very busy this afternoon To put on (vestidos, joyas, etc.): Ponerse (lo contrario de take off) Which dress are you going to put on for this weeding? To put on (tr.): Poner en marcha un aparato apretando un interruptor
The first thing he does when arrives at home is to put on the TV To put out (tr.): Apagar una luz / un fuego Yesterday night you went to bed and forgot to put out the light To be put out: Enfadar a alguien I was very put out when she didn't invite me to her party To put up (edificios, monumentos, etc.): Levantar We need to put up a fence in the garden to avoid our dog goes out To put (someone) up to (something): Explicar a alguien cmo hacer algo, normalmente un truco My granny put my mother up to many of her delicious recipes To put up with (something): Soportar algo pacientemente We have to put up with our neighbours; they are really rude Exercises 1.- Completa los siguientes phrasal verbs. (Aparte de las soluciones que aqu se dan, otras alternativas pueden ser igualmente vlidas).
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
When he knew that he wasn't going to be promoted he was very much put ________ Caroline has put ________ for a post as financial advisor but she doesn't have enough experience It is very rude to put someone ________ ; you should have very good reasons to do that Due to the bad weather the excursion has been put ________ to the next weekend Life here is a little bit uncomfortable; we have to put ________ with the noise and the smoke of that factory In our firm everyone is invited to put ________ new suggestions
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They have to put ________ a scaffolding round that old building Could you put the washing machine ________ ? I don't know which knob to press My watch is 10 minutes slow; I have to put it ________ Mark has bought a new TV but need someone to put him ________ to it Could you help me to put ________ this necklace? He never intervenes in the meetings; I put it ________ to his shyness You cannot put ________ yourself this hardware in your computer; you should call an expert The plane crashed after taking off; the investigators put it ________ to a technical error
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Due to the hurricane in Cuba my friends have put ________ their trip there The firefighter have worked two days without stopping to put ________ that fire When the time finished the teacher asked us to put ________ the pencils Mark, when finish reading the newspaper put it ________ on the table, please I put ________ his address because I feared I could forget it My boss always put ________ the light when he leaves his office If you want to change your car you have to start putting ________ money An impressive crane has been put ________ in front of my
house
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The army couldn't put ________ the rebellion and the government was overthrown This computer is very easy to use; you only have to put it ________ Why did you pick that frame up? Please, put it ________ , you can break it This clock gains; you should put it ________ She is very unreliable; always is putting everyone ________ for some stupid reason In our department the boss is the only person who put ________ new ideas The police put ________ the revolt after two days of negotiations
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I don't know how to put ________ this new radio in my car I put ________ his telephone number but I don't remember where You shouldn't spend all your salary; you should put ________ some money For technical reasons our flight has been put ________ 5 hours I don't know how to use this computer. John, could you put me ________ to it? My company is looking for new graduates. Why don't you put ________ for it? Due to the shuttle accident Nasa has put ________ its space programme I don't understand him; he always take my
38.
39.
calculator but never put it ________ In the office I have to put ________ with my boss; he trys to make my life miserable My granddad put ________ his glasses and started to read the newspaper
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. When he knew that he wasn't going to be promoted he was very much put out Caroline has put in for a post as financial advisor but she doesn't have enough experience It is very rude to put someone off; you should have very good reasons to do that Due to the bad weather the excursion has been put back to the next week-end Life here is a little bit uncomfortable; we have to put up with the noise and the smoke of that factory In our firm everyone is invited to put forward new suggestions They have to put up a scaffolding
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round that old building 8. Could you put the washing machine on? I don't know which knob to press My watch is 10 minutes slow; I have to put it forward Mark has bought a new TV but need someone to put him up to it Could you help me to put on this necklace? He never intervenes in the meetings; I put it down to his shyness You cannot put in yourself this hardware in your computer; you should call an expert The plane crashed after taking off; the investigators put it down to a technical error Due to the hurricane in Cuba my friends have put off their trip there
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The firefighter have worked two days without stopping to put out that fire When the time finished the teacher asked us to put down the pencils Mark, when finish reading the newspaper put it back on the table, please I put down his address because I feared I could forget it My boss always put out the light when he leaves his office If you want to change your car you have to start putting aside money An impressive crane has been put up in front of my house The army couldn't put down the rebellion and the government was overthrown
