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TECHNICAL
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NASA TN D-4499
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Z k-,,, , Z
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copy
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Jul,_ 65
(MF)_
_ - 20
(_CCESSlON
NUMBER)
3 _ 4
-
(T ,HRU)
/
(PA (C_OE) )
by DonaM
H. Sinclair,
Cleveland,
Ohio
WASHINGTON, D. C.
APRIL 1968
NASA
TN
D-4499
CRYOGENIC
TEMPERATURE RE SISTANC
USING
PLATINUM
By
Donald
H.
Sinclair,
Howard Lewis
G.
and
Jerry
H.
Malone
Research Cleveland,
NATIONAL
For sale by the
AERONAUTICS
Clearinghouse Springfield, for Virginia
BLANK
NOT
FILMLC;.
CONTENTS
Page SUMMARY INTRODUC SYMBOLS APPARATUS Calibration Multipoint Bath Calibration INSTRUMENTATION Transducer Signal ........................................ TION ..................................... 1 1 4 ............................ 6 6 6 7 ...................... .................. 8 10 10 12 ...................... 14 17 17 17 17 19 19 ..................... ................. ................ ................. 19 19 20 21 21 22 24
calibrations
INSTALLATIONS
Conditioner Field
......................................... Evaluated .................................. .................................... .................................... ................................... .................................. - Z Temperature T 1 = 20.20 K, Functions
Reliability Sensitivity Self-heating Repeatability Matching ZI ZII ZII I CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES FIGURES PRT
T 2 = 77.40 K T 2 = 273. 15 K
T 1 = 77.40 K, T 1 = 4.20 K,
T 2 = 20.20 K
...................................... ......................................
.........................................
111
CRYOGENIC TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT USING PLATINUM RESISTANCETHERMOMETERS by Donald H. Sinclair, Howard G. Terbeek, and Jerry H. Malone
selective
to 5000 ohms
to be stable,
nonlinear 77.40
at 273.
15 ,
interpolation
between
probable
uncertainties facility,
than
K from
20 to 300 K. in liquidinstallations.
a calibration baths
procedures instrumentation
hydrogen
liquid-nitrogen
to 0.02 K,
INTRODUCTION
Evaluation Research perature of their Center sensor commercial tests of platinum resistance the thermometers increasing temperatures. stability for PRT demand PRT (PRT) for were initiated at Lewis tembecause
in order to measure
to satisfy cryogenic
were
National
of
qualifications
reference
Accuracy
of temperature, is well
number (ref.
documented
developed
accuracy
requirements
One-tenth
OK is generally laboratory.
as compared
0.01 K for
The tion as
calibration
of PRT
involves
relating to define
the this
of the
transducer with as
as
a funcfew and
temperature-
strain-free equation
platinum
above
90 K is
-l+a
- 6
(1)
Ro
where
R T
of PRT
at
T, R 0
is the resistance
at 0 C
obtained from
measurements
at specified temperatures.
the nonlinearity
greater
than at higher
temperatures.
resistance
(which
impurities, decreases
more
to extend
the range
expressions
been unsuccessful
(ref. 2).
to 273 K number
can be accomplished
for PRT
of proven
demonstrated relations
Corruccini
in terms
of ratios of resistance
differences, between
Z T (Cragoe's
function), which
Interpolation
RT, ZT is
and
RT, simply
are
at
base
point resistance
T 1 1 to
T 2. 2 perto
function realized
of the therefore,
in going output
relates
temperature from
measures
resistance
where Hence,
eT
and
efs
are
bridge-signal
outputs
at temperature
T and
at full
scale.
eT efs
RT-
RT,
1 =ZT (4)
RT, 2 - RT, 1
Standard
ZT
functions primary
from PRT.
the
equally
to an unknown
be determined
values of RT, 1' RT, 2 and the Z T functions. was to determine what errors would result from objective, types ZT functions were from multipoint with function the
calibrations standard ZT
of PRT
compared for Z
These with
different temperature
agreement
in three
Temperature,
T1 20.20
T2 77.40
ZI ZII ZIII
point
can
of any particular they were and needs. readily nitrogen For from
hydrogen, present
functions
tables data
end points
be readily PRT.
established
calibration The
a primary Z
reference
equation
provides First,
a means
of conveniently PRT
solving in
encountered
matching ratios.
it normalizes
absolute
not a function
is canceled, ZT errors
resistance
When Corruccini compared resulting average of maximum exceed 0.005 K. The investigation reported
herein
is a continuation
of Corruccini's
work.
