Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in Multi-Layer Soils

Purdue University
Purdue e-Pubs
JTRP Technical Reports Joint Transportation Research Program
2009
Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in MultiLayer Soils

Monica Prezzi
Purdue University
Recommended Citation Prezzi, M. Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in Multi-Layer Soils. Publication FHWA/IN/ JTRP-2009/40. Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 2009. doi: 10.5703/1288284314332.
This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for additional information.
Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in Multi-Layer Soils
JTRP SPR- 3261 Final SAC meeting

SAC members Mir Zaheer and Keith Hoernschemeyer
Purdue University
Introduction
Analysis developed for the design of laterally loaded piles in multi-layer soil using energy principles (SPR 2630) Analysis validation for piles in sand Model pile lateral load tests (single piles and pile groups)
Driven Preinstalled Jacked
1
Objectives
Study the response of piles subjected to lateral load through a series of model pile load tests Evaluate the effect of pile installation (driven, jacked and preinstalled) on pile response Compare the model pile experimental results with results from the analysis for preinstalled model piles
General scope of work

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5
Purchase of sensors Fabrication of piles and pile caps Fabrication of jacking system Performance of model pile load tests Validation of the analysis
Contents
Model pile testing plan Model pile testing Sample preparation Soil tank Sand pluviator Instrumented model pile Driving system Preinstallation method Jacking system Installation of piles for pile group testing Lateral loading system Comparison of test and analysis results Single piles Pile groups Summary and Conclusions
4
Model pile testing plan

Model Pile Test
Laterally Loaded Piles
Single piles
Pile groups
Driven
Preinstalled
Jacked
Driven (4 piles)
5
Model pile testing plan

Pile Installation Soil Condition Dense sand Driven Medium dense sand Loose sand Multi-layer Single pile Preinstalled Dense sand Medium dense sand Dense sand Jacked Medium dense sand Loose sand Dense sand Medium dense sand Loose sand Multi-layer Relative Density DR 90% DR 60% DR 40% DR 60%, 90 % DR 90% DR 60% DR 90% DR 60% DR 40% DR 90% DR 60% DR 40% DR 60%, 90 %
Group piles
Driven
Contents
7
Soil tank
Soil tank (D=2m, H=1.6m)
Hammer Guide arm for pile driving (rotatable and extensible) Guide rod Reaction beam support Model pile
Soil tank
Guide arm for pile driving
Reaction beam (detachable)
Open Holes for draining sand Close

9
Sand pluviator
Large-scale sand pluviation system (D=2m)
Gantry Hoist for adjusting height
Diffuser sieves Shutter plate
Soil tank
10
Sand pluviator
Top of pluviator
Two sieve layers
Holes for sand pluviation

11
Sand pluviator
Schematic view and photo of sand pluviator
Hoist Chains
Shutter plate
Sand supply Falling sand jets Raining sand
Diffuser sieves
Deposited sand
12
Sample preparation
Top view of pluviator
Sand pluviation
13
Draining sand
Draining sand after the test
14
Contents
15
Instrumented model pile

Smooth steel pipe (D=3cm, L=120cm, t=0.2cm)
Collected wires at pile head
Closed-ended pile base

16
Instrumented model pile

22 strain gauges Closer near the base (higher load transfer rate) Load cell-shaped pile base
17
Driving System
Installation of driven pile
Hammer
Guide Rod
Pile Cap
Filled soil tank
18
Preinstallation of model pile
Preinstalled pile
Pile jacking system
20
Pile jacking system

Max. rate = 5 cm/min
Screw Rod Model Pile
Motor
21
Installation of Group piles

Setup
Pile driving guide

(Wooden Box Frame)
Pile driving order 3 4 Piles & Steel Cap 2
1
22
Lateral loading system
Pile groups
Single pile
23
Contents
24
Test results: Single pile

Lateral load - deflection curves (driven pile)
Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Lateral Deflection of Pile Head (mm)
2 4 6 8 10
Ultimate lateral loads Qlat,5%, Qlat,10% Qlat,20% corresponding to lateral pile head deflections of 5, 10 and 20 % of the pile diameter
Sand type Qlat, 5% (kN) 0.42 0.24 0.19 Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.65 0.36 0.29 Qlat, 20% (kN) 0.92 0.54 0.44
25
12 14 16 Dense sand Medium dense sand Loose sand
Dense Medium dense Loose
1.0 kN = 225 lb

