&youei~~lcr,

1851 .-
BOOKS
CUBLISBBD BY

LOYGMAN, HURSI', RREES, ORME, AhQ BROWN

A General Cailoction of VOYBGES and TRAVELS, l'orming a

i o m p l e t e I i i n o r y of tbe Oiigin aria Progrpsi tif Discovery, by Seu r n d ~ ~ ~
9rom t h e ~ a r l i e s tAqcs tu tiir I > r e i a n f T i m r .
UJ JUIIN PIRKEIYI'ON, Alithor of Muderii Ge0018pòy. &C. *cr
í b e followine Puriionn are reanp for ne!iveiy:
\;OYAGES and TXAVELS iil E U R O P E . 6 vulr. 4fo. priia 13L. 19s. i n iii,arda.
-
--
A S l i l . 4 uois. 4to. prire81. us.iii ~ u a s d s .
A S l A l IC ISLaNDS,1 vol. p i i r e S I . 1%. 6d. ~ d , .
- NOHTH AMLRICA, P ~ 0 1 8 . 4 1 0 pr+ceU. 48. ~dr.
------ SOOTH i ~ M E i i I C ~1l ,~ 0 1 &to.
. p i i c e Z L , Y ~ . ndg.
MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 4 Deseription of tlie Enipires
Kiite<iolni, Stalos, ai?d Cniaiiles. iuith l h e Occroi, Seas, aiiii Isirs, i,, a l i ~ a t t ~ ~ ;
tiic w o l i d , incliiding Iùe mos1 resent Oiacovaiiea ai,<! nulifica# ~ i t ~ ~ ~ t i ~
~ i s e r i r do. a iiew P I ~ U . BY JOHN PINRERTON.
mitb iiiinierous M r P s , d r a w n iinder tlie Dircctioiiatid r i t ù alie lsest rmprore.
mentsof Arroir'smiiii. n i ~ dr n g r n r e d Ihy L o n r y . .i n e w ~ d i t i o n . in 1 vo~r.41".
~ ~~ ~.~~~~
i2rice &L. Gs. $11Bii?i<ls.
Numb. I. t o XII. (to b s c o n i i l i u e d every T w a Montlis),
A NEW MODERN ATLAS. Hy JOHN PINXBRTOB.
The
M a p ~ r r eengraved ili Ilie Size cniied Colombici, l i u m ~ i a w i n g se r e c ~ ~ f e d ~ ~ ~
&li. PillkeriOn'B ~ y i w; i l h r i l tiie ailuantnyrs afforded by tiie bitest impro,.f-
iiientr iiz Geo-rapbieni Precislon; a n d tbey rnhihif flie utmoat ~ e a n i y $ hsriitp
~
oc iiie ~ i t s&i ndnlit. I I i s calculated ttiat tbc ~vorhwiii be connplctrd vl
T U ~ UN~u nY~ b e r a ,each eoiit*ii!ing Tliree Maps. P i i c i ~ i i eeu i i i n .
 'Vtll.: . \ K \ I 4 l i X \ l ( ; I i T \ ' I : \ ' ~ i ~ ; l ~ l ' . \ l ~ >vlt lt <~ i~~ ~~ l '' ~j ~
,<<,.,...I.. r r< 8 ,lr",,il.r <. .. t i \i., .,:.1.i
. , ..I..., .
.i
,C 8, $ , i \ < iI , , , . . i , i, i,,., ,i,, . < ,r , i i , , . i < i , . t i
I,. i - ,..I \ 1 , .
i , I.<r
.I. I,,".,,,,
, 4 \i11i1i1 6.. l L >I..
,,.i-,
I,. 1.i\\I'II.1\
i?,
l i
.
,LI i. 8.
i.,
. i i . I.., - .i1

.,..1 ).,<,i<.. . ' R , > , I . . L ' . ' . ..

i>.,

., < .
I <li U
I ! , . . , . Li,,..
.> ,.,
ir r , t i I,:.) I \I: , . . r i
,<,.I~,<.r
i.,.,,,:
I
>,i1 L<,',,<
, I, r ,I- " I . i n l . ,I
.>: .,.,eli.i:i..Ii,',.
i
i . i
,.i',>\
i r 1
i'ii<r..'
:.,<!i#
,.
:,>.:.#,,.!~,,> :,..,,,!. ' , ,:,..,.... > < . , L . .,c,. h!, t! L > . I<,!:
HINTS to YOUNG PRAWITIONIIRS in tlie Study of
La.aiidacape PRiiifing. lil,lsirated hv 8ngiaving8, l i i l r i i d r d Iq sbon tlie dili~lelil
sliiges uf the ~ e u t m i ~ i i i tTO . wiiicli are rdded, ~ n i f i u i t i o i i n in tiie A i t os
~ s i i i t i n goii veiuet. ni J . iv. ALSTON, L.P.
Tiie Tiiirii Editioii. lu 6vi>. Price 7s. 66. m nolirds.

S S m 5PEl.:l< l G l < u i EX::?. I Y i),

,.,CUl.r.1
Li-,',r.llli.,i..
LI;HITU.\
H) $.i
ri
I, , :.<: I ..,'... ,..i,,I . ~>., , , . . ~
. . . $ i...

III'YIIi,LS li.! t
ri.,
b I . .
. c 1'a.r.
,I.# II T I .
i ~ t4au.
~ ~ ~

'Ih l,l~~<.tlt!321!C:,L b Ekit.$bL~C E\ .I $\I>

-52 >t S n V t \ \ 4 3 . I,. , % d l $ .

,.
.:,
,,i, .:. !. 1,. ,i">

I,.
ai.

.>
,.,.,,,.,,,..",i.,,.; r.. ,.,',<!e r, ,Lt! ,,..9 ,, i . ? *:,c .fF.,.

SPEECHES of tiie Rigltt Honourable WILLIAM PITT. In

3 v o l ~ 8""
. Pnce 11 l l ~ 6 à1". BoLrd~.

,,.
i
1.lIF. Hl>'iOR\.
ritiir rrliii , t i i i :
i,,'
.
T.CKOI>E, itolii l i i ~P . t i r < f i: ; t o tlir
iijir i'iii.,iiiiisi.iii .,,llii!l,iiil. ,..i
lii i r I, Ilir

.,c ti. Kiii.i,.iii. .,,.

,li,.<<.,,d i j . , . < ,li
,,,c,
,< <,,I ,V<,<

iL< ,<*i., I, .ir,,

,.,<,,,
..
, i i,
,i: tu.,
r i ,I ,,I',.
lii.\\i..i.iiii. si,.
<i., i iIiIir:.

,,,
...,,, . ,
E , , , ,,l.<,,I , , ;',~,rii><I,,.,~ Piei.,, ii.il,,,.C i..~,IIII<iiI.I.iiii..I'."'
,s <,L,, , <.S. !<#,
14) J<IIIIH I < : L \ \ " Ia. . tisli d\<. #' .I & , . v ! I$ ,I>

THE PKINCIPLES of MIDWIFERY ; ineliiding tiie Diseases

of w o m e n r i i d Chiidren. ~y JOHN RURNS. ,
The Secoud Edilian,mueh enlarged. i" i vol. avo. PnEe 1% in Bonrds.

POPULAR DIRECTIONS for tlie TREATMENT of tbe

ni5enses 01~ o n i e n
an<l Cnildren. By JOHN RURRR.
I"~ v o . Priee GIZ. ir, soarda.
~h~ object of lhis Wi,rk i a to an oiitiinp of the difi?rertt niseasea inci-
dent to women and Cwldreti, w i i h Inslructioiis for t i i e i i rrentinent, p l m n
enough i u be geoor?lly u!iderstuod, yof iiot so miiiuteis l o perplex those Readeis
mr whom tneyare inteuded.
TSLAND OF IMADEPRA.

By N. C. P I m , M. D.
LXTXILORDINARP MBMBER 011 T I I E R O Y A L M B D I C A L 3 O E I E T r
O B EDINBUBOX, P R E S I D E N T O F T1IE R O Y A I PICYBZCAL
S O C I E T P 0 8 T B E SAME C I T S , A N D FHTSICIAN
A T MADEIRA,

Naniedfrom har woods, wzlhfinpant bowcrs adwn'd,

rTom faz? iVia8eira'spwple coost wc turic'd :
C y p ~ uoad
s Pnphos' unles the smrling toues,
Nightleave wzthjoy for fazr Madezra's graves;
A shom s o f l o i u q , and so sueet on ai?,
Yenus misht 6udd lier Éra~estteniple ehere.
CANTO5th.
LUSIAD.
CAMOEN'S
. --

LONDON:
FRINTED FOR IONGXAN, IIURST, REES, ORME 8- BROWN;

-
Ah'D FOR JOKTN ANUERSON, EDINBUIIGH.
 TO

XIS E X C E L L E N C Y

D. DOMINGOS DE SOUZA COU TJNHO ;

AMBASSADOR EXTRAOEDINARY FROM THE

COURT O F PORTUGAL,
, ..-
T O THAT O F G R E A T BRITAIN j

1 N TESTIMONY OF

Profouiid Respeet for those high attainments, and

amiable qunli6catioim, wJ~ichhave endeared him to ali
his countrymen ; and for that ardent zeal for the In-
dependente of his native Country, which, in the present
erisis of Enropeaii affairs, is equally essential to its suc-
ce~sfnldefence, and to the eniancipaiioii of the Con-
tinent :
THIS WORK

Ry his most obedient Servant,

THE AUTHOR.
 ADVERTISEMENT.

Thefolloroing work roas composed d u ~ i ~ zthe g

perioci of studes preparatory to paduariun, as a
Doctor of Medicine at the University of E&z-
, 6u13h. I have been (nduced t o publish it 6y tthe
great interest, ~tihichpolitical cii~cumstunceshuwe,
of late years, given to Madeira a; by that at-
tachnzent which; as a &tive, I f e e l f o r thzs de-
liihtful Tdatzd; and by there being no com-
plete uccwnt oJit hitherto publisheíl. I regret
that the scantiness of the materiais znihich iC
was in nzy poraer to obtain, leave the rt~orkraitlb
many impe?fictions ;,for the escuse of whzch I
vely on the liberal reader.
 .
ICgc
Situation and figure of Madeira ................ 9
Discovery .................................. 11
Aqpeit of the country ........................ Sb
Climate .................................... 30
Mineral productioni ........................ 38
Soil ...................................... 43
Vegetahlc productious ........................ 46
Cultivation ............................... 57
Animal productionç .......................... 74
............................
Rearing of cattle 79
Inhabitants ................................ 81
Language .................................. 94
Education .................................. 97
. . .
Gities and puhlic buddiugs .................... 99
........................
Goveroment and laws 108
Military establishment........................ 111
Religious establishment................. ...-. 116
Commerce .................................. i19
Reveuuo
Diseases
. ...-..--
............ ..--... 121
..-.............
......-.....S....... 123
 ACCOUNT, &c

SITUATION AND FIGURE.