It extends
calibration commercial
with PRT.
And
be obtained
if standard evaluated
functions are applied from 16 types and six nmnusensitivity, relative re-
20 to 300 K. facturers.
361 PRT
representing
Sensor
calibrations
at temperatures
4 to 500 K.
Single-point
were
boiling cryogenic
nitrogen,
and helium.
between
in a controlled were
oil bath.
comparison ured
with thermometers
which
calibrated
by NBS.
reference
designed
its design
in this report.
SYMBOLS
A E E e Ae efs eH e L e mon mon area excitation voltage monitor excitation voltage
signal voltage signal voltage signal voltage signal voltage signal voltage monitor reference reference error at full scale at at TH TL
er es eT eTC ex I K
conductivity
of stainless
readout PRT
resistance reference reference resistance resistance resistance unknown bridge bridge reference temperature error maximum minimum temperature temperature PRT, resistance Z Z at at TH TL Test or
resistance PRT at at at PRT Zero ends T Z Z base base point point T1 T2 resistance
PRT
T AT
TH
TL T I T 2
X
Z ZH Z L
difference
ratio
(Cragoe's
function)
ZT ZI ZII ZII I _, 5, fl
Z Z
at with
T T 1 = 20.20 K T 1 = 77.40 K T 1 = 4.20 K (Callendar-Van and and and T 2 = 77.40 K T 2 = 273. 15 K T 2 = 20.20 K Dusen Equation)
Facility
performed 1. All major with the temperature required board switch. calibration to caliIn are
components
permanently
connected
sensors, This
components for
connected of calibration
arrangement accuracies
allows
conducting oper-
tests
adequate
by semiskilled
involving just
the
use
of liquid
hydrogen
as a coolant
were
in a well to keep
venthe the
outside volume
laboratory. 4-percent
hydrogen-to-air boil-off ment mishap. Multipoint given tion type rate laboratory
by minimizing at this
testing
instruwithout
conducted
the past
10 years
calibrations.
Multipoint to determine
sample with
of PRT Z
of a func-
is necessary
whether Multipoint
standard
conducted principles
as shown
transfer consists
to provide
a desired
isothermal
environment
cylinders. located
uniform and
standard
thermometers
in the uniform
temperature
Before operation, the inner and outer cylinders are vacuum purged and filled with helium gas. During operation the assembly is immersed in a cryogenic coolant to a level well above the top of the outer cylinder. Coolants used are liquid nitrogen, hydrogen, or helium. The rate of heat transfer out of the inner cylinder is determined by setting the helium gas pressure in the conductionspace betweenthe cylinders. The rate of heat transfer into the inner cylinder is determined by the amount of electrical power supplied to a heater wrappedaround the heater block. When the rate of heat removal to the coolant is balanced by a minimum of heat supplied by the control heater a stable calibration temperature exists within the inner cylinder. Control sensors are placed in the heater block to enableautomatic temperature control. A PRT is used for control from 20 to
300 K and The a germanium leak down resistance the support thermometer tube from 4 to 20 K. lead wires wires and to the thin-wall are inner cylinder heat and instrument (LHC) permanent alloy
by using the
inner block
interconnect Also,
leads
block
to each temperature
sensor mounting
leads block.
thermal
between
sensors, cylinder.
a helium Also,
gas
pressure
greater
(7 kN/m
the inner
sensors
block.
10 minutes care
temperature graof
to minimize
the
temperature source
sensors, experiment
gradients and
do exist. amounts
This
is considered 0.03 K.
the largest
to about hydrogen,
calibrations. used
- Boiling
of liquid at 20. 20 ,
nitrogen,
and,
sometimes,
he-
77.40 , Dewars.
respectively. are vented (+0.254 the system calibrated is not of saturFor such cm) to
liquids ullage
insulated
metal
pressure loading
equals
barometric liquid,
within
After
to thermal
equilibrium
necessary,
the tem-
saturation
pressure values
temperature (refs.
temperature
the bulk
of the bath
is superheated.
