Non-Aligned Movement

Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement
Non-Aligned Movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not aligned formally with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members and 17 observer countries.[1] The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; and India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. All five leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between the Western and Eastern blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat and statesman V.K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[3] In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of 1979, Fidel Castro said the purpose of the organization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics".[4] The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World.[5] Members have at times included the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, the South West Africa People's Organization, Cyprus, and Malta. While many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers, the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g., India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Member countries Observer countries
Coordinating Bureau Membership[1] Leaders - Principal decisionmaking organ - Secretary-General Establishment
New York, New York, United States 120 members 17 observers
Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries[2] Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1961 in Belgrade as the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries
Website csstc.org (http://csstc.org)
Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[6] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[7] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[8][9] The successor states of the
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus remains the sole member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[9] The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to MehrNews agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[10] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[11] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[12] The 17th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Caracas, Venezuela, in 2015.
Contents
1 Origins 2 Organizational structure and membership 3 Policies and ideology 4 Role after the Cold War 5 Current activities and positions 6 Summits 7 Chairperson 8 Members, observers and guests 8.1 Current members 8.1.1 Africa 8.1.2 Americas 8.1.3 Asia 8.1.4 Europe 8.1.5 Oceania 8.2 Former members 8.3 Observers 8.3.1 Countries 8.3.2 Organisations 8.4 Guests 8.5 Presidency 9 See also 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links
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Origins
The Non-Aligned movement was never established as a formal organization, but became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" itself was coined by V.K. Krishna Menon in 1953 remarks at the United Nations. Menon's friend, Jawaharlal Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In his speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were: Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty Mutual non-aggression Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs Equality and mutual benefit Peaceful co-existence A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[13] The term non aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[14] At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[6] The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement were: Sukarno of Indonesia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.
Organizational structure and membership

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[2] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[15] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[15] Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that
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the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[15] Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations. Recognition of the movements for national independence. Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small. Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country. Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country. Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation. Respect for justice and international obligations.
Policies and ideology

Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto, an authoritarian anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[16] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[16] During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.
The South Africa Conference NAM Logo
The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[17] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[17] and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid regimes and support of liberation movements in various locations, including Zimbabwe and South Africa. The support for these sorts of movements stems from a belief that every state has the right to base its policies and practices with national
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interests in mind and not as a result of relations to a particular power bloc.[5] The Non-Aligned Movement has become a voice of support for issues facing developing nations and it still contains ideals that are legitimate within this context.
Role after the Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states,[18] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis--vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[19] The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's-poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[20] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security. Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998: [1] (http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm)
Current activities and positions

Criticism of US policy In recent years the organization has criticized US foreign policy. The US invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced as human rights violations and attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations.[21] The movement's leaders have also criticized the American control over the United Nations and other international structures. Self-determination of Puerto Rico Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[22] Self-determination of Western Sahara
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Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[23] The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[24] Sustainable development The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[25] Reforms of the UN The movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that would strengthen the representation and power of 'non-aligned' states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element considered the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[26] South-South cooperation Lately the movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world primarily the Group of 77 forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout. Cultural diversity and human rights The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.[citation needed] In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[27] Working groups, task forces, committees[28] Committee on Palestine High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM) Non-Aligned Security Caucus Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
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Task Force on Somalia Working Group on Disarmament Working Group on Human Rights Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations
Summits
The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:[29] Date 1st 16 September 1961 2nd 510 October 1964 3rd 810 September 1970 4th 59 September 1973 5th 1619 August 1976 6th 39 September 1979 7th 712 March 1983 8th 16 September 1986 9th 47 September 1989 10th 16 September 1992 11th 1820 October 1995 12th 23 September 1998 13th 2025 February 2003 14th 1516 September 2006 15th 1116 July 2009 16th 2631 August 2012 17th 2015 Host country Yugoslavia Zambia Algeria Sri Lanka Cuba India Zimbabwe Yugoslavia Indonesia Colombia South Africa Malaysia Cuba Egypt Iran Venezuela Host city Belgrade Lusaka Algiers Colombo Havana New Delhi Harare Belgrade Jakarta Cartagena de Indias Durban Kuala Lumpur Havana Sharm El Sheikh Tehran Caracas
Logo of the Sharm El Sheikh Summit, 2009
United Arab Republic Cairo
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Other meetings (such as the Bali meeting of 2327 May 2011) are held between the official moments. The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 56 September 2011.[30][31]
Chairperson
Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the Chairperson elected at last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.