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32.
This computer is very easy to use; you only have to put it on Why did you pick that frame up? Please, put it down, you can break it This clock gains; you should put it back She is very unreliable; always is putting everyone off for some stupid reason In our department the boss is the only person who put forward new ideas The police put down the revolt after two days of negotiations I don't know how to put in this new radio in my car I put down his telephone number but I don't remember where You shouldn't spend all your salary; you should put
aside some money 33. For technical reasons our flight has been put back 5 hours I don't know how to use this computer. John, could you put me up to it? My company is looking for new graduates. Why don't you put in for it? Due to the shuttle accident Nasa has put off its space programme I don't understand him; he always take my calculator but never put it back In the office I have to put up with my boss; he trys to make my life miserable My granddad put on his glasses and started to read the newspaper
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
48: Indicando direcciones
Gramtica Relacin de diversos giros que se utilizan a la hora de facilitar informacin sobre una direccin. Find (see) the pharmacy in front of you (on your right / on your left, ...): Encuentra (ve) la farmacia delante suya (a su derecha, a su izquierda, ...) Go along (the street, the avenue, ...): Contina a lo largo (de la calle, avenida, ...) Go back (till the hotel, ): Vuelve hacia atrs (hasta el hotel, ) Go down: Sigue cuesta abajo Go on: Contina Go past (the Post Office, ...): Sigue hasta pasar Correo Go straight on: Contina recto Go to the end (of the street, of the road, ): Contina hasta el final (de la calle, de la carretera, ...) Go up: Sigue cuesta arriba Halfway down the street (up the street): A mitad de camino calle abajo (calle arriba, ...) Take the first (the second, ...) turning on your left (on your right, ...): Coge la primera calle a mano izquierda That place is round the corner: Ese lugar est cerca de la esquina (a la vuelta de las esquina) That place is at the corner: Ese lugar est en la esquina
Till the corner (the turning, ...): Hasta la esquina (la bocacalle, ) Till you see the restaurant on your right (on your left, in front of you, opposite you, ...): Hasta que veas el restaurante a tu derecha Till you come to the restaurant: Hasta que llegues al restaurante Turn left (right) into the street (the avenue, ...): Gira a la izquierda y entra en la calle
Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes expresiones de movimiento con alguna de las palabras entre parntesis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Go ________ this avenue till you see the National Museum (next, along, past, at) Go ________ till you come to the railway station (off, back, on, take) Go ________ to the end of this street (on, into, at, by) Go back ________ the Hotel Palace (take, turn, past, go) When you come ________ the second turning you will see the hospital in front of you (on, take, past, to) ________ the next square take the street on your left (up, at, to, down) Go ________ the river till you come to a small bridge (next, along,
at, into)
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Go up and ________ the second turning on your right (turn, come, take, go) Go down and ________ the cinema (past, close, come, turn) You will find the stadium ________ the end of Tiffany Avenue (at, to, up, down) Go ________ the street till the next traffic light (take, turn, till, down) Turn left at the next corner ________ Mansel Road (into, up, down, next) Go to the end of this avenue and you will ________ to a pub (take, turn, come, stop) Go on and ________ the second turning on
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
your left (turn, take, come, go) You will find that shop halfway ________ the street (up, in, during, next) You must go on ________ the second turning on your left (next, till, up, down) Go along and you will find the bookshop ________ you (next, close, opposite, at) The optician's is just ________ the corner (down, up, on, at) Go on and you will find the supermarket ________ down the street (round, halfway, next, at) You will find that restaurant ________ the next corner (in, up, at, down)
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Go on ________ you see a big park on your right (till, up, down, along) At the next corner ________ left into Morgan Avenue (go, come, take, turn) The pharmacy is just ________ the corner (on, round, off, along) Take the first turning ________ your left (in, by, on, along) Go to the end of the street and you will see the Theatre ________ you (in front of, back, next, up)
Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes expresiones de movimiento con alguna de las palabras entre parntesis.
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Go along this avenue till you see the National Museum Go on till you come to the railway station Go on to the end of this street Go back past the Hotel Palace When you come to the second turning you will see the hospital in front of you At the next square take the street on your left Go along the river till you come to a small bridge Go up and take the second turning on your right Go down and past the cinema You will find the stadium at the end of
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Tiffany Avenue 11. Go down the street till the next traffic light Turn left at the next corner into Mansel Road Go to the end of this avenue and you will come to a pub Go on and take the second turning on your left You will find that shop halfway up the street You must go on till the second turning on your left Go along and you will find the bookshop apposite you The optician's is just at the corner Go on and you will find the supermarket halfway