+0.01
K and
in the bath
causes exist
at the graagiex-
surface
bath,
millimeters
surface
temperature
into the
advantages
calibrations
as opposed
to cryostat
calibrations
are
as fol-
lows: (1) Time for cryostat (2) Better ture gradients Calibration a potential reference ratio for preparation and Also, are sensors taking more obtainable: in a bath data sensors This is measured in hours compared at one time due those to the are lower with days
thermometers Rx
resistance
is compared
resistance
Rr
in a series
Rx = _xx Rr er
(5)
ex Figure
and
er
are
drops for
across production
Rx
and
3 shows
within
environment. by careful
s 1 and with
s 2 are
reference
PRTwhich primary
calibrated
an NBS calibrated
stable
temperature
close
to the desired
calibration
the calibradrop ex n
by comparing
(6)
temperature
is not critical
second of the
s 2 is redundant
environment
and calibration
stability
of reference
Rs,
1 _ es,
(7)
Rs, 2
es, 2
They
Also, resistors Rr, 1 and Rr, 2 are accurately are used to check the resistance measurement
known accuracy
resistors. by
Rr,
1 _ er,
(8)
Rr, 2
er, 2
These are
checks acceptable.
must
be within
calibration plot
accuracy
before
the
calibration when
data deter-
A typical
as shown for
in figure a desired
4 is helpful temperature
mining acy.
resistance
accuracy is limited
accur-
if a calibration uncertainty
the necessary
resistance
at 20 K must
100
AR
_ 100 _R AT :
_14%_ (0.02 K)
: 0.28%
(9)
while
the
required
uncertainty
at 77 K would
have
to be better
than
i00 AR
_ 100 JR AT=_2"3%_
R77 R77ST
Resistance measurement
(0.02 K) = 0.046%
(10)
uncertainties as low as +0.01 percent are obtainable from uncertainties better than
0.01 voltage
percent ratios.
are
required,
the precision
six-dial
potentiometer
is used
to measure
the
Some lows:
other
advantages
of a potential
ratio
resistance
measuring
circuit
are
as fol-
wire
resistances
are
negligible,
and
a true
four-terminal
resistance
meas-
is made. thermals current are flowing easily canceled by either directions their values (a) averaging or (b) measuring from the signal voltage measwith voltage
in opposite deducting
current-on
voltage
measurements
are
not required
because
voltage
be easily
matched
many like
PRT
can be simultaneously
calibrated,
instrumentation ranges
is used of resistance,
current,
INSTRUMENTATION
using
PRT
involves signal
converting at a signal
reinterest a a
electrical
reliable conditioner
of these
measurements, This
be discussed.
standardization
result
of this
reported
Instrumentation (1) Predictable (2) Uniform (3) Uniform (4) Uniform (5) Decrease data
has reliable
many
advantages,
such
as
performance.
acceptance operation.
testing,
calibration.
Transducer
at Lewis
best
met
by storing
shape
or else
be accomplished in figure 5.
no change
in calibration.
A PRT
that
is shown
Its dimensions are such that it can be assembledby sweating the sensor 0. 145-inch (3.68-mm) outside diameter shoulder into a standard 3/16-inch (4.8-mm) outside diameter by 0.02-inch (0. 5-mm) wall tube, of any desired length, to form a probe. Probe construction including electrical connector and pressure fittings normally takes less than 2 hours to complete. In other installations the sensor can be sweateddirectly into a clearance hole in the rig. For corrosive applications where a sealed probe is required, a suitable split pin can be fitted into the 0. 10-inch (2.54-mm) inside diameter of the sensor to enhancethermal conductionbetweensensing element and probe. A similar split pin will allow the sensor to be wall mounted. This PRT also has the following desirable qualities: (1) 1000-ohmresistance at the ice point andan appreciable _R/_T sensitivity at low temperatures. (2) Stability better than +0.02 K.
(3) Ruggedness. (a) 50 g's or 0.5-inch hertz (12.7 for mm) double amplitude (whichever is smaller) from
20 to 2000 (b) Impact (c) Velocity (d) 2000 meter (4) Time 3 feet rate response per of flow. psi shock (1.4
15 minutes. for than 10 milliseconds 30 feet per differential rate. changes in liquid in water flowing same at triangular second with less wave. of water 10 -7 cubic flow. centithan
loading
(9 m/sec)
helium
second
and
hydrogen
at the
to standard purity
ZT
construction.