TREIsland of Madeira is sitnate in 52 de-

grees, 3 7 ininutes and 4 0 seconds, north lati-
tude, and in 16 degrees, 56 miriutes longitude,
west of Greenwich, It is about 240 miles
N.by E. fi-om Teneriffe; 360 n~ilesfroin Cape
Cantin, on the coast of Africa; and nearly 300
miles N. frorn the Isle of Ferro.

111figure, Madeira is an oblong irregular

quadrangle; of about 150 miles in circumfe-
sence: its greatest Iength frona E.to W. being
A
g,
 10
55 iriiics, its greatest breadth from S. to N.
16 miles, and its least breadih 9 miles'.
* A packet regularly sails from Porbmoiith for Ma.
deira a t the beginning of evcry month, and affords the
safest mode of conveyance arid the best accommodation.
i n a11 cases, those who apply esrlicst Iiave the choice of
eabins; and for this reason a friend should as early as
possiblc fix e v e v thing with such accuracy tbat n o
room can he lcft for future cavil. I t may not be im.
proper herc to observc, that, if thc person going out bc
a fcmalc, she should be accompanied b g a maid-servant,
.iuho ihould not perhaps be in the bloom of youth, nor
above the officc of superintendiiig thc liitchen.

T o prcvent sca-sickncss, n o gcneral rulc can be offcr.

ed. Soineadvise, t o struggle as much as possihle against it:
b y being contiiiually on ùecù in an erect or sitting pos-
turc. Others, on tlie conlrary, prefer a hoiizontal pos-
ture, till frequenl and short cxpcriments enable them to
remain erect. At a11 events, eating should by no mcans
be attempted, till the repugnanre t o i1 in some degrca
subsides; o r voyagers should only begin i?itli sucli
qnantities of food ss will be lesst liàtly t o affect thc sto-
inacb.

Persons ofproperly easily procure lettcrs of credit orp

Bladcira; but the exchange is so zuuch to their ùisab-
vantaçc, that it is always dosirable t o bring guineas oe
dollars with them*
 DISCOVERY.

+%LTHOZTGIIitis supposcd that this Island was

hnomn to the ancients, it nevertheless remained
undiscovered by thc moderns for many subse-
quent ages.

I n the glorious reign of Edward the Third,

says Francisco Alcaforado, Robert a Machin,
or Macham, a gentleman of the second degree
of nohility, whose genius was only eqiialled by
his gallantry and courage, behcld and loved the
beautiful Anna d'Arfet ".
Their attachment
* Ilr Cldrke says the name o€ ihis lady has been sup.
posed by some writers to have been Dorset, corrupted by
a foreign orthography into D'Orset, and thcn~einta
D'Arfet. It may hsue hcen D'Arcy.
A 2
tcas mutual; but while the pleasing indulgence
of ardent hope gratified, it also betrayed, the
secrct of their passion. The pridc of thc illus-
trious family of d'Arfet was iiisensible to the
happiiiess of their daughtei-, and they preferred
tlie haughty demands of ainbition to tlie gentle
siipplicatioiis of love. The feiidai tyranny of
tlie age was friendly to their cruelty; aiid a
royal tvarrarit seeined to justify thc pside of lier
parent. The consoiatioiis of ali ingcnuous mind
supported Machin under confineinent, and ena-
bled him to seelt after redross, witliout yielding
to despondency.

On liis release fiam prison, he learned

that the beloved cause of liis ptrsecutiori lidd
been compeiled to marry a iiobLcman, whose
name he could not discover, but nho had
carried her to a castle mhicli he possessed near
the city of Eristol. Tiie fiicnds of Machiii
made his niisfortunc their o n n ; and oiie of
them had the address to iiitroduce tiiinsell into
the service of the afflictcd Anna, under tlie cha-
racter of a groom. The prospect of tlie ucears
during tlieir rides, suggested or matured a plan
of escape; aiid the liope of a scciire asyluni
counteracted the imugiiied dangers of a passage
to tlic coast of Fr~nce. Uilder pietence of de-
riving benefit from the sea air, tlie victiin of pa-
rental amhition was enabled to elude suspicioii,
and witliout dclay einbarlied, along witli. her
lover, in a vessel procured for the purpose.
~ ~

Anxiously beiit on the successful completfoi~

of this design, Machin v a s alike insensiblc to
tlie uiifavourahle seasoi? ofl tlie year, and to the
porteritous signs of an approacliing storrri, mhich
in calmer nioments he would havc duly ob-
r .
served. 1Iie gradua1 rising of a gale of wiod,
rendered tlie astonisiied fugitives serisil~le of
tbeir rashnc-5s; and as thc tempcst coiitiiiued
to augment, the thick darkness of iiiyht cocn-
pleted tlie liorrors of their situation. In their
coi~fusioii, thc iiiteiidcd port viras riiissed, or
could iiot be attaincdt and their vessel drove at
tlie inercy of the winds and waves. I n tlie
morning, tliey found tliernselves i11 thc midst of
au uilknovvn ocean, without skill to dcterrnilic
 I4
theEr situation, and destitiite of knoivledge or
experiente to direct their course tomard any
known land.

At length, after twelve anxious niornings had

dawned without sight of larid, with the ear-
liest streaks of day, an object dimly appear-
ed to tlieir ea;cr M atchfuliiess in the distant
horizon; and wheu the grey Iiaze, which liad
alternately filled them with hope and des-
poridençy, was diçsipated by the rising sun, the
certainty of having discovered a shore was wel-
êomed by a general burst of joy. A great
Iiixuriancy of trees of unlinown spccies, iras
soon ohseived to overspuead the land, whence
unknown birds of beautiful plumage carne off in
fiocks to the vessel, and gave the air of a pleas-
ing dreairi to their unexpected deliverance.

The luoat .i\.as hoisted out to examiiic tlie

new foiind island, aiid returned with a favour-
able account. hiachin and his friends acconi-
panied their treaibling charge on shorc, leaving
the mariners to secure the vessel at an anchor.
T h e wiId but rich scenery of the adjaceilt coun-
try, poçsessed great charms for guests mlio had
just escaped frorn apparently inevitahle destruc-
tion. An opening in the exteiisive woods,
whicb ivas encircled with laurels and other
Aowering shrubs, presented a delightful retreât
to the tempest-worn voyagers ; a venesable tree,
of ancient growth, offered its welcome shade on
an adjoining eminence ; and the first inoraients
of liberty xvere there emplo~edin forining a ro-
maiitic rcsidencc, mith the abundant material8
mhich nature supp!ied a11 around.

The novelty of every object they belicld, indu-

ceci curiosity toexplore their rliscovery ; and they
had spent three days in wandering about ihe
woods, when tlie survey was iiiterrupted by an
alarming hurricaiie, ahich carne on duriirg tlie
night, and rendered them extreniely anxious for
tlie safety of their coinpanions, who had beeii left
in charge of thc vessel. The ensuing rnoriiing
bereft theni of a11 prospect of bcing ever ena-
bled to get away from the island : the vessci
kiad broke from her moorings by the violence of
the storn~, and ivas wrecked on the coast of
Morocco, where all on board were imrnediately
driigged into s1avei.y.

She distressed Machin found this last cala-

mity too severe for liis- terriiied and afflicted
cornpanion to enilure. Hei- susceptihle mind
and tender frame, overcome by the severity of
the scenes she had passed througb, aiid op-
prcssed by a consciousness of having deviated
fiam her duty, sunk under the afflictioiis of Iier
sltuation. Frotn the moment it was reported
that the vessel had disappeared, she &carne
duinb with sorrom, and, after a few days of
silent despair, shc expired.

This heavy strokc was too inuch for the incon-

solable lover to support: though watchcd over
ivith the utinost solicitude by his afflicted friends,
a11 attcmpts to administer consolation were en-
tirely fruitiess, aiid he expired on the fifth day af-
ter tlie death of liis heloved n~istress. With his
parting breath, he earncstiy enjoined his surviv-
iiig companions, to deposit his body uiider aven-
erable tree, in the same grave vvhich they had so
recently inade for the victim of his teincrity; and
1%here the altar 15,liich had bcen raised to cele-
brate their delivcrance, would norv inark theis
untiincly tonlb.

Having peiformed thís painful duty, the sur-

viving companioos of these unfortilnate lovers
fixed over the grave a large wooden cross, o11
which they carved the inscription which Ma-
cliin had composed t o record their meianclioly
adventures ; and added a request, that if Chris-
tians should at a future period vislt the spoo;
they would i i i the same p!ace erect a churcli,
and dedicate it to Christ. Having thus accom-
plished the dictátes of humanity antl fiieiidsliip,
tlie siirvivors fitted out ihe, boat, wliich liad re-
mained ashose from their first lailding, aod put
to sea with the inteixtiori of returoing if possihle
to Erigland; but either from warit of skill, or
owing to currents and unfavourable winds, they
likemise were driven on the coast of Morocco,
aiid rejoined tiíeir former shipmates in slavery
among the Moors.
F:
 Accordiiig to Alcaforado, Jolin Gonsalves
Zargo, a gentlemail of the househoid of Doia
'Ienry, being sent out by that prince upon an
expediriori of ciiscovery to the coast of Africa,
niade prize, iii tlie year 1420, [14i 8, or 1419,
$ tthe jofoiioziizg statcnzeizis be correct] of a Spa-
iiish vessel iilled aith redeeined cai>tives, oii
tlieir way from fiforocco to Spain. In this
vessel, there was one Johi: de Morales, ar. es-
perienced and abie pilot, rvi~omIie detairied as
a pcrsoii acceptable to Eis maçter Don Iienry.
Mornles, o11 being infortned of the cause of his
detention, entered frecly iiito tlic service of tiie
prince, and gave to Zargo an accouiit o6 the ad-
veiitures of IlIachin, and of the situatio11 and
laiid-marks of the nemrly discovereti is!and ; a11
of which he had learnt in the prisoils of Mo-
rocco from certain English captives wlzo Izad ae-
conpz~ziedMachin, in liis expeditiori ".