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Chairperson of the Non-Aligned Movement Name Josip Broz Tito Gamal Abdel Nasser Kenneth Kaunda Houari Boumedine William Gopallawa Junius Richard Jayewardene Fidel Castro Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh Robert Mugabe Janez Drnovek Borisav Jovi Stjepan Mesi Branko Kosti Dobrica osi Suharto Ernesto Samper Andrs Pastrana Arango Nelson Mandela Thabo Mbeki Mahathir Mohamad Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Fidel Castro[32] Ral Castro FR Yugoslavia Indonesia Colombia South Africa Malaysia Cuba Yugoslavia Country Yugoslavia Zambia Algeria Sri Lanka Cuba India Zimbabwe Party League of Communists of Yugoslavia United National Independence Party Revolutionary Council Independent United National Party Communist Party of Cuba Janata Party Congress Party ZANU-PF League of Communists of Yugoslavia Socialist Party of Serbia Croatian Democratic Union Independent Partai Golongan Karya Colombian Liberal Party Colombian Conservative Party African National Congress United Malays National Organisation Communist Party of Cuba From To 1961 1964 1964 1970 1970 1973 1973 1976 1976 1978 1978 1979 1979 1983 1983 1983 1986 1986 1989 1989 1990 1990 1991 1991 1992 1992 1995 1995 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 2003 2003 2003 2006 2006 2008 2008 2009
United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992
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Hosni Mubarak Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Mohamed Morsi Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Iran Egypt
National Democratic Party Independent Freedom and Justice Party Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran
2009 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 Present
Members, observers and guests

Current members
The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][33] Africa Currently every African country (except South Sudan and Western Sahara) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Algeria (1961) Angola (1964) Benin (1964) Botswana (1970) Burkina Faso (1973) Burundi (1964) Cameroon (1964) Cape Verde (1976) Central African Republic (1964) Chad (1964) Comoros (1976) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961) Djibouti (1983) Egypt (1961) Equatorial Guinea (1970) Eritrea (1995) Ethiopia (1961) Gabon (1970) Gambia (1973) 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Ghana (1961) Guinea (1961) Guinea-Bissau (1976) Ivory Coast (1973) Kenya (1964) Lesotho (1970) Liberia (1964) Libya (1964) Madagascar (1973) Malawi (1964) Mali (1961) Mauritania (1964) Mauritius (1973) Morocco (1961) Mozambique (1976) Namibia (1979) Niger (1973) Nigeria (1964) Republic of the Congo (1964) Rwanda (1970)
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40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
So Tom and Prncipe (1976) Senegal (1964) Seychelles (1976) Sierra Leone (1964) Somalia (1961) South Africa (1994) Sudan (1961)
47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.
Swaziland (1970) Tanzania (1964) Togo (1964) Tunisia (1961) Uganda (1964) Zambia (1964) Zimbabwe (1979)
Americas 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Guyana (1970) Haiti (2006) Honduras (1995) Jamaica (1970) Nicaragua (1979) Panama (1976) Peru (1973) Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006) Saint Lucia (1983) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003) Suriname (1983) Trinidad and Tobago (1970) Venezuela (1989)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Asia
Antigua and Barbuda (2006) Bahamas (1983) Barbados (1983) Belize (1976) Bolivia (1979) Chile (1973) Colombia (1983) Cuba (1961) Dominica (2006) Dominican Republic (2000) Ecuador (1983) Grenada (1979) Guatemala (1993)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Afghanistan (1961) Bahrain (1973) Bangladesh (1973) Bhutan (1973) Brunei (1993) Cambodia (1961) India (1961) Indonesia (1961) Iran (1979)
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Iraq (1961) Jordan (1964) Kuwait (1964) Laos (1964) Lebanon (1961) Malaysia (1970) Maldives (1976) Mongolia (1993) Myanmar (1961) Nepal (1961)
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20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Europe
North Korea (1976) Oman (1973) Pakistan (1979) Palestinian territories (1976) Philippines (1993) Qatar (1973) Saudi Arabia (1961) Singapore (1970) Sri Lanka (1961)
29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
Syria (1964) Thailand (1993) Timor-Leste (2003) Turkmenistan (1995) United Arab Emirates (1970) Uzbekistan (1993) Vietnam (1976) Yemen (1961)[35]
2. 1. Oceania 2. 3. Azerbaijan (2011)
Belarus (1998)
1.
Fiji (2011)
Papua New Guinea (1993) Vanuatu (1983)
Former members
1. 2. Argentina (1973-1991) Cyprus (1961-2004) [7][37]
[36][37]
3. 4.