20 K the resistance
0. 005 times
at the ice
(7) Self-heating, Four potential conduction dients carry ductivity table leads also exist leads ratio are or
0.03 K per
resistance To decrease
multiple
sensors heat
more KCu
alloy
KLH C for
(AK)c u
is greater
by 0.02-inch assume no
The
in the table
11
TABLE
I. - TYPICAL Copper
HEAT
COMPARISON T, OK 20 to 300! 25
leads to -
Signal Conditioner
A potential brating sensors sistance making IBRATION measuring every sensor PRT ratio in that circuit it affords circuit. as described a convenient Uncertainties of the above means are and shown in figure 3 is useful for caliof of rein CALfor of The signal calibracan
resistances
of a number
of 0. 005 to 0. 1 percent the techniques in the can that employed section be used the
advantages
resistance
to the
sensor
a given
of temperature, Z functions.
the signal
output
as a function
of temperature
be normalized
by applying
eT efs
ZT - ZL ZH - ZL
(11)
where equal
ZL to Z
to
at the for
TL same voltage
and
ZH (e/efs)
is as
maximum applies
temperature
One calibration
temperae is com-
A versatile
suitable
procured plugs
mounted power
features
direct-current minals
output for
10 to 30 volts. composing
is provided
board
12
calibration,
range
of temperature,
and
A circuit diagram
in figure 6.
Resistor
Rzero
, opposite
the PRT,
estabe value.
the PRT
resistance
to obtain a desired
span
(temperature)
to be measured. end resistors RI, at R2, R 6 R5, and R 6 which are gen-
proper
also includes
compared
resistance
experienced through
of measurement in current RH
a virtually constant of (RH at T HIt can be shown lead resistance lead resistances will influence exceeds 3 ohms - RL)/R 6
current RL
is a function resistance
where
is the PRT
resistance
is the PRT
from
minimize
effects of
as much
the current
through
the sensor
by a factor When RD
However,
and, hence,
is negligible.
is large, RC
sated during bridge setup. Effects of lead resistance with a high-impedance readout instrument. Relays operated at the module or by remote
control provide
the bridge circuit so that thermal Power supply output is transferred standby condition.
Rca I into the circuit in place of the PRT; and span settings. Emo n and bridge signal
- Allows
measurement
of excitation voltage
mon" setup procedure is to first select a calibrated installation. are calculated From PRT and have it assembled RT, I and
the PRT
calibration, Z
are established.
using standard
functions.
RL
= RT,
I + ZL
(RT, 2 - RT,
1)
(12)
= RT,
1 + ZH
(13)
is determined
13
I -
eH - e L RH - R L
(14)
e L and e H are the bridge equal to zero. Consideration rate of heat can transfer for from negligible the
at T L and TH, respectively; e L is resistance characteristics of the sensor application (Joule will provide effect). value an estimate Normally for the of
errors can
be expected with
electrical
self-heating
ample
be obtained
A resistance
tors R1, R2, R 5, and R 6 approximately end resistors are installed at appropriate sistor perature R 1 should match R2, and coefficients of all resistors OK. field Before making zero
These board.
R 5 should match R 6 to within 1 percent. except the 50 kilohms load resistor are and of span adjustments, RD resistances are inserted
25 ppm per equal to the circuit. For in lieu The zero of the
installation
values
R A,
R B, and
equal resistor
to
RL
is connected
to the
bridge
terminals e L.
is trimmed to the RH
to obtain E, the
PRT
substitute is adjusted
resistance to obtain
is increased Then
excitation is slightly
voltage,
the calibration
resistor
for the PRT, and the calibration the signal conditioner output will are the verified PRT by connecting the known excellent
measuring Because
with
at a convenient have
its signal
adjustment be detected
However,
component of the
conditioner.
Therefore,
is obtained.
Predicting
A practical by considering are errors acceptable experimental most error analysis
sources
significant
accuracy.
of many
of these an
of thermophysics.