Bending moment profiles (driven pile)
Dense sand (DR=91%)
Bending Moment (kN-m)
-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips

Loose sand (DR=38%)
0.4
-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Medium dense sand (DR=59%)

-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Depth (m)
0.3
Depth (m)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 kN 0.3 kN 0.5 kN 0.7 kN 0.9 kN 0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN 0.8 kN
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Depth (m)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 kN 0.3 kN 0.5 kN 0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN
0.1 kN 0.3 kN 0.5 kN 0.7 kN 0.9 kN 1.1 kN
0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN 0.8 kN 1.0 kN 1.2 kN
Bending moment
M=
EI ( T c ) h
T : tensile strain c : compressive strain

h: horizontal distance between gauges EI: bending stiffness of pile
26
Rollins et al. (1998)

Lateral load - deflection curves (jacked pile)
Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
10 Dense sand Medium dense sand Loose sand 14
Sand type Dense Medium dense Loose
Qlat, 5% (kN) 0.51 0.32 0.21
Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.71 0.42 0.31
Qlat, 20% (kN) 0.97 0.59 0.47

27
12
1.0 kN = 225 lb

Bending moment profiles (jacked pile)
Dense sand (DR=91%)

-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Loose sand (DR=38%)

-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Depth (m)
0.3
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
0.2 kN 0.3 kN 0.5 kN 0.7 kN 0.9 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN 0.8 kN
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.2 kN 0.5 kN 0.7 kN 1.0 kN 0.3 kN 0.6 kN 0.9 kN 1.1 kN
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.1 kN 0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN
0.9 1.0
0.3 kN 0.5 kN
1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips

28

Lateral load - deflection curves (preinstalled pile)
Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Dense sand Medium dense sand
Sand type Dense Medium dense
Qlat, 5% (kN) 0.35 0.22
Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.52 0.35
Qlat, 20% (kN) 0.73 0.52

29
1.0 kN = 225 lb

Bending moment profiles (preinstalled pile)
Dense sand (DR=91%)
Moment (kN-m)
-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Moment (kN-m)
-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 kN 0.3 kN 0.5 kN 0.7 kN 0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN 0.8 kN
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
0.3
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 kN 0.3 kN 0.5 kN 0.7 kN 0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN 0.8 kN
1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips
30

Load-deflection curves and bending moment profiles (Multi-layer soils)
Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-0.1 -0.1 0.0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.1
4
0.2 0.3
Depth (m)
0.4 0.5 0.6

0.1 kN 0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.5 kN 0.6 kN 0.7 kN 0.9 kN
10
0.7 0.8
Multi layer
12
0.9 1.0
14
Sand type Multi layer
Qlat, 5% (kN) 0.28
Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.41
Qlat, 20% (kN) 0.61
Soil Tank
Medium dense sand Dense sand 31
Effect of pile installation method

Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Dense sand Qlat,10% (preinstalled piles) = 73% of Qlat,10% (jacked piles)

Installation Method Jacked Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.71 0.65 0.52
Dense
4
Driven Preinstalled
10
Medium dense
Driven pile (Dense) Jacked pile (Dense) Preinstalled pile (Dense) Driven pile (Medium Dense) Jacked pile (Medium Dense) Preinstalled pile (Medium Dense)
12
14
Medium dense sand Qlat,10% (preinstalled piles) = 84% of Qlat,10% (jacked piles)
Installation Method Jacked Driven Preinstalled Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.42 0.36 0.35
32
16
18
20
1.0 kN = 225 lb
Comparison of Result with Predictions

Comparison of predictions (PYGMY, present analysis) with measurements from model piles driven in dense, medium dense, and loose sand
Dense sand (DR=91%)
Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0 0.0 0.2

Lateral Load (kN)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Loose sand (DR=38%)

Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Predicted (PYGMY) Measured (Driven) present analysis
8 Predicted (PYGMY) Measured (Driven) 12 present analysis 14
8 Measured 10 Predicted (PYGMY) present analysis 14
10
10
12
12
14
1.0 kN = 225 lb
33
Comparison of Result with Predictions

Comparison of predicted and measured bending moment profiles for model piles driven in dense sand
-0.05 -0.1 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.7 0.8
Applied lateral load (kN)
0.0 0.1 0.2
0.6
Predicted
0.5
Measured
Depth (m)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.4
0.3
0.2
Pred_0.1 kN Pred_0.2 kN Pred_0.3 kN Pred_0.4 kN Mead_0.1 kN Mead_0.2 kN Mead_0.3 kN Mead_0.4 kN
0.1
0.0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Max. Moment (kN-m)
1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips
34
Comparison of Results with PYGMY