* This story is reported in a manner sornewhat diffe-

rent by Calvano. According to him, aboat the year
1314,one Maçhin, an Eriglishrnan, meaiiing to ietire into
"Jain, fled froin his country, nith a Lady o f n h o m hi

5
 Pt is without douht estraordinary that Madeira
sliould not havr been rcdiscovered at the saine
time nitli Poito Santo, an island only 1.5 rniles
dislant from it, and first visitcd by the Portu-
gucse in the preccding year 1418. Hoi~ever,

mns enamourecl; ù n t the vessei in which tho lovcrs mero

cmharked, was driien hy a storm t o lhe iiland of Ala.
dcira, then altogether unknown and uninhabitcd. The
p c ~ Lin wliieh Alachin took shclter is still callcd Ma.
cliiso. Iiis mistress bcing sea-sicl;, llachiii landed with
hcr and somc of thc pooplc, ai36 tho ship, puttiiig t o sea,
dcsertod them. Oppresserl wilh sickncss anil with grief
a t seeing hersell in this hopeless statc af exile, the lady
clied; and Xachin, who ivai extremcly fond of her,
co~istrueteda cliay-l or hermitage dçdicated t o Jesus tl16
Saviour, in xliich he dcposited her renains; aod he en-
.grared buth their names and the cause of their arrival,
on a rede rnonumerit which hc erected t o Iier mcmury.
I i e afierwards construcled a boat o r carioe, whiçh hc
liollowcd out froin the t r i i ~ i kof a large tree, ia which9
ivithout tlie aiù oC oars, sails, or r~iùder,Iie, aod those
of his companions who had been Icft on shore,along
with him, passe11 over t o the apposite coast of Africa.
H e was madc prisoner b y tlie Moors, who presentcd Iiim
t o iheir king, by whom he was sent prisoner t o tiie king
of Castile.
E 2
Immediately after the discovery of Porto Sai~to,
a colony was seitled ttiere, and the colonists
for suriie time, observed' a heavy black d o u d
suspeiided torvard tlie Soiith \?est, whicli at a11
limes was perfectly stationary, but which' tliey
believed to be ai1 impenetrable abyss.

It has jiistly been observed, that a n ohjection arisei

against this historywhich is not casily removcd.We are,
i n ti~etezt,toldthat,immediately afterthe deathof Machin,
his companions sdiiçd over t o Morocco, arid that Morales
was iw prison a t lhe same time ivith thim. X o w sul>-
posing the discovery hy Machin to have becnmade about
1314, as relatcil by Galvano, from Lhe Caslilian Chroni.
cles, Moralcs must hava bcen no iess tlian 76 years a
prisoner, when retlcemc8 and detained by Gonsalves in
1420. Iicrbert piaces the adventure of Mzcliin in 1328,
whiih would increase rhe captivity of Morales t o 9%
years. Alcafurado ~>l;rcrsthe event in the reign of Eù.
warù III. of England, which began in 13Z7 and ended
In 1378. Even siipposiiig it to hsve happencù iii the
last year of Edward, Morales must have remained 42
years in captivily; wliieh is riot only highly improbable,
hut is evcn cantrary to the scnsc of the iiistorian, wiio
supposes but a short ~ e r i o ù to have elapseù ùetiveen
khe tmo eveuts. Resides, thc records quoied by
Galvano (soe the pf-ecedtng part of this aotc), are
 Certain it is, that, on the first of .June 141g0
John Gonsalves Zirgo, and Tristam Vaz Taxeira,
officersinthePortuguesenavy,employedhy Frince
PIenry, arid, it is also said, John de Moraies;
their pilot (detained by the formei, perhapseither
in'this o r a precedingvoyage)sailedfrom Algarve.
Iri a fe\r days, tliey reached the islaiid of Porto
Santo, then governed by Eartholomeo Perestrelo;
and leaving it, tiiey, i11 a few days more, ap-
proached the object of their voyage--tliis niys-
terious spot presenting tiie appcarance of a per-.
petual black cloud.

sai8 expressly t o assert that Machin wcnt liimself into

Africa, ~ h e n c ehe a a s sent to the kiog of Castile.
This last circumstance may bave hecn invented by the
Spaniards, ta give thcm a better title ta t h i Island af
Madeira : biit the former objection remains iri full forcc.
I t cai, oniy bc obviated by si~pposing,either, tliat Mo.
ralcs advaoced a fdsehood in assertingi that 1ie haù Lhe
account of this discovery from tlic English themselves,
inçtead of learning it from the other slares, ainong whom
the tradition rnight have heen ciirreiit for many years
afier the event; or, that Alcaforado may havc mistakon
thc report of Morales in this garticiilar.
 111defiance of the superstltious dread ~vhlcle
the very extiaordiiiary appearance of the island
had occnsioned amorig the crew, Zargo and
Taxeira sailed soutl~ward,p~ssingtiie point of
S t Lawrence, which tl~eyiianied fiom their ship;
and, enlering a spacious aiid brautiful bay,
where they cast aiichor, they ventured to land
ripon its shores.-Accoinpaiiied by t ~ v opriests,
they diserxibarked, on t l ~ esecorid of July, at the
vesy spot, it is said, of the sepulchre of kIachin
and his mistress; aad, havii~g perforiiied .tiie
cereiaony of returning tlianks t« heaveii for' tlie
fortunate discovery o i Lhe islaiid, tkiere took pos-
sessioii of it.

TVhen Madeira was fii-st discovered, it was

literaliy an entire ~vilderness; groves of trees,
cliiefly, of cedar, arid some of them of very
great size, reacliing to the sea-shore. Afrer be-
sto\+-irigconsiderable attciltion iipon tlie soil and
other circurnstances of this island, wliicli was
uitci-ly dzstitute of iilliabitanis, Zargo and Sax-
eira returned to Portugal witli the ru.elcome in-
teiligence; and gave so fdvourable a report o£
the extent, ferlility and salubrity of Madeira,
tliat Doti Heiiry deterrnined to colonize and cul-
tivate it. Accordingly, he divided it iiito t n o
captainsiiips : that of Funchal, tie gave to Zargo,
aiid tiiat of Maxico, to Saxeira, who, with
Sargo, had discovered Porto Santo.

Pn thc year i420, Zai-go began the plantalion

of Madeira ; and, beirig miich iriipeded iii liis
progieçs by the immense quantity of rhi~:l<arid
tal1 trees, with which it was thcn every where
encuinbercd, he, to facilitate tiie clearirig oÇ the
surfiace for cultivation, set tiie KOOCL o11 fire.
T h e wood is reported to Iiave coiititiued bwn-
ing for seven years, and so greal ci as the devas-
tation as to occasion much inconveriience to tlie
coiony for many j7ear5 afterwards, from tlie want
of timber.

Do11 I-Ienry, however, appears to have been a

priiice of n ~ c s tenlarged and liberal vierus; not
only capable a i devising tiie means of maliing
iriaritirne discoveries, ~vliich iiad never been
thought of before his time, blit also ofestimstiiig
tlieir vahe when rnade, and applyiilg them t o
purposes the most uscful and importaiit for his
country Reflecting upon tlie reported fertiiity
of the soil, and tlie encelience of the ciimate
of Madeira, and nith the judicious foresight
of a philosopher and politician, considering
both in relalion to the most valuable produc-
tions of similar clirnates and soils, he wiseiy
conccived and suscessfuliy executed the idea
of introducing the cultivatioti of tbe sugar carie
and tlie sine into this new colony. For these
purposes, Portugal resdiiy supplied hirn w ~ t h
vines, and with people coilvcrsanl in their
management; but he had to procure sugar
canes, and persons experienced in tlieir cuiti-
valiou aiid in tlie process of m;iiiufacturing
sugar from their jirice, frorn the island of Sicily,
iilto wliich that article of culture had beeii in-
troduced b j the Brabs.
 ASPECT OP SHE GOUNTRY.

IThas often been observed that no sooner does

the passenger come within view of Porto Santo,
a coml>arativelytrifling island, than he instantly
conjectures it to be Madeira, Abreast, liocvever,
of Porto Santo, Madeira appears as one great
mountain, whose surnliiit is hidden in the clouds.
Reacbing the Desertas, ~vhich,fsorn the vieu. tbe
traveller lias of them appear like a single island,
' lie is urideceived oi' his first error; but some-
times it is, only to be lcd into another. At
length, the island of Madeira itself fully ap-
pears, wliile the otllers still continue in view.
H e then discovers that these, whicli lie before
eonsidesed as bigh lands, are, comparatively
speaking, plains.
C
 The firsl view of Madeira iepresents ii. a s
rocky, barren and uncultivated. I t is indeed
formed of lofty mouiitains, of hills, a ~ i dfruitful
vallies, which gcncrally rise with a slow ascent;
the higliest points of laiid being about a niile
above the leve1 of tlie oceao.

I n tlie ceiitre of lhe highesii inountains when

viewed fiom tlie East, is ao opening sumewhat
i-esembling a crescent, mhich is often visible
trtheii the middle part of the mountaiii i%cover-
ed mith clouds. The iiiagiiiiicence of tliis ap-
pearancc lias rcmiiidcd some travellers oE Irir-
gil's description of iieaveii-

'G Panditur interea dornus omnipotentis Olympi," &e,

Tliese mountains, whose tops are general11

covered with clouds, present iir the distance thc
inost picturesque appearaiice- Near to their
summits are forests of wild tinilxr oi' varicus
kinds unknonn iri Euiope. Under tliese, are
woods of cliesnut and piiic of in~menseextent.
The lower sides of tiie hills are covered witii
vines; aild there tlie prosgeet exhibits a. coiiti-
*tuai siiccesslo!~of vineyards that flourish In tlie
utinost perfection. The vines are trained and
supported by poles, which form rows of colo-
nades and arches, soriietimes reacliing even to
the summit of ibe hilis : twining their Aexible
brailches in arbours over head, they form an
unibrage iapervious to the rays of the sun,
The ricli colouring of these vineyards forms a
very stroi3g and beautiful contrast to the town
of Funchai below.

At tiiis dlstance the houses, of a vivid white

colour, seem so minute, as easily to be inistaken
for broken fragments of a chalky beach; aiid
on a nearer approach. tliey have accurately
eiiougii been said to resemble the toinb-stones
of an English churcii-yard.