However,
of individual educated
with
assumptions
14
of error
to be considered
in field
measurement
are
listed
together
with
some
measurement its
- The
error
involved
in measuring of the
output
is
magnitude proportional
to temperature, Ae will
7 and error.
8).
error
in signal errors
in a nonlinear to an error
Figure
9 shows
of temperature
corresponding
signal efs for five typical temperature spans. Equivalent temperature errors be determined for other measured signal errors Ae/efs and temperature spans
using the data from figures 7 and 8.
TH - TL
(15) Ae__ZHZL1
that 70 K, span
readout 8Z/_T
errors
will
constant Also,
for
temperatures the
greater temperalimit is
will when
reached
by
of a statistical This
sensors, when
applies example,
been
20.20 ,
77.40
273. 15 K,
functions. are like 20 microvolts metals are (leads) or less are when exposed the cir-
electromotive
to the This
at equal
is minimized
is increased
and alloy
low algeshielding
thermoelectric power are used. It can be compensated braically deducting it from the measured signal e. (4) Electrical and when that grounding; hum 60-hertz - Hum hum is 20 microvolts is usually most or less troublesome.
error
can be reduced
impedance is kept (5) Line resistances outlined and in figure the field - Signal
low and signal - Errors are 6 is used installation conditioner And stability with
output efs is increased. negligible provided instrumentation Line A matching of Line voltage be checked Line B in resistance to within resistors with
to
10 ohms,
to
0. 1 percent.
in the field
the calibration 15
signal. Signal conditioner set-up will compensatefor any changein sensor current caused by the PRT resistance changefrom RL to RH. (7) Circuit loading - A signal readout instrument with a low (less than 1 megohm) input impedance Ri will decrease the calibrated output of the signal conditioner by less than (RH/Ri)e. However, this would result in a low calibration signal for which a proportional data correction could be applied. Or else the low calibration signal could be compensatedby an increase in the E adjustment. (8) Stem conduction- Error from heat conductedalong the probe dependson many variable factors including the heat transfer to the medium to be measured, the length of leads and probe, and the gradient betweenthe probe support andthe sensor. Use of thinwall stainless-steel probe and LHC alloy leads (rather than copper) through the gradient reduces thermal conductionerror (see table I). For figure 5 probes (not sealed) whose
immersion 0.05 K for lengths are greater than 3 inches (75 mm), conduction errors are less than liquid-hydrogen size - Size The sensing inch PRT applications. can introduce tends to sense The long, size an error if the temperature to be measured over the surfaces (3.5 mm) is
(9) Sensor highly adjacent diameter However, in quality localized. to the by 0.5 any and
0. 14 inch could
be made
smaller.
reduction
resistance
or a compromise
- The
time
constant
for of 0.1
the
specified
PRT
(fig.
5) with
second
or less,
media
approach
of a small less
heating
milliwatt
liquid to
for
negligible. the calibration, and of primary calculations importance. are adequate Generally, to prove the others this.
or no consequence,
16
1 to 12 were PRT
subjected at cryogenic
commercial
temperatures.
and self-heating
type of PRT.
of installation, and cost were were tested. requirements PRT, and the
considered.
Thirty-eight were
Compromises manufacturing
then made
measurement
This
enabled
types
type PRT
were
procured.
requirements,
led to PRT
type A-15
competitively
to Lewis Table
specifications
and meets
requirements.
Its main
characteristics standard
reference
thermometer.
Type
included
of a poor quality PRT. with PRT indicates that, in general, tested failed. the reliability of A PRT was con-
experience Twelve
to have
externally.
procedures.
thermometers, Failure
failed even
though
special precautions
attributed
to the fragile lead seal on the type P-S rate was A-14,
certain types of PRT Only one failure out of these PRT. of high acfor types A-13, with less than as _R/(R required reference a figureNotice ther_T) is to to
excellent reliability.
during
evaluation is ample
- Sensitivity of PRT
measurements _R/_T
example,
at liquid-hydrogen
temperatures,
the high
and A-15
will allow output signals greater of power being when temperature this indicates A-13, P-S. sensitivity relative A-14, and supplied establishing accuracy. or to the the PRT.
than 1 millivolt per OK Sensitivity measurement previously such purity, the as and expressed
interest
R20/R77 stress
A-15
approach
quality
standard
mometer
17
s-,
OO0
OO0
_00
O_O
000
00
8o
000
000
O0
000
000
O0
r._
[.-,
o t_
_,
_
_ e_ o
"_
m_
0 0 _
_ _ m
.,--4
[.