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
down the street 20. You will find that restaurant at the next corner Go on till you see a big park on your right At the next corner turn left into Morgan Avenue The pharmacy is just round the corner Take the first turning on your left Go to the end of the street and you will see the Theatre in front of you
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
49: Consejos
Gramtica Distintas estructuras que se utilizan en ingls para dar consejos: Con verbos modales: You + (must / should) + ... You must visit the dentist Con la estructura: You had better + infinitivo (sin "to")
You had better consult with your lawyer If I were you I + (should / would) ... If I were you I should look for a new job I advise (I would advise) you + infinitivo I advise you to rest in bed; you have fever Why don't you +... Why don't you buy a new car It is time you + pasado simple It is time you went to bed Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes expresiones de consejo (adems de la solucin sealada puede haber alguna otra alternativa tambin vlida).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I ________ you to go this summer to England to improve your English You had ________ buy a new television set It is ________ you solved your problems with your brother You ________ move close to the city centre ________ don't you come with us to the mountains this weekend? If I ________ you I should speak with your boss I ________ you to visit in Madrid the museum "El Prado" You ________ leave the
office a little bit earlier 9. It is ________ you repair that broken window You ________ better changed your point of view about that subject If I ________ you I should call the police You ________ practice some sport; it is good for your health It is ________ you went back home I ________ you to change your insurance company ________ don't you change your glasses? They look a little bit out of date
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
It is ________ you make a decision about your career I ________ you to study a little bit harder ________ I were you I should sell this house and would buy a new one You ________ better come with me to the theatre I ________ you to consult that problem with your doctor If I ________ you I would ask her to marry me You ________ study German; it is very important in your firm It is ________ you got involved in this project
24.
You ________ better finished your relationship with your girlfriend
Exercises 1.- Completa las siguientes expresiones de consejo (adems de la solucin sealada puede haber alguna otra alternativa tambin vlida).
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. I advise you to go this summer to England to improve your English You had better buy a new television set It is time you solved your problems with your brother You should move close to the city centre Why don't you come with us to the mountains this weekend? If I were you I should speak with your boss I advise you to visit in Madrid the museum El Prado You should leave the office a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
little bit earlier 9. It is time you repair that broken window You had better changed your point of view about that subject If I were you I should call the police You must practice some sport; it is good for your health It is time you went back home I advise you to change your insurance company Why don't you change your glasses? They look a little bit out of date It is time you make a decision about your career
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
I advise you to study a little bit harder If I were you I should sell this house and would buy a new one You had better come with me to the theatre I advise you to consult that problem with your doctor If I were you I would ask her to marry me You must study German; it is very important in your firm It is time you got involved in this project You had better finished your relationship with your girlfriend
50: Imperativo
Gramtica 1 persona del plural Afirmativo: Let us (= let's) + infinitivo (sin "to") Let us start the meeting Negativo: Let us not + infinitivo (sin "to") Let us not delay our decision 2 persona singular / plural Afirmativo: Infinitivo (sin "to") Open the door! Negativo: Don't + infinitivo (sin "to") Don't smoke here! 3 persona singular / plural Afirmativo: He / she / they + must + infinitivo (sin "to") He must finish her homework Negativo: He / she / they + must not + infinitivo (sin "to") She must not pay that bill Exercises 1.- Traduce al ingls las siguients oraciones (adems de la solucin sealada puede haber alguna otra alternativa tambin vlida).
1.
Contesta el telfono Vayamos al cine No te ensucies No invites a tu amigo a mi fiesta Juguemos al tenis Ellos deben comprar un ticket para entrar en este club Ella debe ordenar su habitacin Preparemos la cena El debe reparar mi bicicleta No digas eso
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Ella debe descansar en la cama Ellos no deben aceptar esa excusa
13.
Lvate las manos No hagamos tanto ruido Cmprame el peridico El debe parar de fumar en este edificio Ellos no deben nadar en el lago No continuemos discutiendo Lavemos el coche Ellos no deben trabajar durante la huelga Treme un vaso de agua No abras la puerta No seamos ridculos Ella debe cortar el csped Dame 5 dlares
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Exercises 1.- Traduce al ingls las siguients oraciones (adems de la solucin sealada puede haber alguna otra alternativa tambin vlida).