The vessel, tkiei,, in order to avoid being

bccalmed, stretcheç southward ; nex't to the
souih-west ; and a t last approaches the town,
hich, as well as tiic scenery above, çrows more
alid more beautiful.
cB
 S h e aiichorage being at some distancefrori:
the beach, the town still appears to greal ad-
vantage; the best liouses being the highest,
and the nuinber of churches and oíher public
buildings afording a very pleasing variety By
this time, too, the country hoiises, alii~osta11 of
wliich are in view, foriil a fine relief to tlie ver-
dure witii wliicli they are surrounded ".
Madeiravilleii more closely examined, may be
ùaid to consist of one large mountain, whore

.' O n airising a t ihe island it is advisedble for the

i n ~ a l i ú , or his conipanion or serrant, t o land, and to

ieave a11 Icticrs of intnoduction, i n arder t o niake on-
quiries conccrning accornmodation. Tlic private lodg.
ing houses7 ti~oughless cxceptionablc than public ones,
aqe far inferior t o those to which the English are accus.
bomed a t home; and the taverns arE utteriy unfit for in-
rslids. I n consequence of this, somefamiiies, vlio Intend
io resido for a time in the island, bring ir.th ihem cora-
mon furniture, as ihat is with difficnlty p r o ~ s r e d ,thougli
houses for teniporary rcsidcnce are not srarce. If thc
Invaiid be comfor(sbiy aecoinmodated on board, i t is
çeitalnly hest t o remain in Lhe cabin, wiih tlie ship a l
"knchor, til1 every thiug is prepared un shore.
brailcliies rise cvery where froin the sca towards
tlie centre of the island, and converge to the sum-
nlits, in tlie rilidst of which is a depression or ex-
cavation, called by the inhabitants Rionte, which
is always covered with a fresh and deiicate her-
ùage. Many brooks and small rivulets descend
fioin ihese summits, iil deep chasms or glens,
nhich separate Lhe various parts of the island ;
and the bcds of these broolcs are in some places
covered with stones of a11 sizes, carried downfrom
the liigher parts by tlie violence of winter rains
or by floods of melted snow.

Almost every where, the island presente the

inost picturesque and enclianting appearance :
i11 sonie places, huge perpendictilar rocks and
lofty precipites, contrasted with deep cxca-
vations and chasms ; in others, prominent ridges
and beautiftil vallics blended with deep gullies
and ravines, containitig iinmeilse torrents of wa-
ter and innumerable cascades, afford a highly
varied and sublime pictilre of nature.
TEIEsalubrity of the climate of tliis island, so
iiighly extolled, is greàtly to be attributed to
tkie unifoimitj~of its temperalure. A regulak
siicces~ioilof land and sea breezes, coo1 and
purify its atinosphere during tlie whole ycar,
aild cspeciàlly during tbe hottest moilths,

I-Ience, a dem-drop seldom falls, except iii

tbe Iriglier parts of tbis islaiid ; and deleterious
efiuvia, mliich inay arise fio111 aiiy source, are
dissi?ated as soo11 as produced.
 S h e scorching heat of sumnier, and the i-
chill of wiiiter; niay be said to be here eqoally
unknown. Spring and Autumri reigii togctlier,
and produce Íloivers and fmit throughout tlic
year, Indeed, these xnay be said to be tlic
only seasons here; as no degree of hcat or
cold has, in this climate, been foiind unpleasant
i

I t ia tme, that during the rnonths of July

and Bugust, 11hich are here tbe iiottest rnoiiths,
the hcat does become excessive iii low situa-
tioiis: but then it is very inodernte on thc
higher p a r t s o f the island, whithe; the better
sort of people re~ireduring that season.

í t is also true, that the Sirocco vi& the island

for a fe~vdays at a time, tisice 01- tbrice evcry
year. Tlie effects of this wind, on both tlie ani-
mal aiid vegetable creatioii, are peculiar. í n mar],
it occasioiis tiiir,inishcd perspirution, succccded
by langiior and generd restlessi~ess: in imme-
diate exposure to its influecce, the borly is fclt
as if parched, and the air bloas on the surfaci.
with a warmth like the blast froiii a furnace,
I n the same nlaniier, vegetables become d-
arid parched, and an interruption is put to
their further growth. But, at this time, thc
lower situations of tlie island are fourid t l ~ ecool-
cst and most bearabie.

It is moreover true, that during the coldcsk

inontbs of the year, Jariuai-y and February,
the winds generally hlom froin N. N. E. and,
in the moiitainous parts o f the island, fre-
quent heavy falls of snow are also apt to
dake place. Tiiis severe state of weathers
during some seasons, continues to occur oc-
casionally til1 - the end of April. 011 one
or two occasions, thc winter has even been
distinguisbed by a severe storrn. Still, how-
evei; the minter of Madeira niay be said to be
know-n only perliaps by a gale of wind, which
Inay driue the vessels i11 tlie roads from their
anchorage, or by a torrent of rain, ~vtiichpro-
duces a rapid flow of the rivers down the ra-
vines. But, eveii during such periods, snow is
npver known to continue above a day i n . t h e
lower parts At Punchal, when the tops of áhe
hilis are covered with snow, the temperature is
ubout 64.

T h e other months of the year are always at-

tended by refreshiiig land and sea-breezes,
ivhich, at stated periods, set in regularly, un-
less during the prevalence of the hot aiid suffo-
cating easterly wiild, already mentioned.

I n the town of Funchal, as in a11 other low

situations, at a11 seasons of tlie year, the tem-
perature is, except during the Sirocco, 30 or 12
degrees greater than it is found to be 111 tlie
liigher parts of the island.

During the sumnier months, the thermonie-

ter in the course of tlie day, ranges frorn 68 to
76; its mediuni heat in the shadc heirig from 73
to $4.-IB tlie course of tlie summer, it some-
times rises to 80 and upwards, and during tlie
psevnlence of hot riii~ds, it stands even so high
as 84. Indeed, duiing the Sirocco wind, it has
at times risen much higher.
D
 34
I n tvinter, it ranges from 57 to 65 ; its me-
dium in tlie shade being frorn 60 to 64--
I n ihe coiirse of tliis season, it falls below 57
only when the northerly winds with falls of
snow, prevail on ilie hcights. It seldorn rises
ahove 65, except when there are easterly
winds.

T h e winters of Madeira may be compareci to

the summer of England in every thing but the
length of dayj, aild 'those sudden çhanges from
hcat to cold to a~liichEngland is subject.

T o afford tlie invalid a synoptical view of the

average ternperature he is to cxpect, during
every month in tlie yeai; in thc island of Ma-
deira, the following table is inserted fiom tlie
work, 011 tlie " Teinperature of differcnt lati-
tudes," by Richard Kirwan, E. R. S.

<'Madeira, Funchal, lat. 32O. 37'. long. 17'.

Meaii height of the tlierinometer for every
i
iiionth, talcen from an average of four years'
obserrations.

January, 6 4 O , 18. JuIy, 73, 45.

February, 64, 3. hugiist, 75, 02.
Rlarch, 65, 5. Srptcnber, 75, 76.
April, 6 5 , 5. Oclober, jis, 5.
November, 69, 08.
Mdy,
Juair,
66, 53.
69, 74. 1 Dccember, 65,

S h e following is the average temperature of

Liadeira, coimpared with that of Eondoii, for
t11e mliole year, as ~vell as diiring the coldest
aad warmest months, whlch are Januasy and
July. '

" Takiog the average ternperature of London

a t 1000, the heat of Madeira i s 1319. I n
January, 0559 ; July, 1128.

T h e hottest time of tiie day, during the whole

year; is between the hours of one and tliree,
P. &I. and the coolest period, a few hours after
miS11ight.
n li
 During the day the whole range oof the tiler-
mometer seldom at any season exceeds 2,
or at most 4 deprees, and frequently, for seve-
ia1 days topether, the same degree of heat is
indicated '.
* Many invalids, after fccling thc benefit of a winter
passcd in Madeira, are anxions t o roturn t o E~tgland;
and some are eveu alarmed a t the prospect af spending
an intensely hot summer, i n a country so warm even
dusing the winter. But as thc spririg in England is fre-
queotly a very trying period, it is advisable that con-
valescents should a t least continue long cnough in Ma.
deira not t o arrive in England before the end of Junc.
It is also pery unlikely that those who have had the dis-
eari in its more advanccd stage, should h c able, after a
single winfer spent i n Madeira, t o bear the siizceeùing
wintcr in England.
Moreover, the summer climate i11 Madeira is really of
a11 others the most delightfril. T h e invalid from I h g -
Iand ai11 nevcr indeeù complain of heat ivhen not i11
exercisc; antl that, his own prudence will teae!i him t o
avoid during the hot part o f a snnny day. Iii the more
elevaled situations, a convalescent may often contiuuo
eren til1 near Christmas. Durirrg this period, hc may
visit the t o w i ~as often as thc arrival of a vesscl inùuces
him to t o cnquire after news, and may rcturn on horse-.
 The greateçt height of the barorneter in Ma-
deira is in general 33 inches; its least $9 ; arad
i t s medium is 30.

hack, If his lungs have not acquire,rP strength to eneoun-

ter the fatigues of the hill. From that time, his stay in
the country must be entirely ~egulaledby his heaIth and
feelings 3 and if both those are really capable of bearing
the coolness of his summer residente, there he certainly
may remain, without living iu Funchal, til1 the advance
d spring senders it safo for bim Ice retuse te Eng-
Band.
 MINERAL PRODUCTIONS-

THEchain of the highest mountains of Ma-

deira has hardly any volcanic appearance-
The clouds often envelop their tops; and
from them descend a11 the streams and rivuIets
of the island. Their antiquity is marked hy
the deep chaçms these Iiave forined in their
descent between the ridges of the rocks, duriug
the long lapse of time they have continued ta
flow. I n the beds of tliese rivulets, also, are
found pebbles of various sizes, and large round
masses of silex, such as are usually found ira
ilie beds of many similar torrents in the Alps,

The soil, alsq o f the fields and pasturage,

grounds in general appears exactly tlie same as
those oii tlie continent, wliere no volcaiiic fire
has ever been suspected.

It is likewise to be observed, that very Iittle

lava of a glassy liature has been discoveied in
Madeira, nor any perfect puinice stone ; cir-
cumstaiices, both o i which indicate, that Lhe
highest degree oÇ heat bas ~ o been
t sutiered
úere.

Lava, however, having lhe appearance of

babaltes, lias beeii Çound ; and occasionally, as at
Xlachico, a village 12 i~iilesfroiii Funchal, it is
in tlie âorm of glass embedded in loose eartia.

From tlie excav~tioiiof the suinniit of the

mountain, it has, tiierefore, been iinagiiied, that,
i, some semote period, a volcano in that situa-
tioil has produced tliis lava.