:>
18
Self-heating. However,
- PRT
self-heating of error
normally
causes
error. con-
the magnitude
should
be checked,
heat-transfer
during
operation.
Self-heating
the increase
of self-heating is immersed
construction The
in which was
self-heating was
(K/mW)
determined
medium results.
nonagitated
typical experimental
at various
different media
this self-heating
drogen,
increase
milliwatt. levels.
power
operating temperatures.
Normally, PRT
For
0. 0003 K
negligible self-heating
in nonagitated
it must
have
good
All sensors
typical repeatability
standard
(77.40 K) and in liquid hydrogen bration at time zero. ibration, were 0.01 K. obtained The
nitrogen
and hydrogen
16 months
calibration
system
with an uncertainty
Other
data were
instrumentation
with an uncer-
tainty of 0.005 K. Figure of time. 12 shows that field type PRT are differences The can hold their calibrations over extended PRT periods referred The man-
Presented
in calibration
at 20.20 K of a type A-1 over a 2-year by +0.09 K. This error obtained was
data include
12 calibrations
span. The
at 20.20 K was
manufac-
turer presented
attributed to interpo-
by incorrect
in helium
and nitrogen.
Matching
ZI seven Matching, T 1 = 20.20 quality type K, P-S
standard
PRT
N-BS calibration
maximum
for
all
seven This
PRT +0.005
from
their
ZI
function Therefore,
was error
92 K.
K deviation
is a negligible
requirements standard quirements. were ard (T2) established thermometer lists ZI type
Because from
no known
standard
two tables as a stand77.40 K points to with of the ZI is the PRT PRT reour
PRT
0.01 K from
base
and 273. 15 K(T2) witha 7 shows a plot of these Z that PRT types
Kfrom70
14 shows ZI
A- 13, A- 14, and All data typical PRT resistance multipoint are single in our
in close
functions. in figure scatter gradients error 15 are of our between in our error
Also
calibration. cryostat.
repeatable
at 20.20 K and
77.40 K within
instrumentation
of 0.01 K.
is pointed
to our Z I function is undoubtedly finement to prove closer matching calibration accuracy requirements.
better than the data presented. However, further is unnecessary because the deviations are within
Figure 16 shows the maximum deviation to be as high as 0.84 K. Also, agreement tenths still of a degree. give unacceptable Therefore, accuracies. a modification Shown
from our Z I function for 11 type F-16 PRT between PRT of F-16 type was only within of our in figure ZI table for this PRT type would from
17 is a representative
deviation
Z I for a single F-16 port to point out that perature calibrated type high F-16 residual ZII very cal well type function.
PRT. These data for a poor quality PRT were not all PRT are of good enough quality to match A statistical quality. even sample However, before of each with type of PRT must to table
included in this rea standard Z tembe multipoint the poor repeatability quality and of
first II,
reference calibration
multipoint
by its poor
T 2 = 273. 15 K. based
- Selected and
O
types 273.15
.
of PRT
also
O
conform A typito
at 77.40 K (T1) than 10 type more errors +0.012 A-15 than (as for
K (T2). of 75
deviate
no more
deviation excursions
PRT
agreement
in greater of
T) is adequate
can be achieved 20
two temperatures.
temperatures above the ice point an additional Z table would be useful. It would be basedat 273.15 K and at some higher temperature such as 373. 15 or 505.00 K (freezing point of tin). For this range the Callendar equation(eq. (1)) is applicable if the constants are determined.
ZIH PRT are Matching, suitable by Scott A-13) for T 1 = 4.20 K, measuring 12). and 20.20 were The T 2 = 20.20 K. with - Certain limited with was a types accuracy ZII I - T developed standard calibrated maximum as high of high-resistance down curve from to 4.2 K as (fig. data 20) for five to
temperatures This
(ref. which
at 4.20 K (T1)
K (T2).
establish 1965
temperature.
Provisional
average
ZII I
function.