0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Answer the phone Let us go to the cinema Don't get dirty Don't invite your friend to my party Let us play tennis They must buy a ticket to enter this club She must tidy her bedroom up Let us prepare the dinner He must repair my bicycle Don't say that She must rest in bed They must not accept that excuse
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Wash your hands Let us not make so much noise Buy me the newspaper He most stop smoking in this building They must not swim in the lake Let us not continue arguing Let us wash the car They must not work during the strike Bring me a glass of water Don't open the door Let us not be ridiculous She must mow the lawn Give me 5 dollars
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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22.
23.
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25.
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22: "Past simple" vs "Past perfect"
Gramtica Ambos tiempos describen acciones finalizadas en el pasado, si bien con algunas diferencias. a) Past Simple Accin finalizada en el pasado; no se hace referencia a ninguna conexin con el presente. I studied law at the university of Madrid b) Past Perfect Equivale al "present perfect" pero tomando como punto de referencia un momento en el pasado. - La accin finaliz cerca de dicho momento pasado que es mencionado en la oracin. Did you see him when you went to his office? No, he had left - La accin finaliz justo en dicho momento pasado o incluso continu despus. He had lived in Paris for 10 years when he decided to buy his own flat (continu viviendo en Pars)
23: Can / May
Gramtica a) Posibilidad vs Probabilidad
"Can" indica que algo es posible (las circunstancias lo permiten o alguien tiene la habilidad de hacerlo). I can play tennis quite well I can open that door with my key I can run for two hours This car can go faster than 200 km per hour You can go to France without a passport "May" indica que algo es probable; equivale a "perhaps" My friend may win the race The sky is very dark. It may rain b) Permiso Se utilizan ambos verbos modales, con los siguientes matices: - Tener permiso: "can" es ms habitual. I can smoke in the office - Dar permiso: "may" es ms habitual, "can" ms informal. You may smoke here if you want You may use my computer You can take my car (informal) Si el permiso viene de un tercero se utiliza "can". You can smoke here (la ley lo permite o las normas de esta oficina) - Pedir permiso: "can" es ms habitual y tambin ms informal Can I smoke in the office? (informal) / May I smoke in the office? (formal) Can I speak to you? (informal) / May I speak to you? (formal) c) Peticin
- Solicitar algo: Se utilian ambos verbos modales May (Can) I get your dictionary? - Pedirle a alguien que haga algo: se suele utilizar "can" Can you give me that book? d) Ofrecimiento Se utiliza ambos verbos modales Can (May) I help you?
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24: Can / Could
Gramtica "Can" y "could" se utilizan para expresar permiso, posibilidad o habilidad. Como regla general "can" se utiliza en el presente y "could" en el pasado, pero hay ciertos matices: a) Posibilidad / habilidad En el presente "can" y en el pasado "could" o "was / were able". With the new motorway you can go from Madrid to Barcelona in less than 4 hours Ten years ago you could go from Madrid to Barcelona in 6 hours I can play tennis I could (was able) to play tennis when I was a child "Could" tambin se utiliza con un sentido condicional, mientras que en el futuro se emplea "will be able": If I had money I could buy a new car
In two years I will be able to speak English fluently b) Permiso En el presente distinguimos: - Tener o pedir permiso: "can" tiene un sentido informal y "could" formal. I can use the company's car for my private trips (informal) I could use the company's car for my private trips (formal) Can I borrow your car ? (informal) Could I borrow your car ? (formal) - Dar permiso: se utiliza "can"; "could" nicamente se emplea con un sentido condicional. Tonight you can stay with us If you don't find any other place, you could stay with En el pasado se utiliza "could" y en el futuro "can". c) Ofrecimiento Slo se utiliza "can". Can I help you
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Must / Have to
"Must" y "Have to" expresan una obligacin. A veces se pueden utilizar indistintamente (especialmente con la primera persona donde prcticamente tienen el mismo sentido), no obstante existen ciertas diferencias. "Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro
"Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro Autoridad externa Pasado Presente Futuro Had to Have to Will have to Autoridad del emisor Had to Must Must
"Must": el emisor impone una obligacin. "Have to": el emisor no impone ninguna obligacin, se limita a comunicar una obligacin que existe. (Teacher) You must do your homework (El profesor impone el deber de hacer los deberes) (Student) I have to do my homework (el estudiante se limita a comunicar una obligacin que le ha sido impuesta) You must stop making noises (El profesor ordena a sus alumnos) You have to stop smoking (La mujer le recuerda a su marido una obligacin que le ha impuesto el medico) I cannot stay longer, I have to go home (mis obligaciones familiares me obligan a volver a casa) "Must" tambin se puede utilizar para expresar un consejo de forma enftica. Ver la diferencia entre: You should stop smoking You must stop smoking En ambos casos no se trata de una obligacin sino de un consejo. Con "must" el consejo es ms enftico. Forma interrogativa Must + sujeto + verbo principal ? Do + sujeto + have to + verbo principal ? Must you leave now? Do you have to leave now?
