Wetting and Dispersing Additives + Defoaming Additives

2012 Cal Poly

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Pigment Dispersion
Agglomerate Flocculate Primary Particle (Ideal Dispersion)

Dispersion

Flocculation

Flocculated

Deflocculated

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Flocculation
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Pigment Properties
Chemistry determines: Shade
Fastness Cost Primary Particle

Particle shape & size determines: Opacity / transparency

Strength Rheology Dispersibility

Surface treatment determines: Durability

Dispersibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Process

Wetting and Dispersion Stabilizing additives

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Wetting Additives

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Wetting Additives

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Dispersing Additives

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Pigment Stabilization
Coating System
Solvent-Borne Water-Reducible Emulsion

Stabilization Mechanism
Steric Hindrance Charge / Steric Hindrance Charge

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Pigment Stabilization - Solvent

Steric Hindrance

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Wetting Additives
lipophilic Disperbyk-181/187

hydrophilic

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Dispersing Additives

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BYK-156

Pigment Stabilization - Water

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + +

+ + + + +

+ + + +

+ + +

Electrostatic Repulsion
W 0032 07/98

Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Controlled flocculating

Deflocculating

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Advantages of deflocculation: Higher gloss Lower haze Higher color strength Improved hiding power Better transparency Low viscosity / Newtonian Flow No flooding & floating

Fo Possible side-effects: rA pp ear Sagging an Settling c e Deflocculating

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Advantages: Better sag resistance Better anti-settling No color separation Possible side-effects: Lower gloss Reduced hiding power
Controlled flocculating

n o i t c n u F r o F
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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Low molecular weight

Higher molecular weight

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Higher MW Additives: Properties

Higher molecular weight Excellent steric stabilization No negative influence on weathering / durability Larger number of pigment anchoring groups Strong & permanent adsorption on pigment surface

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High Molecular Weight W&D Additives

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Pigment Charges Different pigments in the same resin system can carry different charges 2-pack acrylic resin Control Bayferrox 130 M + Special black 4 --Cinquasia red Y FT 859 D ++ Chromophtal red A 2 B -+,++,+++ -,--,--o = weak, strong, very strong positive charge = weak, strong, very strong negative charge = no detectable charge

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Pigment Charges +

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Pigment Charges Different pigments in the same resin system can carry different charges 2-pack acrylic resin Control Bayferrox 130 M + Special black 4 --Cinquasia red Y FT 859 D ++ Chromophtal red A 2 B -+,++,+++ -,--,--o

With Additive ++ ++ ++ ++

= weak, strong, very strong positive charge = weak, strong, very strong negative charge = no detectable charge

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Pigment Charges +

+
+

Proper stabilization
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Set-up for Charge Measurement

2 4 3

1
Power Supply

1 2 3 4

Power Supply 0-60V DC Glass plate Copper tape Gap 0.7-0.9 mm (not drawn to scale)
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Higher MW Additives: Properties

Higher molecular weight Excellent steric stabilization No negative influence on weathering / durability Larger number of pigment anchoring groups Strong & permanent adsorption on pigment surface Uniform positive charge on stabilized pigment particles

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Pigment Stabilization
Coating System
Solvent-Borne Water-Reducible Emulsion

Stabilization Mechanism
Steric Hindrance + Charge Charge / Steric Hindrance Charge

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Disperbyk-160 - Family

Disperbyk-182 / Disperbyk-184

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Disperbyk-190 Disperbyk-191

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Pigment Stabilization
Coating System
Solvent-Borne Water-Reducible Emulsion

Stabilization Mechanism
Steric Hindrance + Charge Charge / Steric Hindrance Charge + Steric

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Pigment Properties
Chemistry determines: Shade
Fastness Cost Primary Particle

Particle shape & size determines: Opacity / transparency

Strength Rheology Dispersibility

Surface treatment determines: Durability

Dispersibility

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Pigment Properties

Color / Shade

Hiding Power

Transparency

... Optimal properties obtained by complete pigment deflocculation

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Stabilization of TiO2 with Basic Surface Treatment

Gloss 20 [%]

