INS 601 INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

Telecommunications and Networks

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Telecommunications & Networks

Definition of Computer Network Telecommunications Network Model Types of Telecommunications Networks Telecommunications media Wireless technologies Telecommunications Processors Network Topologies Network Architectures & Protocols

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Computer Network
An interconnected collection of two or more autonomous computers is called a computer network Objectives :Share information Share storage space Share other resources printers, scanners etc.

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Types of Computer Networks

Types of Computer Networks

Local Area Networks (LAN)

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

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Local Area Networks (LAN)

LANs are used to connect computers within a limited physical area. Components of LAN:

File Server with Network OS Client machine with NIC (Network Interface Card)

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

WANs cover a large geographic area. They are used by multinational companies to transmit & receive information among :

Their employees, Customers Partners across cities / countries

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The business value of the Internet

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The business value of the Intranets

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Extranet between companies A & B

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The Role of Intranets

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Telecommunication Network Model

Telecommunications is the exchange of information in any form (voice, text, image, audio, video) over the computer based networks. Hence computer networks are more popularly called as telecommunication networks.

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The Practical Uses of Communications Videoconferencing & Videophones

Videoconferencing - the use of television video and sound technology as well as computers to enable people in different locations to see, hear, and talk with one another

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Workgroup Computing & Groupware

Workgroup computing - teams of co-workers use networks of microcomputers to share information and to cooperate on projects
Made possible by networks, microcomputers, & groupware

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Telecommuting
Telecommuting - working at home while in telecommunication with the office

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Virtual Offices
Virtual office - an often nonpermanent and mobile office run with computer and communications technology

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Computer Network

Corporate or external computer access

tape drive (backup)

Workstations

Shared Printer

Server

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Components of Telecommunication Networks

Terminal
LAN card

Terminal Software
LAN card

Telecommunic ations Channels

Internet

LAN card

Firewall

Telecommunications Processor (Router or Switch)

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LAN card Server Shared Printer

Components of Telecommunications Networks

Terminal Network PCs, network computers or information appliances. Telecommunication Processors Support data transmission and reception between terminals & computers eg : Routers, switches, Modems Telecommunications Channels Over which data are transmitted and received. Eg. Copper wires, coaxial cables etc. Telecommunication Software Consists of programs that control telecommunications activities and manage the functions of telecommunications networks.
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Figure: Components of Telecommunications Network

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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Direction of transmission: simplex, half-duplex, & full-duplex Simplex transmission data can travel in only one direction

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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Direction of transmission: simplex, half-duplex, & full-duplex
Half-duplex transmission - data travels in both directions but only in one direction at a time

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Factors Affecting How Data Is Transmitted

Direction of transmission: simplex, half-duplex, & full-duplex Full-duplex transmission data is transmitted back and forth at the same time

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Telecommunications Media
Fiber Optic Cable
reflective cladding

Twisted Pair

Radio or Micro Waves Coaxial

Shield antenna

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Wired Communications Channels

Twisted-pair wire - two strands of insulated copper wire, twisted around each other

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Wired Communications Channels

Coaxial cable - insulated copper wire wrapped in a solid or braided metal shield, then in an external cover

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Telecommunications Media
Twisted pair wire these are ordinary telephone wires & they are most widely used medium for Telecommunications Transmission Speeds 2 million bps Unshielded (UTP) Coaxial Cable consists of a sturdy copper wire/ aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. The cables cover minimize interference & distortion of signals & allows high speed transfers Transission speeds 200 Mbps to 500 Mbps used more for Cable TV systems and short distance connection of computers.

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Telecommunications Media

Fiber Optics uses cables consisting of one or more hair thin filaments of glass wrapped in a protective jacket. They conduct pulses of visible light elements (Photons)
Transmission speeds : Terabits (Trillions of Bits)

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Wireless Technologies
Wireless Telecommunications technologies rely on Microwave, Infrared & ISM band pulses to transport digital Communications without wires between communications devices.

Wireless Communications Technology Antenna An electrical conductor or system of conductors used either for radiating electromagnetic energy into space or for collecting electromagnetic energy space. Transmission Radio Frequency electrical energy from transmitter is converted into electromagnetic energy by the antenna & radiated into the surrounding environment (atmosphere, space, water etc) Reception Electromagnetic energy impringing on the antenna is converted into radio frequency electrical energy and fed into the receiver.
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum, the Radio Spectrum, & Bandwidth

Radio frequency spectrum

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Wireless Network Technologies

Infra Red Technology

An Infrared (IR) LAN is limited to a single room, as infrared light does not penetrate opaque walls.

Bluetooth Technology
Bluetooth is a wireless communication standard developed by five major companies: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba. Bluetooth is designed to be used in low cost, low power consumption devices, such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
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Wireless Network Technologies

Wi-Fi Technology (IEEE 802.11b)

In 1990, IEEE formed a new working group IEEE 802.11 specifically devoted to wireless LANs. IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN operates on the 2.4 GHz band. ISM Band : The industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for non-commercial use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes.

900 MHz band 2.4 GHz band (Bluetooth / WiFi) 5.8 GHz band
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Telecommunications Processors
Telecommunications Processors perform a variety of support functions between the computers & other devices in a telecommunications network.