I t has also beeu imagined úy some authors,

Lliat tlie bay of Funchal. is a segment of a large
crater, the exterior part of which has sunk
into the sea: foi; in the first place, the shining
blue stones upon the beach are a11 of coinpact
lava; secondly, tempestuous weather always
throws upon the shore larger iriasses of the saine
blue lava, aiid also a quaiitity of cellular sub-
stance, approaching to pumice stone in texture,
but much heavier, and not fihious ; and lastly,
the rock of the Ilheo fort, and of the landing place ,
opposite to it, to the westward of Funchal bay,
as well as that upon whicii some of the other
forts are eonstructed, are evidently perpendicu-
lar fragments of thc edges of the crater, which,
though much worn by the violence of the sorgc,
Iiave hitherto resisted the action of the sea, by
liaving bcen better snpporled, or h a ~ i n gmorc
closcly adhcred together. They, nioreovcr,
bear not thc leasl rcsemblance to thc neigli-
bouring rocks even a littlc mitllin shore.

I t appearcd to Dr Gillan, who accompanied

tlie Earl of Macartney's embassy, that there
bac! been severa1 craiers in tlie island, and that
eruptions had takeii plsce from the~nat various
and very distant intervals. This, he says, waç
particulasly manifcst in a place at tlie east end
of the island, where he found lhe csater of an
extinct volcano, at the bottom aiid round the
sides of which were scattered fragments of lava.

Thc roclis of tliis islaiid, in general, coiisist of

a blue stone, called by the natives pedra v i m ,
which soinewhat resernbles the whin-stone.

Hn some parts of the island, too, there is a

klnd of lime-stone or gypsum, but at too qreat
a disiance to be used iii Funchal, whicli has its
supply from Porto Santo.

Shere is also in other parts another Bind of

sione, which has much the appearance of grey
marble, and thiough little used, takes a very fine
polish,

Of free-stoiie, there are herc two kinds in

common use; tlie one of a hard, the other of
a soft nature. Of the first, tlierc are twa spe-
61
 4%
cies, one wiiite, the other grey, which receive a
good polish, and are much used in Fdnchal.
O i the secoiid, there are also two species, one
red, the other grey, which being, from the
coarseness of their grain, incapable of receiviog
a good polish, are less in use,
THEsoil of Madeira is very rich ; and there is
such a diffeience of cljinate between the plains
and the hills, that there is scarcely a single ob-
ject of luxury growing either in Europe os thg
Indies, that might not be produced here.

The mcst common soil is a kind of pumice

stone, of ehe coiisistence of soft rock, mixed
with a portion of sand and marle; and also a,
dark red earth? consisting of the two latter iii-
gredieiits.

E2
 Severa1 of lhe smaller hiils consist of a daik
red clay with a great proportion of a black or
grey sand.

In some places, a black mould of a shingly

nature is met nith; while, in small flats, at tiie
bottom of declivitiea, and near the ii~ers,there
is foond o stiff clay.

These varieties of soil are ai! proper for the

viiie; but, being very poor in some places, tliey
require the hequerit assistance of inanure ; foi
otlicrwise tlie plants soon decay, or produce
very scanty crops. It is, however a curious
fact, rliat the lands which produce the best
wiiie, are in general rather pour. I-Ience, evi-
dently, in the culture of tlie vine, a great dea!
rriuùt also depend on local sit~iation.

I n some of the higher lands, there is a kind

of marle, intermixed with layers of stone, rvliicli
Is very pulverisable, and is soon decoiiiposed.
Wkien this Ias6 soil is properly man~ired, it an.
smers for a variety of vegetables, especially for
the potatoe.

The soil of Madeira was for many years after

its discovery extremely fertile, and yielded, in
gieat luxuriante, every production of nature,
especially towards the south where tlie lands
are generally more flat; but it must have ma-
terially changed sirice that period, liavirig now
been under cultivation for nearly four huiidred
years; and in this tirne furnishirig a constant
succession of crops, with the assistance of little
or no mariure.
T I ~ com
E of tliis island is of a most excellwt;
qildity, l a v e graiiied and vesy fine; and, were
it not for the vineyards, the island mould pro-
duce it in gredter plenty.

Potatoes have proved, of late years, an use-

ful pioducbon, and could stili be cnltivated to
mucn g'rater advnntagc. The sweet potatoe is,
incieed, noiv vcry generally propagated; is of
easy ç r o ~ t h ; and, like the eornmon gotatoe,
forms a cheap and nutritioils article of dict.
Yams, also, are very easily cultivated: they
generally grolv iii low situations, where there
is a plentiful supply of water.

Chesnuts, which grow ín extensive woods,

on the highcr parts of the island, where the
vjne will not thrive, form an article equally
usefiil. Of these and also of walnuts, some age
senl to the Englisil rnarliets.

4)f the fdrinaccoiis fruits, the cucumbei.,

mclon, wate. ~iielonand pompioii are the chief.
Tbe last is much used as an article of diet,

Severa1 varietieç of pot-herbs are alço pi-o-

duced here with the geatest ease, such as snc-
cory, fennel, wiiter cresses, samphire, beet, &c.

The onion also grows to the greatest degree

of perfectim, and to ai1 uneominon size, being
extolled for its inildness. Indeed, ils growth
here is so abundant, as to have rendered it ai1ob-
ject of exportation.
 e ) the
~ apple tribe, Madeira produces thc
commoi1 apple in many varieties, remarliabie
for Iheir flavour and aromatic taste ; also peal s
extremely fine and in abundance, some of thein
being uncomrnonly large; likewise the mcd!ai;
the quince, &c.

T h e orange, lemon, lime and citron grom

very large, and in some seasons are found in
g e a t plenty.

Of the stone fruits, eherries, plumbs, peaches,

nectarines and apricots are in grear: variety
and abundance.

O f the small seeded fruits, the strawberry,

the red and white c~irrant. bilberry and inul-
berry are found in coo1 sitciations without nny
eulture. Shese, with the grape, are the prirlci-
 pal ones of this kind: and on this last most
important fruit, we shall presently dmell more
iil detail.

I n the gardens of this island, as well as i11

the towii of Funchzl, there are mang plants
and trees which are natives both of the East
and West Indies ; particulaily the banana,
tlie guava, the pomegranate, and the fig, wliich
flourish alrnost without culture ; as also the
mango and pine apple or aiianá, which have
lately been iiltroduced.

l'he sugar cane is not so well cultivated now,

as forinerly. This cane grows t o theheight of
8 feet, having a jointed stem with leaves spring-
ing from tlie joints. Madeira, howevei; boasts
of being the first situation in the Western world
where the arundo saccharifera was cultivated.
Tlic sugar inanufactured here, although in small
quantity, is un?ornmonlg fine, and possesses a
peculiar smell, resernbling that of vioiets. It
was brought fl-omSici1y soon after the discovery
of the island. From ~ a d e i r a it
, was transplant-
F
ed to the Brazils. In conseqiience of a sevcre
blight *hich agected it i11 this idand, its culti-
vation began to be discontinued, and to give
place to tliat of the vine, as an article ot easier
management, and more profitable growth.
Ilence, it has ever since been neglected. Po-
litical reasons may have also had some share
in its being so cornpletely giveii up.

Madeira might, in short, be rendered capa-

ble of yielding the productions of every quarten
of the world, from the advantage of its tempe-
rate climate aiid mild atmosphere. Pn truth,
not only tropical, but also European, and even
more northesn fruits grow here to the utrnost
perfection.

TIIEtree which thrives hest, and is most

generally cultivatcd in the upper lands, is Ihe
pine, l t arrives at a considerable size, and as
highly useful for most domestic purposes. Be-
sides, it is not nice in the soil required for its
growth, and answers on maste lands.

Tlie chesnut tree is ako very common here,

and grows with great luxuriante and beauty.
Its fruit, moreover, is abundant ; and, in times
of scarcity, foims a useful substitute for the fa-
sinaceous grains.

Shere is also here a large tree, called by

the natives Vinhatigo-tlie L a u ~ u s indicus of
Liunzus, growing by the river's side or in coo1
situations, the wood of which cannot easily
be distinguished from n~dhogally. The wood
known in England, by the naine of h4adeii-a.
mahogany, is the Vinhatigo.

Tliere are also here two trees called by tlie

Portuguese Mirmulano and Páo branco, the
leaves of both wiiich are so beautiful that tliey
certainly would be a grcat ornament to the
gardens of Europe.
?! 2
 S h c dragon tree is aluo a natíve of tEiis island.
There are here lilíenise the wild olive, thc lau-
rel, and many others distinguished either for
bheir beauty or use.

The cedar, lemon and orange trees are found

iii &eat abunidance. They grow to an iriimense

size, are uncommonly bcautiful, and yield a

very fi-agrant sn1~11.

The poplar tree here is not less comnion than

the others, and preserves its verdure for a longer
period than in Eumpe.

The majestic palm-tree alço grows to a

great height, Aowers and beass fruit in great
plenty, thougli it never comes to perfcction ; nor
do tlie seeds, when planted, vegetatc. Shis
seems to prove that the plant in Madeira is a
female, and that there is no male one in thc
islaiid by whicli it miglit be fecuiidated. The
branches of this tsee, n,Ileii blanched, are uscd
as ornaments in the religiuus processions of
Palm Suiiday.
 h fem trees of the true cinnanron, witli three
ribbed, scented leares, and a thiii fragraiit bark,
are thinly dispersed.

BFSIDEStlie trees already mentioned, ~vliich

groiv on tlie higher
- lands of the island, the
rnouritains are alço covered with severa1 varie-
ties of brush-nood. T h e principal of these is
Lhe heath, wliicli reaches here to a great size;
also the broom, a liind of beech, a species oE
Eilberry, vaccinium, &c.

The myrtle, likewise, is found iii great plenty

-the roads from Funclial bsing adoriied by
their sides with rnyrtle aiid box-tree, groning
nild; aiid also tlie uortle bcrry shrob, fdr more
considerable in height and luxuriante tlian any
which grows in Engldnd,

The island aKords a great variety of indige-

i~ousplants.
 Fiowers nursed in the English green-houses,
grow wild here in the fields; and, in the hedges
arc found myrtlee, roses, jessamines and honey-
sucltle in perpetua1 blooin ; while the larkspur,
the fleur-de lis, the lupiue, violet and the bal-
sam, spring up spontaneously in lhe meadows,
and form a thousand natural parterres of em-
broidery.

OF the plants, too, styled medicinal, there Is

â great variety; as the common normwood,
maiden hair, agrimony, winter cherry, lavender,
the different sgecies of mint, sosernary, wild
 55

liiy, daffodil, &c. Tlie aloe plant is alço a

cornmon production here, as well as the species
of laurel, from which camphire is produced.

TIIEgrape, however, chiefly white, is the

itaple production of this island.