95 90

Treatment: Al2O3/SiO2

Disperbyk 110 (anionic) Disperbyk 180 (electroneutral) Disperbyk 162 (cationic)

85 80 75 70

0
CR-50 (Ishihara)

Dispersant level s.o.p.[%]

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Stabilization of TiO2 with Neutral Surface Treatment

Gloss 20 [%]

92

Treatment: Al2O3 /SiO2

90

Disperbyk 180 (electroneutral)

88 86 84

Disperbyk 110 (anionic)

0
CR-90 (Ishihara)

Disperbyk 162 (cationic)

82 80 78

Dispersant level s.o.p.[%]

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Stabilization of TiO2 with Acidic Surface Treatment

Gloss 20 [%]

Treatment: SiO2

Disperbyk 162 (cationic) Disperbyk 180 (electroneutral) Disperbyk 110 (anionic)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Dispersant Level s.o.p.[%]

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Steric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Steric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Steric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Steric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Steric hindrance

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Incompatibility

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Flooding
Vertical pigment separation = flooding

Uniform color in surface

Color is different underneath the surface

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Floating
Bnard cells

Horizontal pigment separation= floating

due to

different degrees of flocculation

Eddy currents during drying

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Why is there Flooding and Floating?

Flocculation increases (secondary) particle size (1-3 magnitudes) Particles are segregated by currents during film formation (big particles move with the currents) A basic understanding of pigment dispersion, stabilization and flocculation phenomena is needed to solve the problem

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Use Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Wetting and dispersing additives for all applications Controlled flocculating or deflocculating types Solvent-based systems Water-based systems With or without grinding resin

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The Measure of Success!

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Wetting and Dispersing Additives

Questions?
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Whats foam How defoamers work Test methods

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Definition of Foam Dispersion of gas (air) bubbles in a liquid

Foam is characterized as an extremely large interface of gas and liquid with the gas (normally air) encapsulated within the interface

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Bubbles Rise to Surface

V
Stokes Law

V = Velocity of rise r = Bubble radius = Viscosity of the liquid

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Foam Stabilization

hydrophobic / non polar

hydrophilic / polar

Surfactant

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Foam

wet foam
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dry foam

Defoamers Characteristics
Insoluble Incompatible Positive Entering coefficient

Positive spreading coefficient

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Defoamers How they work

Chemistry and particle size dependent

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Defoaming through Hydrophobic Particles

Hydrophobic particle

Foam lamella

Saturation will reduce efficiency

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Defoamers - Air Release Agents

Defoamers Act at the surface

Air Release Agents Act in the film

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Defoamers and Air Release Selection

High Molecular Weight
Defoaming properties

Deaeration properties

Low Low Polarity High

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Air Release Additive Replaces Interfacially Active Substances

Liquid

Air release additive Interfacially active substances

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BYK 054

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Air Release Additive Selection

Defoaming Optimum

Defects compatible/ soluble incompatible/ insoluble

Foam
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Defoamer Selection
Defoaming Optimum

Defects compatible/ soluble Foam incompatible/ insoluble

Foam
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Defoamer test methods - Low Shear

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Defoamer test methods - High Shear

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What is controlled incompatibility?

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Defoamer: Selection Criteria

Point of addition

Defoamer selection

Use level Shear forces available for incorporation Duration of shear

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ANTI-TERRA, BYK, BYK-DYNWET, BYK-SILCLEAN, BYKANOL, BYKETOL, BYKOPLAST, BYKUMEN, DISPERBYK, DISPERPLAST, LACTIMON, NANOBYK, SILBYK and VISCOBYK are registered trademarks of BYK-Chemie. AQUACER, AQUAFLOUR, AQUAMAT, CERACOL, CERAFAK, CERAFLOUR, CERAMAT, CERATIX and MINERPOL are registered trademarks of BYK-Cera. This information is given to the best of our knowledge. Because of the multitude of formulations, production, and application conditions, all the above mentioned statements have to be adjusted to the circumstances of the processor. No liabilities, including those for patent rights, can be derived from this fact for individual cases.

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