Forma Negativa Cuando la oracin es negativa el significado de estos dos verbos es diferente: "Mustn't": no se debe hacer algo "Don't have to": no es necesario hacer algo You mustn't go to that meeting (no debes ir ya que no has sido invitado) You don't have to go to that meeting (no es necesario que vaya; no se va a tratar nada interesante)
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26: Should / Must / Have to
Should Se utiliza para dar consejos. Se indica que algo es bueno y por lo tanto se debera hacer. Es una recomendacin, no una obligacin. Tiene menos fuerza impositiva que "must" y que "have to". If you feel bad you should go to the doctor Tambin se utiliza para dar una orden pero de forma muy educada. Anyone who wants to enter the conference should show his credentials (Se trata realmente de una obligacin -es obligatorio mostrar las credenciales para entrar en la conferencia-, pero est expresada de forma poco coercitiva) Construccin: este verbo modal va seguido del infinitivo del verbo principal sin la partcula "to". Se utiliza en pasado, presente y futuro. I should have finished my report yesterday (pasado) You should help me, I can not do it alone (presente) Tomorrow you should call your parents (futuro)
El pasado se utiliza para indicar algo que se debera haber hecho y no se hizo. La forma negativa es: shouldn't You shouldn't smoke Y la forma interrogativa: Should + sujeto...? Should I wear a dark suit for the party? Must / Have to Expresan una obligacin, algo que hay que hacer. You must come here immediately (es una orden) If you want to make a career in a company you have to speak English (No hay alternativa: o hablas ingls o no hay carrera posible) Comprueba la diferencia con la siguiente oracin: Nowdays it is very important to speak English. You should do it. Aqu se trata de un consejo, mientras que en la anterior era una obligacin. Por otra parte, cuando se utiliza "must" / "have to" el emisor tiene la conviccin de que la obligacin va a ser cumplida, mientras que cuando se utiliza "should" no se sabe si el consejo se va a seguir o no. We should buy a new car (es un deseo; no hay seguridad de que vayamos a hacerlo) We must buy a new car (hay muchas probabilidades de que lo hagamos)
Exercises 1.- Elige "Must" / "Should" / "Have to" (en el tiempo correspondiente) para completar estas oraciones:
1.
You ________ speak to your brother and try to solve that problem You ________ come with us to the cinema; the film we are going to see is marvellous You are very fat. You ________ practice sport (consejo) Please, we are in the church; you ________ stop making that unpleasant noise (A father to his son) If you want to watch TV, first you ________ finish your homework If I want to buy a new house I ________ get a mortgage (A mother to her daughter) You cannot go out with your friends. You ________ stay at home because you have fever In internal flights you ________ check in one hour before the departure I ________ go to the bank to get some money You ________ visit Paris. What a beautiful city! The doctor is very worried about my dad and has told him that he ________ work less
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
I ________ fill the tank; it is almost empty Our teaches have told us that we ________ be quiet during the class (A father to his son) You will have exams in two weeks. You ________ study harder (obligation) (The police officer to the protesters) You ________ leave this place immediately I ________ leave immediately; it is very late and tomorrow I have to get up early In the petrol station we ________ switch off the engine before filling the tank The weather is really nice. We ________ go for a walk You ________ to go to the dentist; you have lost a filling (consejo muy enftico) You ________ go by plane; by car it is a very long journey You ________ read more; it is very good for your education Kevin, you ________ shave yourself; you look a little bit scruffy (A mother to her son) You ________ get up; it is very late (orden) Jane, you ________ rest; you look very tired
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
The police told us that we ________ get out of the car SOLUCION
1.
You should speak to your brother and try to solve that problem You should come with us to the cinema; the film we are going to see is marvellous You are very fat. You should practice sport Please, we are in the church; you must stop making that unpleasant noise If you want to watch TV, first you must finish your homework If I want to buy a new house I have to get a mortgage You cannot go out with your friends. You must stay at home because you have fever In internal flights you have to check in one hour before the departure I have to go to the bank to get some money You should visit Paris. What a beautiful city! The doctor is very worried about my dad and has told him that he has to work less
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
I have to fill the tank; it is almost empty Our teaches have told us that we must be quiet during the class You will have exams in two weeks. You must study harder You must leave this place immediately
13.
14.
15.
16.
I have to leave immediately; it is very late and tomorrow I have to get up early In the petrol station we have to switch off the engine before filling the tank The weather is really nice. We should go for a walk You must to go to the dentist; you have lost a filling You should go by plane; by car it is a very long journey You should read more; it is very good for your education Kevin, you should shave yourself; you look a little bit scruffy You must get up; it is very late
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Jane, you should rest; you look very tired
25.
The police told us that we must get out of the car