The vine vias introduced i n t o Madeira

frorn the island of Cyprus, but at what period
it is difficult to learn Chaptal relates that,
I n tlie yeur 1420, severa1 European sovereigr~s
were desirous of obtaining mines froni tlie juice
of the çrapes, produced by thei'r doniiiiions.
The Portuguese had introduced in the Island of
$,[adeira, plaiits frorn the vine of Cyprus, of
nyhich tbe wine was theii reckoned the hest ir1
the world ; and their attempt succecded."

It is somewhat to be douhted, however, that

it rvas introduced a%so early a period. Some
time must have elapsed before much land could
be cleared or piepared for any purposc; arid
it is natural to supposr that the land so clear-
ed, would, in thc first instaiice, be appropriat-
ed to the necessaries, rather tiiaii the luxuries
of life.

The grape must, at a11 events, have been

then cuitivated in very srnall quantity, as the
island was only discovered the precedirig year.
SOBIZof the Interior inountainous parts of ehia
island, belong to the crown of Portugal, andare
eatirely uiicultivated ; ivhile many other parts,
~nountainous,declivotls and rugged, and severa1
ilearly clestitute of soil, are incapable of cuE-
bure.

Though, moreover, the cultivators are indo-

lent, yet they have shejvn instances of accidental
industry, by, i11 some places, breaking on the
sides of hills, thirilg covered with soil, such pie-
ces of scattered rock as contain vegetable m~&&-
G
ter ; and, the rills, from the heights, being made
to flow over thern, the fragments commiiiute
and beconie a fertile mould.

T h e monntainons parts of the country, and

rihat the natives cal1 Serras, are poor meagre
lands, from which they have a scanty crop oC
rye, once perliaps in four years, when the soil
bas beeil previously mannred by the ashes of
the broom, which has been sufi'ered to grow
upon it, iii order to be burnt for this purpose.
I n some such places, alsv, they grow potatoes
by means of the dung they procure fi,oni the
cattle they feed. There cai] be no doubt, how-
ever, tliat tliese lands, though naturally of a
poor quality, rnight be rendered more produc-
tive, if a proper rnode of cultivatioii nere in-
troduced ; and by Lhe same improvenient also,
it would be pvssible to rcar a greater number of
cattle.

One reason, perhaps, why art and iiidustry

do so littie for Madeira, is, nature's liaviiig tlone
 so much. Madeir-a, xvere it properly cultivated,
might justly be termed the Garden of the
world. The serenity of the climate, the fertili-
ty of the soil-every thing conspires to render
I it a terrestrial paradise ; and it only requires the
nurturing hand of art to give the finishing to a
scene on whicti natui-e has so profusely poured
her choicest treasures.

The principal occupation of the cultivators

is the planting and raising of vines ; but, as that
branch of qriculture requires little atteridance
during the greater part of the year, they natur-
ally incline to idletiess.

The warmth of the climate, which renders

great proviçion against the inclemencies of
n eatlier unnecessary, and the ease with which
tlie cravings of appetite are satisried, must ad-
dilionaiiy tend to encourage indolence ; es-
pecri~llyas the regulations of the legislature do
11oC countesact it, hy endeavouring, with the
prospect of iiicreasing happiness, to infuse the
G e
8pirit of industiy. The Pai-tuguese governrnent
does iiot pursue the proper methods of reinedy-
fng this dangerous letl~argy. It did, at one time,
arder tlie plantation of olivc trees here, on such
spots as were too dry and barrento bear vincs ;
but it has not thought of giving teinporary as-
sistaiice to the labourers, and has offered no
grernium by which these might be induced to
conquer their rcluctance to innovations, and
their aversion to labodr.

Wheat and barley are likewise sown, espe-

cially in spots where the viries are decaying
tlirough age, or where they are newly planied.
But the erops do not produce above three
months provisions ) and tlie inhabitants are
therefore obliged to bave recourse to other
food, besides imporiing considerable quantities
of corii and flour from North Arneuica, i11 ex-
change for wine. She nant of manure, and
the inactivity of thc people, are in some niea-
seire thc causes of this disadvantage. Tbey
also receive rice and wIiite lupin from the
Rrazils aild other co!onies of Portugal.

S h e cultivatous make their threshing floors of

a circular forni in a corner of a rield, which is
çleared and beaten solid for the purpose. The
sheaves are laid round about i(; and a board oE
an oblong squaie form, stirck full of sharp flints
below, is dragged over them by a pair of oxen,
the driver getting on it to eiicrcase Its weight.
SIiis machine cwts the straw, as if it had been
ehopped, and frees the grain from the Iiusli,
from wùich it is afterwards more completely
separated.

I n lands rvhere hrooks ' run from tlie mouil-

tairis, the natives make plaiitations of eddoes,
or what they cal! Inhame, enclosed by a kind
of dyke to cause a çtagnation of the wat,-r, as.
that piant succeeds beçt in svuarnpy ground.
Bts leaves serve as food for hogs, and the
country people use the roots for their own nour-
ishrnent. Tiiey cultivak, likewise, hy the mar-
giii of these 'ills, the canc, which grows to the
height of tmenty fcet and higher, and without
xvhich they could not make their lattices for thr
siipport of the vine aiid other shrubs.

As to the cultivatioil of the vine in particular,

a free light sandy or gravelly soil, is preferable
for it to any otlier, i11 consequence of allowing
its rools to spread ~widei, and to draw noiirish-
ment with case from a more exteiisive surface;
while a stiff elayey soil, by opposing its groruth,
ia unfavourable in the saine degree.

I n Madeira, the vine is generally propagated

fcom c~ittings,as the preferable mode of cul-
ture, rather thail frorn the seed,
 I n former times, it was planted with the
plough, to a depth pretty much the sanie as
that at \r,hich tlie vine is now planted in France,
viz. tliat of 18 or 16 inclies. But from tlie po-
verty oE the soil, and the frequerit drouglits, it
is now fouod necessary to plailt it to tlie deptli
of koni 3 to 6 feet, it being protected from the
liard grouiid at the bottom of the trencb, by a
quantity o i Ioose earth placed underneath.

TVater is condnctcd by wears and chanilels

into the virieyards, wliere each proprietor has
the use of it for a certain time ; some having a
coiistant supply of it and others on!y once or
twicc a month. As the heat of the cliniate rcn-
ders this supply of rrratcr to the vines and other
vegetables absolutely iiecessary, it is not with-
out great expencc that a new vineyard can be
planted; for the maiiltenance of uhicli the
owiiers must piircliase water at a higii price
froin those ruho possess a more ample shaie.
 l t was 6 t h great difficulty, that t l ~ c&Ia-
deirdns were first persuaded to eil-aft their
vines, and some oE them still obstiriaiely reiuso
to adopt tlie practice, tliough a whole vintage
is very often spoiled by the nuiriber of bad
grapes, i~hich, from neglect of this practice,
are mixed in Lhe vat, and which they wili not
tlirow out: because they encrease the quantity
of Lhe wiile. Tbis instance of the force of
habit is the more extraordinary, as they rcadily
adopted the practise of engrafting with respect
to thelr trees, and it is i ~ o tiincominon now t o
see the same tree producing two and three
varieties o i the same fruit in great perfection.

Wlierever, then, the soil, exposure and supply

of watcr, wiil admit of it, the vine is cultivated.
Oiie or more walks about two yards wide in:ei;
sect each vineyard, and are included by utone
walls two feet high. Among these wailis, which
are about seven feet Iiigh, and arched over uith
latlis, they erect wooden pillars at regular dis-
tances, to support a laitice work of bamboes,
which slopes dorvn from both sides of the walk,
til1 it is only tiiree feet higli, in whicb eleva-
tion it extends over the whole vineyard. T h e
vines are, in this manner, supported from tlie
gronnd, and the peopte have rooin to root out
the weeds, which spring up between them. I n
the season of the vintage, whiçh begins early in
Septemher, they creep ilnder this lattice mork,
cut off the grapes, and lay thcm iilto basliets.
This rnetliod of lieeping the grolirid clcun and
moist, and of ripening thc grapes in the shade,
contributes to give the Madeira wines that ex-
cel!ent body aild flavuur, for whicli they are so
remarliable.

T h e vineyards are held only on an annual

tenure, arid the farmer does not even reap one
half of the produce; as one half is paid to the
ovner of thc land, and one tenth pait to the
king; nhile the sanic, or its value, ii collrcted
with regard to every article of produce in the
island ; tlie procecds of this tenth being ap-
plied toward clefraying the expences o i govern-
M
nlent. Profits so small, joined to tlie tliougiit
/
of toiling so rnuch for the advantage o i others
inevitably retards improvement.

Oppressed, however, as the cultivators are,

they havc greserved a high degree of chearful-
ness and contentment: their iabours are com-
moniy alleviated with songs ; and, in the even-
ing, tliey assernble from different cottages to
play on the guittar.

A very great variety o i grapes are produced

in Madeira, such as the Negra molle, Verdelho,
Blial, Bastardo, Raboza, Negri~iha, Listram,
&lalvasia, Ferra], Tinta, Sercid, illuscatel, Ali-
cante, &c. But if tliis great nuinber o i kiiids
were reduced to Negra molle, Bastardo, Ver-
delho, and Bual, the wines nould certainly
be of rnuch better quality ; the two former birids
civing cliieíly colour and flavour, and the two
b
Iatter, strerigth and taste.
 From the variety of grapes found in Madeira;
it might be concluded, that there would he a
corresponding variety of wines ;and indeed, fiom
each of the particular species of grapes above
mentioned, aparticnlar kind of wine inight be ob-
tained; The different, grapes, however, are
generdly ali inised together in rnaliing Madeira
wine, except tlre Malvasia, Sercial and, Tinta
grapcç ; rIie first giving a mine, which is siipe-
rior to any smeet wine ; Lhe second, one superior
:o any dry winc, and much esteeined on account
of its scarcity and high flavour; and the last
$ving a. red wine much of the flavour of Hur-
guiitly, and which is corrimonly mixed with the
uortlaeril wines of the island in order to colour
ihein.