Modem : Modulator Demodulator

Modem convert digital signals from a computer or transmission terminal at one end of a communications link into analog frequencies that can be transferred through ordinary telephone lines (Modulation) A modem at the other end converts transmitted data back into digital form (Demodulation)

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From the Analog to the Digital Age

Analog - continuous and varying in strength and/or quality
Digital - communications signals or information represented in a two-stat (binary) way

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Purpose of the Modem: Converting Digital Signals to Analog Signals & Back
Modem - short for modulate/demodulate
Sending modem - modulates digital signals into analog signals for transmission over phone lines

Receiving modem demodulates the analog signals back into digital signals

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Telecommunications Processors

Multiplexers

A Multiplexer Is a communications processor that allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals. This is done by two ways:

Frequency Division Multiplexing

In FDM a multiplexer effectively divides a high speed channel into multiple slow speed channels.

Time Division Multiplexing

In TDM, the multiplexer divides the time each terminal can use the high speed line into very short time slots.
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Time Division Multiplexing

A B

A C D

A time

Computers A and B split their messages into packets and share the transmission medium by taking turns sending the data.

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Frequency Division Multiplexing

frequency

3500 Hz

D
Computers A and C split the frequency: A uses a higher spectrum. By listening only to the assigned frequency, multiple transmissions can occur at the same time.

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Telecommunications Processors

Inter network Processors

Telecommunications networks are interconnected by special purpose communications processors called Internet-work Processors, such as :

Switch Makes connections between Telecommunications circuits in a network. Router Is an Intelligent Communications Processor that interconnects networks based on different rules/protocols, so that a telecommunications message can be routed to its destination. Hub Is a Port switching communications processor.
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Telecomm Processors

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Telecommunications Software
Telecommunications and Network Management Software may reside in PCs, Servers, Mainframes & Communications Processors (such as Multiplexers & Routers) Network Management Functions: Traffic Management Avoid congestion/Optimise use Security Authentication/Encryption/Auditing/Firewall Network Monitoring Troubleshoot/watch & inform the Network Administrators of problems Capacity Planning Survey network resources and traffic patterns & determine how best to accommodate the needs of the network as it grows & changes.
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Network Topologies
Network may be represented as a collection of nodes, some of which are connected by links. Network topology is determined only by the configuration of connections between nodes, distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types are not a matter of network topology, although they may be affected by it in an actual physical network. Network Topologies

RING Network

STAR Network

BUS Network

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RING Topology

RING Topology

All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. All of the nodes are connected in a closed loop. Messages travel around the ring, with each node reading those messages addressed to it. One of the advantages of ring networks is that they can span larger distances than other types of networks, such as bus networks, because each node regenerates messages as they pass through it.
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RING Topology

In a ring topology, all the computers in the network are connected in a closed loop. The data signal travels around the loop in one direction, passing through each computer. Whereas bus topology is passive, in a ring topology each computer boosts the signal before sending it on to the next computer. Because the signal must pass through each computer, the failure of one computer
can cause the network to fail.

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Topology of LANs
Ring network - one in which all microcomputers and other communications devices are connected in a continuous loop

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Star Topology

A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub or concentrator manages and
controls all functions of the network.

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Topology of LANs
Star network - one in which all microcomputers and other communications devices are connected to a central server

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BUS TOPOLOGY

A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable. Ethernet networks use a linear bus topology.

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Topology of LANs

Bus network - one in which all communications devices are connected to a common channel

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Star Topology
Advantages of a Star Topology Easy to install and wire. No disruptions to the network when connecting

or removing devices. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology Requires more cable length than a linear topology. If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes

attached are disabled. More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.

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Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

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Network Architectures & Protocols

Until recently, the use of telecommunication was hampered by the lack of sufficient standards for interfaces between hardware, software & communications channels. In response, telecommunications manufacturers & National & International Organisations have developed standards called PROTOCOLS, & master plans called NETWORK ARCHITECTURES to support the development of advanced Data Communications.

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Protocols and Network Architectures

Protocols:
Protocols are a standard set of rules & procedures for the control of communications in a network.

Network Architectures:
The goal of Network Architectures is to promote an:- Open - flexible - efficient telecommunications environment.

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TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP commonly refers to a network architecture, but this acronym also refers to 2 protocols that are closely bound: a transport protocol, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and a network protocol, IP (Internet Protocol)

The Internet architecture is on the basis of TCP/IP

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Comparison Between TCP/IP & OSI

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TCP/IP Model

The data link layer In more concrete terms, this implementation is typical of the technology used to build the local network (LAN). For example, LANs use Ethernet; Ethernet is an implementation of the data link layer. The internet layer This layer is the key of the architecture. Because of the major role of this layer in the packet delivery process, the critical point of this layer is routing. For this reason, we may compare this layer to the network layer of the OSI model.

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TCP/IP Model

The transport layer It has the same role as the transport layer of the OSI model: it is used to make peer entities dialog with one another.Officialy, this layer only has two possible implementations: the TCP protocol (Transmission Control Protocol) and the UDP protocol (User Datagram Protocol). TCP is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol that delivers packets without error from a machine of an internet to another machine of the same internet. On the other hand, UDP is a very simple protocol: it is a non-reliable and connectionless protocol. Using it presupposes that we do not need flow control, either preserving the order of packets. The application layer Contrary to the OSI model, this layer is immediately bound to the transport layer, simply because the session and presentation layers are useless. This layer holds all high level protocols, such as Telnet, TFTP (trivial File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). The main issue for this layer is that it can use both TCP or UDP protocols.
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