Deviations
as 0. 15 K were
CONCLUSIONS
Selective able quality quality, tion. of PRT gen from the with high types of commercial Yet, primary are platinum these PRT resistance are compact, thermometers rugged, PRT. For and PRT (PRT) are availin
resistance. defined
comparable types
reference adequate
standard to define
the resistance-temperature calibration of a statistical (liquid uncertainties (273.15 hydrogen within K) will
of a given
or hydrogen
oxygen)
An additional
ice point
accuracy. is achieved by applying nondimensional standard dependent. text, we have and at +0.04 K. 273. tends 15 K. to simPRT. relations
resistance-difference These for ratios, and three PRT For demonstrated also that cancel
reference
to as
normalize
resistance-temperature not temperature in the foregoing based PRT standard based at 20.20 to within
residual
types
as described Z
functions
conformance
functions
of uniformity for
of PRT
which
were
extenRepeatin terms 21
sively ability
tested
characteristics is realizable.
of good high
quality.
is within
+0.01 K.
sensitivity
sensitivity
of percentage change in resistance per OK at very low temperatures resistance and freedom
0.03 K per milliwatt. One failure out of 304 sensors with ordinary caution both in testing and in field usage indicates good reliability. Temperatures discussed. germanium as low as 4.2 K can be measured with PRT of the type and quality standard
to establish temperature,
Lewis
Research National
Cleveland,
November
128-31-06-36-22.
REFERENCES
1. Weil, Louis; and Perroud, Paul, Press, ed. : I. J. : eds. : 1966. Its Measurements Publishing Measurement Adequate? and Corp., with Tech. Control 1962. Platinum Note Resist147, in Science Liquid Hydrogen. Vol. 5 of Pure and Applied
Temperature, Three.
Industry.
Volume Cryogenic
Reinhold
3. Corruccini, ance
- Is
Physics.
Third
ed.,
John
Wiley
and
Sons,
Temperature
Solid
State
Physics.
Clarendon
Press,
R. :
The 3000
Properties A (British
of Nitrogen Units).
from Tech.
114 to Note
540 R between 129A, 7. Anon. : National Cryogenic Mar. E. Book R. Co., G.;
of Standards, and
Development.
Robert p. 340.
M.,
Jr.:
Heat
and
Mass
Transfer.
McGraw-
Inc.,
22
9. Herr, Austin C. ; Terbeek, Howard G. ; and Tiefermann, Marvin W. : Suitability of Carbon Resistors for Field Measurementsof Temperatures in the Rangeof 35 to 100 R. NASA TN D-264, 1960. 10. Scadron, Marvin D.; andWarshawsky, Isidore: Experimental Determination of Time Constantsand Nusselt Numbers for Bare-Wire Thermocouples in High-Velocity Air Streams and Analytic Approximation of Conductionand Radiation Errors. NACA TN 2599, 1952. 11. Miller, C. E. ; and Flynn, T. M. : On the Problems of Measuring Transient Temperature in Cryogenic Fluids. ISA Trans., vol. 6, no. 2, Apr. 1967, pp. 133-138. 12. Scott, Russell B. : Cryogenic Engineering. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1959.
23
Baths
I i
Temperature
I
I
I Electrical furnaces
Cryostats
I
--I Scanners
11II'I Six-dial poteniiometer voDigt _eter P _ter 1_ Figure ].. - Temperature calibration lacility.
Program board
Amplifiers
::p_lries
I
Chart recorders
24
Vent
Vacuum
pump
Liquid coolant
Heater _ Control sensors /-./Permanent heater block Aluminum foil packing uniform temperatu re block 14cm cylinder f-Inner cylinder
Standard thermometer
J7
leads
i--
7.5-cmo.d.
/-
Vacuum
25
i
Rr2
IZ-- I
le_ I
I
I Six-dial potentiometer I
I
Unilorm temperature environment Rx16 Rxl5 i Rs2
q
I
Io
! e_6
ex .5
Digital voltmeter
i I < I ,x_:: I
i )
I:'
I
I l ex_
i l e;_
e_i
Printer
' i RxI:E i
RSl!
I
Rrl
' ;
I
t
o erl
Scanner
Figure 3. - Potential
ratio resistance
measuring
circuit.
IO0
i i
I t llll
] I I I I II1 IllI
I IIIIF I I[11]
I IIIII
c E
I I Ill]
I0
!