Tlie process ofmabing manhgi ineis extremely simple.

wa
 68 ~

The grapes, immediately on belng cut, are

put into tlie press, whicti is a rnachine of very
siniple construction, and not urilike Lhe instru-
mcnt used in England in the malriiig of cyder. Tt
consists of ' a reservoir, a lcver, and a spindle.
S h e regervoir is of a square figure, made of
plin1;s of chesnut tree, and supported on feet.
S h c levei goes across the reservoir, extending
5 or G feet bcvond it, ahd is connected a t its
Furthest extremity, where is a fehiaie screw,
tvith the spind:e; Al the opper eiid of tliis spin-
dle is a maÍe sete*, :vhile its other end is fas-
tened, by rneaiis of úil iron hook, to a ring fixe2
on a larse atoné, the size of which is propor-
tionate to that of the press. Wlien the grapes
are placed in the reselx%ir, severa1 Iabourers
enter that part of tl-ie machine, and with thcir
feet tread the grapes as 10ng as any juice cai1
be expressed froni tiiem. The juice is allowed
to run into 2 vesscl placed ori one side of the
reservoir, nlirough a bole, over which is general-
131 placed a small basliet by way of a sieve, in
&der to prevent any õf tite husks, seeds, or
sialks frorn escapiiig. After this first pressure,
o r treadin;;. the inashed grapes are collected
into one tleap : this heing sui-iounded by a
cord in close circles, and having boards and
pieces of wood laid over it, is then pressed hy
the lever, wliich is forthwith sunk upon it, and
allowed to reixiain in tlrat situation til1 the li- ;

quor ceases to fluuc.. The lever is then raised ;

the boards and cords are taken off ; the rnass,
heing broken hy hoes, is inade to undergo a
second treading ; and again also it is subjected to
the presure nf the lever. This process is re-
peated a third time, for the purpose of procur-
ing what tire iriliabilants cal1 agit(z -E, s kiiid of
strong beer. Iil this last proccss, h~wever,the
rnass, when broken up, is as dry as a piece of
chip; and ihereiòre, previous t o treading it, it
1s necessary to add to it a r~uahtityof water, in
the proportion of two barrels to every pipe tliat
has been obiained of juice. Tliis rnass is, i11
ordcr to procure cgun p4, generally pnt under
the pressure in tire eveiling, and ailowed to re-
maiir in tlrat situation til1 iicxi morniiig, wben
riiis irifusion is draivn ofi: a ~ i dput into casks
for iinmediate use,

Tlie mailner of rnal<ingSinta %fine frorn the

black grape, is some~vhatdiflèrcnt-Tlie grapes
-
tben only undergo one pressurc by lhe lever,
arici are afeeiwards diained tbrougli a commori
sieve, nhich al!ows the husiis and seeds also to
pass, the stallllis oniy reinaining behind. 'I'he
mhole is put iiito a vat open at top ; stirred
t:~lice a day for about a inontli ; aild wben the
fe,rnciitation is íinishcd, it is raclted off iilta

Slle treatinent of the rnust or unfermented

wine, is also siniple : it is takeii out of tlic re-
cciviug cusk, the sarne cizy it is prest, and put
into otliers in ordrr to undergo fermeiitarion,
irl:ic!l begios aiinost iinmediately, aild appears
by the liquor rising and cvolviiig a considerable
quantity of fixed air. Tlie riclier the wine is,
the stroiiger is tiie ebullition, avhicli geiieraily
ceases i11 about a montli ; but still a certaiil de-
gree of fermentation continues to go on for
some time longer. During two rnonths after its
being transferred to these casks, it is lmice a
day agitatcd with an instqurnent for the purposc.

TVhen a11 fermentation has ceased, and thc

must has becorne vinous, it is separated froin
the sediment, and clarificd by white of egg;
while tlie sediment itself undergocs distillation
for brandy.

These mines are not a11 of equal goodness, anil

are corisequently of different prices. The best
sweet wine made of the.%lalvasia" çrape, is
calied in England, Maimsey : it is an exçeeding
rich sweet wine, and the dearest of any in con-
sequeilce of its scarcity. The ilext sort is a dry
wine, such as is exported for the London m a r k e ~

*This viric is called by Lhe nstives >Ialvasia, aod de-

rives iis name from a town o f 'rurkey in Europt,
whtnce this vine wasimported by order of Princc IIcnry
of E>oltugal.
 Inferior sorts are exportcd to Arnerica, to the
East, and West Indies.

About 50,000 pipes of the better sorts, mliich

are cliiefly frorn the south part of the island,
are exported ; and the rest being of an inferior
rluality, is either mixed with southern wines for
expoit, or is cousumed at hoine. That which
is used on the island by the lower class cf
people, is principaliy of a weak kind, which wiil
nor keep long enough for exportation.

As the islanders derive their means of sup-

port solely from the nine which they export,
the qnantity inanufactured is increasing along
with iiie increasc of inhabitants.

Madeira wine is reclroned superior to any of

the southern nines, and certainly coiitains a
gieater pioportion of saccharine inatter, of alco-
h1d and oi aroma, tban aiiy of thenl. S h e aro-
rriatic flavonr, however, is not properly evolved;
ilor, indeed, does the wule acquire its peculiar
 ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS.

ALL Ihe coniinon domestic animals of Europc

are found iii Madeira.

The horses are in general small, but sure-foot-

ed, and, with great agiiity, clirnb those difiicult
pdllis, viiich are the only means of coinmuni-
catiori in the couiitry. The mules are as nu-
inerous aiid useful.

Black cattlc, sheep and goats are in great

sibundance. Tlie hog, howcver, was, at one
time, the animal of which the Aesli was mosi
relished in the island. These anirnals, when
young, were marked by their owners, sufired
to range wild among the mountains, and at last
hunted and caught by dogs.

TAMEbirds, such as turliies, geese, ducks

and hens are plentiful; being easily redred,
from the quantity of vegetables and fruit with
wliich the couiltry abounds. The animais of
the feathered tribe, which live mild Iiere, as
t l ~ epartridge and quail, are more numerous
than the wild quadrupeds, and are uncom-
monly beauiiful. R o ~ l i and wood pigeons
á r e also plentiful : tbe latter is of a niuch lar-
ger size, than in other countries, and much es-
teerned foi- its delicacy asfood,
 The black bird is here much admired for the
beauty and melody of it-Ù note.

Of smaller birds, the island possesses a great

variety, of which may be particularly enumerat-
ed the chaffinches aiid canaries. Tlie last are
here generally o i a greenisb colour, though now
and tlien they are ~ellow. Tiiese, as nell as
goldfinches, are found ini the mountains ; and o i
the former, numbem are sent every year to En-
gland. T h e swallow is also here in great a-
bundance, at cerlaiil seasons; and also a grey
bird witli a black head, which ihe naiives cal1
Tutinegro, and which is much admired for the
heauty and melody of its note.

TEIEhawsbill turtle is plcntiful here, and

~vheiikept in fresh rvatcr for some time pre-
vious to use, is ccitainly not inferior to tlie
green species. There are no snakes whatevei
in Madeira ; but the vineyards and gardens in .
the summer, swarnl with lizards, wliich destroy
great part of the grapes and other Guits.

FISHis, in this part of Lhe world, exlrernely

fiine, in great variety, and, ir1 favourable sea-
sons, the market is pletitifully snpplied with
them.

Of the larger kiiid5caugl~tby the line, the most

esteemed are, the dourado, pargo, cherne, pisca-
da, bicuda &c ; aiid of tlie smail kind caught
by the net and hook, there are many at ali
seasons in the bays, or harbours, such as the
anchovy, the tainha, the salrnonet (which is
a very scarce and delicate fish,) the sea trout
&c. Some, however, come more frequeritiy in
slioals, at stated periods of the year, as the
 75
pilchard, mackerel and mullet: herriiigs and
oysters, however, are not foudd here.

Of fresh-water fish, there is otily tlie eel i

the rivers are here too rapid in their coui-se to
admit of any other.

Of shell fish, the lobster, erab, shrimp, pe-

riwinkle and lamprey, abound here ; as also a
delicate 6~11,called by the natives Craca.

Fisii, home~er,are not in plenty enough for

the rigid observance of lent. Pickled herrings
are, therefore, brought from Gottenburg in
Ençlish ships, and salted cod frorn New York
and other American ports to supply the de-
ficiency,
 REARING OF CATTLE, &c.

MADEIRA
generally affords a plentiful supply
of cattle; and were proper precautions talten by
the hrmers, to secure a sufficiency of dry pro-
vender, for seasons when grass rnay be scaicc,
no want would, at aiiy time, be felt.

The beef here is generally of good quality,

and, during the sommer months, mben proven-
der is abundai~t,is better flavoured than that of
England ; but in winter, when the grass is bad,
and there is no dry fodder, tbe meat becoines
tean and scarce.
 Mutton ís not so often reared liere as it
ought, and is consequei~tlyilot so good as in
Brirain. The flesh of the Iiid is here prcfera-
I,lc to lamb, aiid i s geilerally used instead of

Perk he1.e 1s not equal to that of America os

Eriiain in point of fatness, b:it is certainly bet-
tcr Advoured.

I n this climate, however, all tlie quadrupeds

of E~iroiien ~ i g l ~bet reared to advantagc, and
b r o i j ~ h tto qual perfection as i11 morr iior-
thern regioris.
 THEnurnber of the inhabitants of Madeira is
calculated to be about ()0,000.

The pcople of Madeira are of middle stature,

and in general athletic, well made and active.
As to complexion, only the first farnilies ai all
resemble the fair inhabitants of northern Eu-
rope. This is the irievltable consequence of
tiie irifluence of climate*.

' S e e Dissertation on lhe Influence oPClimate, &c. By

B.C. PITTA,M, D.
K
 82
Tlie ladtes of Madeira are in general deii-
cate, and have agreeable features. The women,
horvever, suffer more in their health than the
otlie? sex, as premature old age is geiierally
tiie consequence of their early niarriages, aiid
numerous offsspring. Anotlier source here of
Injury to females, is the sedenta& life tliey are
accusiomèd to lead; for, except in tlie suininer
months, thcy seldom stir out, unless to go to
chiircli, or during a rnoon-lizht iiight : their ri-
gid abstemiousness, also, from aniriial food, on
fast days and during lent, must in some rnea-
sure injure their health. None of tliese circum-
stances, however, in poiut of injury, operates so
powerfully as the adoption of the monastic life.
This practice is here cornrnon amon; the youn-
ger branches of the first families ; and, tlie veil
once takeii, they never after are ailowcd to go
without the walls of the convent, whicli ofteii
beiilg a poor institution, and its regiilations
severe, its wretched iuhabitaiits suff'er ali. tiie
inconveniencies tliat generally attend want and
poverty, adtled to a rigorous and monotonous
course of religious exercise.