Comparison of predicted and measured bending moment profiles for model piles driven in dense sand
-0.1 -0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1.4
1.2
0.0
Applied Lateral Load (kN)
1.0
0.2
0.8
Depth (m)
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.0
Mead_0.2kN Mead_0.4kN Mead_0.6kN Mead_0.8kN Mead_1.0kN Pred_0.2kN Pred_0.4kN Pred_0.6kN Pred_0.8kN Pred_1.0kN
0.4
Measured
0.2
Predicted
0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
1.2
Max. Moment (kN-m)

35
1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips
Comparison of Results
Comparison of predictions with measurements from model piles driven and preinstalled in dense, medium dense
Dense sand (DR=91%)

Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Predicted (PYGMY) Measured (Driven) present analysis Measured (Preinstalled)
8 Predicted (PYGMY) Measured (Driven) present analysis Measured (Preinstalled)
10
10
12
12
14
14
36
Input parameters (present analysis)

Input parameters for the model pile Length (m) Diameter / width (m) Pile modulus (GPa) Input parameters for the soil Critical-state friction angle (deg.) Max. void ratio (emax) Min. void ratio (emin) Coefficient of earth pressure Model 32.8 0.78 0.47 0.4 f-g model 1.2 0.03 210
Suggested f and g (Lee and Salgado, 2000)

DR(%) 30 50 70 90 f 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 g 0.17 0.2 0.23 0.26
37
Input parameters (PYGMY)

PYGMY input parameters for the model pile Pile property Length (m) Diameter / width (m) Bending stiffness of pile, EpIp (kNm2) Plastic moment (kNm) No. of elements Input value 1.2 0.03 3.862 0.5 30
PYGMY input parameters for the soil Soil property Peak friction angle (deg.) Initial stiffness gradient (kPa/m) Effective unit weight (kN/m3) No. of soil layers Dense sand 44 82,000 17.34 1 Medium dense sand 39 34,000 16.27 1 Loose sand 36 12,000 15.64 1
38
p-y curve (PYGMY)

Sand: API criterion (1993)
k x y p =A pu tanh A p B u p : lateral pressure A : factor to account for static or cyclic loading A = 0.9 where equilibrium has been reached under cyclic loading A (0.3 - 0.8 x / B ) 0.9 for static loading = pu = fultimate bearing pressure at the current depth, x k = gradient of initial modulus of subgrade reaction with depth (kPa/m) y = lateral displacement x = depth below surface B = pile diameter
39
p-y curves (PYGMY)

predicted p-y curves (dense sand)
40
Contents
41
Group piles: Dense sand (DR=90%)

Lateral deflection of pile head (4 piles, 3B spacing)
Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 Single pile 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Lateral deflection = 5%, 10%, 20% of the pile diameter Qlat, 5% = 0.91 kN Qlat, 10% = 1.59 kN Qlat, 20% = 2.25 kN
Pile group
10
12
1.0 kN = 225 lb
14
42

Distribution of lateral load
Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0
For lateral load Pile top
Qh
2cm 4 strain gauges
10
12
Trailing Pile Leading Pile
14
1.0 kN = 225 lb
The difference in the bending moments divided by the distance between the strain gauges is equal to the lateral load in the pile 43

Bending moment of leading and trailing piles
Distribution of bending moments of trailing piles

-0.1 -0.05 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Distribution of bending moments of leading piles

-0.1 -0.05 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Group piles
Depth (m)
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.5 kN 0.9 kN 1.3 kN 1.6 kN 1.9 kN 2.2 kN 2.5 kN 2.9 kN 3.2 kN
Depth (m)
0.3
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Qh
Trailing Row Leading Row
1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips
44

Measured p-multipliers and distribution of lateral load
1.6
Single pile
Lateral Load (kN)
1.2
Leading pile Trailing pile
0.8
Measured p-multipliers
0.4
Lateral deflection 5 % of B
0.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0
Leading Pile 0.76 0.74 0.82
Trailing Pile 0.59 0.58 0.63
10 % of B 20 % of B
1.0 kN = 225 lb
45
Group piles: Medium dense sand (DR=60%)

Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 Single pile 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Pile group
Lateral deflection = 5%, 10%, 20% of the pile diameter Qlat, 5% = 0.60 kN
10
12
Qlat, 10% = 1.20 kN
14
1.0 kN = 225 lb
Qlat, 20% = 1.56 kN

46

Bending moment of leading and trailing piles
-0.1 -0.05 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips
47

1.6
Single pile
Lateral Load (kN)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0
10 % of B 20 % of B
1.0 kN = 225 lb
48
Group piles: Loose sand (DR=40%)

Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 Single pile 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Pile group
Lateral deflection = 5%, 10%, 20% of the pile diameter Qlat, 5% = 0.47 kN
10
12
Qlat, 10% = 0.80 kN
1.0 kN = 225 lb
14
Qlat, 20% = 1.23 kN

49

Bending Moment of leading and trailing piles
-0.1 -0.05 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Depth (m)
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Depth (m)
0.3
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips
50

1.6
Single pile
Lateral Load (kN)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0
10 % of B 20 % of B
51
Group piles: two-layer sand sample

Lateral Load (kN)
0.0 0 Single 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Soil Tank
Medium dense sand Dense sand
Pile group
Lateral deflection = 5%, 10%, 20% of the pile diameter Qlat, 5% = 0.62 kN Qlat, 10% = 1.21 kN
10
12
1.0 kN = 225 lb
14
Qlat, 20% = 1.82 kN

52

Bending Moment of leading and trailing piles
-0.1 -0.05 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Depth (m)
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Depth (m)
0.3
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips
53

1.6
Single pile
Lateral Load (kN)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0
10 % of B 20 % of B
1.0 kN = 225 lb
54
Group piles: p-multipliers

p-multipliers f - p-y relationship for single pile - Reduction in p values for each pile in the group by using f
Reese et al (2006)
fi = ij
j =1
np
ij :
interaction coefficients (pile i and pile j)
= if i j ij 1=
55

leading offset pile
trailing offset pile
Qh
i L S
s piL , s piT , s piS :

center-to-center spacing
B : pile diameter
iL iT iT
s piL 0.48 B s piT 0.7 B
0.38
1 1
0.34
i for a leading pile =

for a trailing pile
2 2 iL cos 2 + iS sin 2
0.26
for leading offset pile
s piS 0.64 B
= i
2 2 iT cos 2 + iS sin 2
for a side-by-side pile
for trailing offset pile

56

for a leading pile
12
s piL 0.09 0.48 0.48 0.72 = = 0.03 B

0.38
0.38
for a side-by-side pile
Qh
1 3
2 4
13
s piT 0.09 0.64 0.64 0.92 = = 0.03 B

0.34
0.34
for leading offset pile
4 piles, 3B spacing (=0.09m)
14 1L
12L cos 2 + 12S sin 2

0.09 2 s piL 0.48 0.48 0.83 = = B 0.03
0.38 0.38
f1 = ij = 12 12 13 14 = 0.623
j =1
np
s piL = 1S 0.64 B
0.09 2 = 0.64 0.03 = 1.04 1

0.34
0.34
14 =
12L cos 2 + 12S sin 2 = 0.919
57

Mokwa (1999)
sp 0.64 0.06 1 f L =+ B sp 0.34 0.11 1 fT 1 =+ B sp 0.16 0.14 1 fT 2 =+ B fT 3 sp 0.04 0.16 =+ B 1
for the leading row for the 1st trailing row for the 2nd trailing row for the 3rd and subsequent trailing row
58

Mokwa (1999)
sp 0.64 + 0.06 = 0.64 + 0.06 ( 3) = 0.82 fL = B sp 0.34 + 0.11 = 0.34 + 0.11( 3) = 0.67 fT 1 = B
Predicted p-multipliers
Leading Pile Reese et al (2006) Mokwa (1999) 0.866 0.820
for the leading row for the 1st trailing row
Trailing Pile 0.623 0.670

59
Group piles: comparison of p-multipliers

Comparison of predicted p-multipliers with measurements from pile group tests in dense, medium dense and loose sand
1.0
0.8
p-multiplier
Leading piles
Reese et al. (2006)
0.6
Mokwa (1999) Dense Medium dense Loose
0.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
60
Lateral Deflection of Pile Head (% of diameter)
Group piles: comparison of p-multipliers