Malta (1973-2004) [7][37] Yugoslavia (1961-1992) [7][37] (including Yugoslavia[38])
FR
Observers
The following countries and organizations have observer status:[1] Countries 3. 4. 5. Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil China
1. 2.
Argentina Armenia
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Costa Rica Croatia El Salvador Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mexico
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Montenegro Paraguay Serbia Tajikistan Ukraine Uruguay
Organisations 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front Organisation of Islamic Cooperation South Centre United Nations World Peace Council
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
African Union Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation Arab League Commonwealth Secretariat Hostosian National Independence Movement
Guests
There is no permanent guest status,[39] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.
Presidency
NAM's chairman changes every three years. Iran is the current President of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 16th NAM summit between 26 and 31 August 2012, after which the presidency was handed to Ahmadinejad on 1 September. The latest move by the NAM Chairman has been to organise a NAM filmmakers' meeting in order to discuss the establishment of a NAM filmmakers' union. The meeting is to be held in February 2013, concurrently with the 31st Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran.[40]
See also
AsianAfrican Conference Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence G-77 New World Information and Communication Order NorthSouth divide
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Role of India in Non-aligned movement South-South Cooperation Third World
Further reading
Hans Kchler (ed.), The Principles of Non-Alignment. The Non-aligned Countries in the EightiesResults and Perspectives. London: Third World Centre, 1982. ISBN 0-86199-015-3 (Google Print (http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0861990153&id=WlaLuBOYBMC&printsec=frontcover) )
References
1. ^ a b c d "NAM Members & Observers" (http://www.nam.gov.ir/Portal /Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=27f3fbb6-8a39-444eb557-6c74aae7f75f) . 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Tehran, 2631 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 2. ^ a b "The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information" (http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm) . Government of Zaire. 21 September 2001. Retrieved 23 April 2011. 3. ^ Ma'Aroof, Mohammad Khalid (1 January 1987). Afghanistan in World Politics: (a Study of Afghan-U.S. Relations) (http://books.google.com /?id=v2pFvh9crtEC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75& dq=krishna+menon+coined+non+alignment#v=onepage&q&f=false) . ISBN 978-8-121-20097-4. 4. ^ Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979 (http://lanic.utexas.edu /la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012) ; "Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement" (http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/I_Agreements/pakistan___nonaligned_movemen.html) . Board of Investment Government of Pakistan. 2003. 5. ^ a b Grant, Cedric. "Equity in Third World Relations: a third world perspective". International Affairs 71, 3 (1995), 567587. 6. ^ a b Suvedi, Sryaprasda (1996). Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 169170. ISBN 978-0-198-26096-7. 7. ^ a b c d "The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States" 8. (http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm) . XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998. Retrieved 24 August 2012. ^ Lai Kwon Kin (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia casts shadow over non-aligned summit" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world /yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html) . The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2009. "Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out, saying it no longer represents the country which helped to found the movement." ^ a b Najam, Adil (2003). "Chapter 9: The Collective South in Multinational Environmental Politics" (http://books.google.com /?id=eCVZ5Vir2e0C&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q=&f=false) . In Nagel, Stuard. Policymaking and prosperity: a multinational anthology. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 233. ISBN 0-7391-0460-8. Retrieved 10 November 2009. "Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants. The application of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998." ^ NAM summit will raise Irans profile in the international arena (http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1680391) ^ NAM summit kicks off in Tehran (http://www.tehrantimes.com /component/content/article/100839) ^ Southern Africa: Media Briefing By Deputy Minister Ebrahim Ebrahim On International Developments (http://allafrica.com/stories /201208150290.html) ^ "Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries" (http://www.webcitation.org/5y9nJiTzr) . Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original (http://www.namegypt.org
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14.
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18. 19.