Gramatica de Modales y Otros

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Leccin 1: Plural del sustantivo

1.- Escribe el plural de los siguientes sustantivos:

Leccin 2: Doblar la consonante final

To cut (participio presente)

To sleep (participio presente)

To accept (participio pasado)

To fit (participio presente)

To behave (participio presente)

To put (participio presente)

To repel (participio presente)

To look (participio pasado)

To attack (participio presente)

To grow (participio presente)

To submit (participio presente)

To cook (participio presente)

To travel (participio presente)

To commit (participio presente)

To rest (participio presente)

To land (participio pasado)

To forbid (participio presente)

To dig (participio presente)

To blow (participio presente)

To cross (participio presente)

To spend (participio presente)

To fix (participio pasado)

Leccin 3: Palabras que terminan en "-y"

To fly (participio presente)

To carry (participio pasado)

To decay (participio pasado)

To spray (participio pasado)

To obey (participio pasado)

To unify (participio presente)

To play (participio pasado)

To qualify (participio presente)

To falsify (participio presente)

To worry (participio pasado)

To pray (participio pasado)

To cry (participio pasado)

Leccin 4: Palabras que terminan en "-e"

To compete (participio presente)

To drive (participio presente)

To decline (participio pasado)

To blame (participio presente)

To practise (participio pasado)

To oppose (participio presente)

To leave (participio presente)

To give (participio presente)

To arrive (participio pasado)

To abuse (participio presente)

To agree (participio presente)

To invite (participio presente)

To capture (participio pasado)

Leccin 5: Omisin del artculo

________ Love can change your life

0 Respuestas Correctas 1. Could you bring me a glass of water?

Theses plants need water urgently

I like coffee very much

Love can change your life

What weather! All day raining

Leccin 6: Nombres geogrficos con / sin artculo

________ Caribbean Sea

________ Artic Ocean

________ Canary Islands