Comparison of predicted p-multipliers with measurements from pile group tests in dense, medium dense and loose sand
1.0
Reese et al. (2006) Mokwa (1999) Dense

0.8
Medium dense Loose
p-multiplier
Trailing piles
0.6
0.4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
61
Lateral Deflection of Pile Head (% of diameter)
Summary and Conclusions

An instrumented model pile, a soil tank, a large-scale pluviator, a driving system, and a jacking system were fabricated Lateral load tests were performed on preinstalled, driven and jacked model piles installed in sand prepared at different densities The effects of soil conditions and pile installation method on the model pile capacities were evaluated
62
Summary and Conclusions

For single piles, the predictions from the developed analysis were in good agreement with the model pile test results for small pile head deflections (up to 10% of the pile diameter) For pile groups, the measured p-multipliers are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from Mokwa (1999) and Reese et al. (2006) the measured p-multipliers for the leading piles were 85%~90% less than the predicted values for the trailing piles, the measured p-multipliers were in good agreement with the predictions
63
References
Basu, D. (2006). Analysis of laterally loaded piles in layered soil. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University. Basu, D., Salgado, R. and Prezzi. M. (2008). Analysis of laterally loaded piles in multilayered soil deposits. Final Report FHWA/IN/JTRP-2007/23, JTRP Lee, J. & Salgado, R. (2000). Analysis of calibration chamber plate load tests. Can. Geotech. J., 37, 14-25. Mokwa, R. L. (1999). Investigation of the resistance of pile caps to lateral loading. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Mokwa, R. L. & Duncan, J. M. (2001). Experimental evaluation of lateral-load resistance of pile caps. J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engng., Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs. 127, No. 2, 185-192. Poulos, H. G. & Davis, E. H. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design. John Wiley & Sons,Inc. Randolph, M. F. (1981). The response of flexible piles to lateral loading. Geotechnique 31, No. 2,247-259. Reese, L. C., Isenhower, W. M. & Wang, S.-T. (2006). Analysis and design of shallow and deep foundations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reese, L.C. and Van Impe, W.F. (2001). Single Piles and Pile Groups Under Lateral Loading, A. A.Balkema, Rotterdam. Salgado, R. (2008). The Engineering of Foundations, McGraw-Hill Science.

Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in Multi-Layer Soils

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Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in Multi-Layer Soils

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Purdue University

Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in MultiLayer Soils

Implementation of Laterally Loaded Piles in Multi-Layer Soils

JTRP SPR- 3261 Final SAC meeting

General scope of work

Model pile testing plan

Laterally Loaded Piles

Model pile testing plan

Guide arm for pile driving

Reaction beam (detachable)

Open Holes for draining sand Close

Gantry Hoist for adjusting height

Diffuser sieves Shutter plate

Two sieve layers

Holes for sand pluviation

Sand supply Falling sand jets Raining sand

Top view of pluviator

Instrumented model pile

Collected wires at pile head

Closed-ended pile base

Instrumented model pile

Filled soil tank

Preinstallation of model pile

Pile jacking system

Pile jacking system

Screw Rod Model Pile

Installation of Group piles

Pile driving guide

Pile driving order 3 4 Piles & Steel Cap 2

Lateral loading system

Test results: Single pile

Lateral Deflection of Pile Head (mm)

12 14 16 Dense sand Medium dense sand Loose sand

Dense Medium dense Loose

Test results: Single pile

1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips

Medium dense sand (DR=59%)

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.1 kN 0.3 kN 0.5 kN 0.7 kN 0.9 kN 1.1 kN

0.2 kN 0.4 kN 0.6 kN 0.8 kN 1.0 kN 1.2 kN

T : tensile strain c : compressive strain

Rollins et al. (1998)

Test results: Single pile

Lateral Deflection of Pile Head (mm)

10 Dense sand Medium dense sand Loose sand 14

Sand type Dense Medium dense Loose

Qlat, 5% (kN) 0.51 0.32 0.21

Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.71 0.42 0.31

Qlat, 20% (kN) 0.97 0.59 0.47

Test results: Single pile

Dense sand (DR=91%)

Medium dense sand (DR=59%)

Loose sand (DR=38%)

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

1.0 kN-m = 0.738 lb-kips

Test results: Single pile

Lateral Deflection of Pile Head (mm)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Dense sand Medium dense sand

Sand type Dense Medium dense

Qlat, 5% (kN) 0.35 0.22

Qlat, 10% (kN) 0.52 0.35