I
t11111
v
I,n
I J I _ I
i 1 I
i l I
ii11 I I I I I
\J IIII
.I 10 Temperature, 100 T, ';K IOOO
26
0"5Oin"
I_(12.7
mm)_
/I
Exposed sensor
Protected sensor
O.IO in. (2.54 mm) Crimp tube to hold sensor-,, o.d. split_ pin I rCement pin I to probe i.d.
I
Sealed sensor /--Tungsten / / F Low-thermal solder inert gas weld
Figure 5. - Platinum
resistance
thermometer
probes.
2?
\
\\
o_
c
\
\
\ \
\
\
o
i
.S ..3
\
E
c_E N
\
o o c)
,'T'
(017'LL_I _ _I L_j)
8
B 0
o_
E 0
,x,
"_,
i
28
24xi0-3
_
"T,
/
20
/
/
16
12
/
/
2O 40 60 80 T, _K sensitivity. lO0 120 Temperature, Figure 8. - Platinum resistance
\
\
\
\
.0_ .04
,\ \
\ \
\ \
\
02
\
10 20
\
40 60 80 100 Temperature, T, _'K 200 400
.Ol
Figure 9. - Temperature error for signal error O. ] percent of signal voltage at full scale for five typical temperature spans.
29
.3
.2
.l
I
2 4 6 8 10 Sensor power, PS, mW Figure ]0. - Self-heating in liquid nitrogen. Five type A-].5 platinum resistance thermometers.
.O2
.o=-= z 1 =
z
o = -.02
.-
020
12
16
20
Time, mon Liquid hydrogen at 20.20 K. Figure it. - Repeatability of one standard quality type P-S platinum resistance thermometer.
30
O2
-.02 0 .4 .8 Time, yr Figure 12. - Repeatabilityof one type A-1 platinum resistance thermometer at liquid-hydrogen temperature, i20. 20 KL 1.2 ].6 2.0
O2
<3
-.02
20
40 60 Temperature, T, K
80
100
Figure ]3. - Deviation of seventype P-S platinum resistance transducers from their average resistance difference function (ZI). Temperature at lower basepoint, 20.20 K; temperature at upper base point, 77.40 K.
31
O2 --
I
02 --
I
-4
02' O2
I
0 0
Y
! I 1 I I I
(bl Five type A-14.
_=
_-
-.o2
-.
02
E o =
-.041 .04
E
o
-.04 .04
0 .O2
.02 _
-.o2
20
I
60 T, K
I
80
I
20
1
60 T, K
I
80
40 Temperature,
40 Temperature,
(c) Type A-15. (c) Four type A-15 Figure 14. - Envelope of maximum deviation from resistance difference function (Z I) for different platinum resistance thermometers. Figu re 15. - Representative deviation from resistance difference function platinum eters. (Z I) for different single resistance thermom-
32
1.0
b ,._.-
<_
8
c: .8
%
.6
.4 E
o
.2
I
20 40 60 Temperature, T, _K 80 20 40 60 Temperature, T, K 80 Figure 16. - Envelope of maximum deviations from resistance difference function (Z I) for ]] type F-J6 platinum resistance thermometers.
Figure 17. - Representative deviation from resistance difference function platinum (Z I) for single type F-J6 resistance lhermometer.
33
.02
J
.0
c c
-.02 0 100 200 Temperature, Figure 18. - Representative deviation platinum resistance thermometer. .2 300 T, 'K from Zl] for single type P-S 400 5O0
%
E
j_
-_2
C
-.4
-.6 0 100 200 Temperature, Figure 19, - Envelope of maximum function (Z[I) 300 T, 'K from resistance difference 400 500
deviations
resistance
thermometers.
34
1.0
/
g
/
/
tl
/i
./
.2
J
J
i ,r f f I
01 4
10
12 Temperature,
14 T, K function
16
18
20
22
against temperature.
16
08 'G
c
J
4 8 12 Temperature, T, K 16 difference function (Zi.II).
L
20 24
08
-. 16 0
Figure 21. - Envelope of maximum deviations for five type A-13 platinum resistance thermometers from their average resistance
NASA-L.,..,,,r. ,9.8 --
,4 E-4062
35