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/Relevant%20Documents/01st%20Summit%20of%20the%20NonAligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Belgrade_Decl aration).pdf) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ "Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of non-aligned nations" (http://www.webcitation.org/5y9sSWils) . Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original (http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents /5th%20Summit%20of%20the%20NonAigned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Sr.pdf) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ a b c "Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries, Caratagena de Indias, May 1416, 1996" (http://www.nam.gov.za/background /methodology.htm#METHODOLOGY) . Head of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. Government of Zaire. 1416 May 1996. Retrieved 24 April 2011. ^ a b Ohlson, Thomas; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (1988). Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-198-29124-4. ^ a b Morphet, Sally. "Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement: What Is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going?". Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. 10 (2004), pp. 517537. ^ Putting Differences Aside (http://www.ipsterraviva.net/TV/Noal /en/default.asp) , Daria Acosta, 18 September 2006. ^ Staff (7 August 2009). "Profile: Non-Aligned Movement" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2798187.stm#facts) . BBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2012. ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998: Final Document (http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm) , no. 10-11. ^ Staff (16 September 2006). "Non-Aligned Nations Slam U.S." (http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/09/16/nonalign.html) . CBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2012. ^ Transcript (14 July 2009). "No Alineados preparan apoyo a la libre determinacin de Puerto Rico El texto se presentara al cierre de la cita del NOAL en Sharm el Sheij" (http://www.cooperativa.cl /prontus_nots/site/artic/20090714/pags/20090714083311.html) (in Spanish). Radio Cooperativa. Retrieved 23 August 2012. ^ "3162 (XXVIII) Question of Spanish Sahara. U.N. General assembly 28th session, 1973" (http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION /GEN/NR0/282/34/IMG/NR028234.pdf?OpenElement) (PDF format;
requires Adobe Reader). United Nations. 24. ^ XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non Aligned Movement Final Document. Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.16-04-2009. (http://www.namegypt.org/en/RelevantDocuments/Pages/default.aspx) See points 237, 238 & 239. 25. ^ Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development (http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html) , 7 January 2008. 26. ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998: Final Document (http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm) , no. 55. 27. ^ Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights Day (http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html) . 28. ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998: The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 2.4. (http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#2.4.) . 29. ^ XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Sharm El Sheikh, 1116 July 2009: Previous Summits (http://www.namegypt.org/en/AboutName /PreviousSummits/Pages/default.aspx) 30. ^ Non-aligned again in Belgrade (http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story /9/Politika/950474/Nesvrstani+ponovo+u+Beogradu.html) 31. ^ Secretary-General's Message to Additional Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (http://www.un.org/sg/statements /index.asp?nid=5488) 32. ^ Fidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery, was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother, Cuba's acting president Ral Castro. See "Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations" (http://english.peopledaily.com.cn /200609/16/eng20060916_303402.html) . People's Daily. 16 September 2006. 33. ^ Cahoon, Ben. "Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)" (http://www.worldstatesmen.org/International_Organizations2.html#NAM) . World Statesmen.org. Retrieved 4 September 2012. 34. ^ In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue."Bhler, Konrad (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations (http://books.google.ca
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/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl8C&dq=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizati ons&source=gbs_navlinks_s) . Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. 35. ^ Yemen Arab Republic is one of the founders in 1961. People's Democratic Republic of Yemen joined in 1970. In 1990 both were unified into the present day Republic of Yemen, that accepted responsibility for all treaties of its predecessors.[34] 36. ^ La Nacin Opinin Pg. 19: Los No Alineados ("The Non-Aligned") (http://prensa.cancilleria.gov.ar/noticia.php?id=13561259) , for Lucio Garcia del Solar, 10 October 2006 (in Spanish). 37. ^ a b c d Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement -(New Delhi Declaration) (http://www.namegypt.org
/Relevant%20Documents/07th%20Summit%20of%20the%20NonAligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Ne.pdf) 38. ^ Kin, Lai Kwok (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world /yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html) . Reuters (via The Independent. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 39. ^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 23 September 1998: The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 4.4. (http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4.4.) 40. ^ "Iran plans to organize NAM filmmakers meeting" (http://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1761303) , Mehr News, 9 December 2012
External links
Official Site: 16th Summit (http://www.nam.gov.ir) Sixteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Tehran August 2631, 2012) Official Site: 15th Summit (http://www.namegypt.org/en/Pages/default.aspx) Fifteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Sharm el Sheikh July 1116, 2009) Official Site: 14th Summit (http://www.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html) Fourteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Havana, September 1116, 2006) Non-Aligned Movement (http://www.nam.gov.za) South African government NAM site International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies (http://www.iins.org/) International Organization for Non-Aligned Movement The Cold War International History Project's Document Collection on the NAM (http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409& fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection) Videos Non-Aligned Movement Summit in Tehran (http://www.presstv.com/Program/259314.html) - PressTV (2012) Irans NAM presidency (http://presstv.com/Program/262425.html) - PressTV (2012) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-Aligned_Movement&oldid=545142472" Categories: Non-Aligned Movement 1960s establishments in Yugoslavia 20th century in international relations 21st century in international relations Belgrade Cold War organizations Organizations established in 1961 Foreign policy doctrines of India This page was last modified on 18 March 2013 at 04:15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
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