Shc higher classes iii Madeira, both male

and krnale, are inciined to corpuleiice, and at
the same time, much disposed to indolente, at-
tended rritll a disposition to melanchoiy, and
even a moroseness of teiliper. Tliougb sober
i i i respect to drinlting, they are apt too often
to indulge in eating to excess. From this cir-
curnstance, joined to the seclentary life they
lead, they become subjcct to a variety of
chronic disorders, aiid also early arrive at a
premature old age*

Many of the better people are a sort ofpetite ,

noblesse, which in Britain would be called geri-

try. It is to be regretted, that, iii sorne instan-
ces, their genealogical pride renders them unso-
ciabie, aiid coiisequently ignorant, and causes w
ridiculous affectation of gravity-
 The landed property is divided into estates,
whicli are in the haiids of a ferv ancient fa-
miiies, s: ho live at Funchal.

T h e peasantry, as v e l l as the niass of the

people, are distinguished hy ai1 olive or taivny
colour of' skin, and a swarthy con~plexion.
They are, horvever, well sliaped, and of hard,
but not disagreeable, featnres. Tlieir faces are
obloiig, their eyes dark, and tiieir black tiair
geiieral!y falls in ringlets. Their çvomen are
too frcquent!y iil favoiired, and want the ilorid
complexion, which, whei~rinited to a pleasing
. features, gives the more
assemblap oaf regular
northeril &ir, tlie superiority of a11 their sex.
They are in general siriall, have promiileiit clieek-
boncs, dark coinplexion, and large feet, orving
perl~apsto tlle efforts they are oùliged to mnke
ir cliiilbiiig :he craggy paths of this riiouiltaiii-
011s country ; but Lhe just proportions of tlie
body, and their large and lively eyes, ir somc
measure compensate foi- those defects.
 S h e coiintry womeii wcar úfue petticoats
bound with red, a short coiselet geneially i e d
or light blue, closely fittiiig their sliape, wliich
forms a siiliple and often not an inelegant dress,
and a short red doa!<, bound with blue ribbon,
with a blue pointed cap : those that arc uti-
mdrried, tic tlicir iiair ou tlie crorvn ofthe head,
on mliich some wear no covcring.

T h e iaúovring men wear wide lincn tromsers,

a coasse sili! t, a blne cap, wliite boots, short
jaclic:s inade of blue clotli, anci in winter
they generally xlear iong clo~lis, whicli, nlien
it docs not rain, tiiey carry over their slioul-
der.

Tlle country people are sober, inofiensi>e,

ecoiiorii~caland capabie of enduriiig mucli liar tf
Idbour; iii tlie prosecution of wliich they are
often rediiced to great emaciation of body nnd
debiiity of constituiioii, and tlius a prematilrc
old age is h:ought 011. While the nien are cul-
tivaiiiig tiisir viueyal-ds, tireir wives and daugh-
ters are procuring subsistence fortho cattle, aiid
travelling to a cciisiderab!e distante, over rug-
ced j~aths, to rhe rnountains, in ordcr to cut
brooin for fuel. This thcg carry in loads to
Funchal, and disposc of for their subsisleiice.
Thu4 severity of labour, pooriiess of food, arid
warrnth of cliinate, make them old in frarrne,
when young in years.

Tbe diet of tlie couiltry people consists of

bread aiid roots, with a little animal food, aiid
that chiefly salt fish. Their common drinlc is
%,atei; or rgua pk-an infusion extrartcd from
tlie huslcs and stalks of the grapcs aftcr tlicy
Iidve pnssed tliiough the rvine press, and irhicli,
n hei1 fernielited, acquires sornc tartness and aci-
dity, but cannot be kept very long. Tlie nine
fui. whicli the island is so famous, and wliich
tlieír own hdnds prepare, seldom regales them.

Klost travellers who have written o11 Rfa-

deiia, liave rcpresented the inhabitants as dirty
and indoient : if ihis censure be a t all just, it
ean apply only to tlie lox~erinhabitaiits of Fun-
ehal ; the couiitry people bciiig entirely ttie
reverse.

" The temper of the Portuguese," sajs Dr.

Courlay, " in general is impetuous and irasci-
ble ; the sliglitest injury too often transliorts
them to sueli a pitch of aiiger, as occasions
in them serious disorders. S h e practice of
stabbing, however,-tlie stigma of tlie Por-
tuguese mtion from time in~mrmorial,is by
no means couiinon in Madeira, arid if ever
it be resorted to, it is only by the lowest cliis-
ses. ATo nation is possest of more eleg3nt
manners, with a greater degree of courteous-
ness, coiidescension and contentmcnt, than the
Portuguese, althougjn ppiecd undcr an arbitrary
gosernrnerit. r10.
strangers particulady, tlieir
kiildness arid geilerosity overflow."

It has jusrlg- bceii observed, that tl-ie people

of Madeira are iii general very rnusicdl, and
extremely gallant. N o iiight passes at Fun-
 clial,' or in the country, withoot serenades af
guifars. The ivomen arc a!ro reiiiarkable for
their delicate and beautihl tvorks in wax and
in artificial flowers, which are not easily distin-
guished froin those of nature : they are like-
wise famous for their srveetmeats, pastes,
&c.

30 far baclcward, however, are the mechani-

cai arts, that tlie must is brought to towil fiom
the vineyards, where it its rnade, in vesscls of
goat-skin, which are carried by men npon their
shoulders. They have no wheef carriages of
any kind ; and in town they use a sort of driys
or Sledges forrned of a which rnake ati
acute angle before: these are druwn by oxen,
and are used to transport casks of wine, and
other heavy goods, to and hom their ware-
houses.

The best houses in this island are very liigh;

aiid, frorn their elevated turrets, tlie inhabitants,
l)y the help of spy-glasses, observe ciistant ves-
 çels, and conjecture their destination and other
particulars,

As the vessels approach, faces may be recog-

nised on the deck; and, if they be from the east-
ward, expectation is excited with regard to the
news they rnay bring. I f from Lisbon, the an-
xiety of the Portuguese is not less for letters
than that of the English, when ai1 arrival is
from London. I n the lattter case, the enquiries
after news are universal ; reports are as nume-
rous as uncertain; and nothing is accurately
known til1 the papers get into circulation, and
each inrlividual resorts to tiie houçe whose let-
ters bear tlie latest date, or at which he is the
most intimate. Enquiries, however, do not end
' with tlie first reports, or the inspection oE the
papers : captains oE ships, iE tolerably intelii-
gent, and stili more frequently passengers, are
interrogated to explain doubtful passages ; to
detail such n e m as, though afloat, are not cir-
culated through the public jouri~als; 2nd even
to give tbeir opinions of public affairs, parlia-
L
wentary speeches and political occurrences.
Silch of the Portuguese (it has been obserred
by Dr Adanis,) as understdnd Engliski, are
carly in their application for a bigbt o i the pa-
pers, and frequently translate their contents ex
tempare to others mith a facility, correciuess,
and even elegante, that surprise an English-
man, horvever well acquainted with the Por-
tuguese lauguage-with a facility, n hich the
Englisb in vain atteinpt to imitate, vlien tbey
traeslate the Portuguesç into their native
toiigue.

T h e same writer has observed that " the

character of the Portuguese is universally polite,
though their manners, to siicii as are unaccns-
tomed to them, may sometimes aypear officious
and troublesoiile. N o one meets a ivell dress-
ed stranger mithout taking oE his liat, and feels
oíierided if his salute is [be] not returned. But
tlieir civilities are not confined to forms, aiid
there are few but are ready to shew a stranger
his way, and give him e v e y other assistamce in
his [their] power. Among the pòor, a scaman
n h o pieads that he has becn left hy Iris ship, and
that, in consequence, he is without inoney and
ciotlieh, never fails to be kiiidly received, and
share tlieir morsel with a family who oRen feel
it difficult to support thernselves.
- S h e rich are
not less ready in offices of hospitali~y, nhich
moilld he more generally proffeered, but that
some accidental misconceptions have made
t i ~ e mfearful lest their civilities Should be ~iiis-
interpreted, or rather ,fronz an zmcertatnttJ [that
they are unceríain] hoiv they may be received."

'<By degrecs," observes the same author,

<'thc uatives have acquired sornemhat not only
of English dress, but of the English manneiis.
S h e cocked hat, sword and biickles, have gra-
dually given way to the shoe-string and round
Iiat, except in visits of eereinony, or arnoiig
officers of the revenue, who are ob!iged, even to
thc custoni-honse clerk, to appear on duty in
fui1 dress. Maiiy of the labouring mechanlcs
siill continue attached to tlieir long cloaks;
1, 52
but this is principally to hide tRe implements
of their trade, as they consider it disgraceful to
be seen carrying any tbing in their hand. Such,
therefore, as have ali apprentice or laboiirer to
attend them, frequently appear in the English
dresses. It is the more proper to rcmark this,
because from the custom of dressing assassins
in our English stage in loug cloaks, there are
ferv ladies, on their first arrival, but suspect a
dagger under every capote. Whatever rnay be
tlie case in otlier parts, assassination is scarcely
known in the island of Madeira."

Among tbe higher orders, many gentlemen

speak Englisli fluently, and have been educated
on Lisbon or iii England. Some of the ladies
are also not unacquainted with the language,
though they are too timid to venture on speak-
ing it : most of them speak French, and some
~ v i t hfluency and ease. Their rnodes of life
are daily more and more anglicized ; and tiiere
are, in no pari. of the world, characters more
interesting, more affectionate, more sincere, or
more ei~nobled with exalted notions of true
friendship, virtue and candour to the failings of
others, than some of the female inhabitants of
this island. But it is unnecessary to dwell lon-
ger on subjects of this kindí
As the iniiabitants of &/Iadeira constitute a Por-
tnguese colony, so the language of the island
is preciseiy tliat of the inother country.

I n the l'ortuguese language, cvery vowel and

consonant is pronounced-a circumçtance which
iendeis its acquisition casy to strangers. As
the number, too, of its v o ~ i t l sand consonauts
is more ilearly equal thaii in Korthern langua-
geç, its general character is iriorc soft and har-
monious. Upon the whole, it approaches so
 95
olosely to the Latin la.nguage, both'in its general
structure and individual words, tbat rriany Por-
tuguese writers have exercised themselves by
cornposing the two languages at once.

Thus writes a celebrated aiithor, M. S. De

Faria, i11both languages : " O quain gloriosas
memorias publico, coiisiderando quanto vales
iiobilissima lingua Eiisitana, cum tua facundia
excessivamente nos provocas, excitas, inflarn-
rnas ; quam altas victorias procuras, quam ce-
lebres triumphos speras, quam excellentes fa-
bricas fundas, quam perversas furias castigas,
quam feroces insolencias rigorosamente do::ias,
manifestando de prosa de metro tantas eiegan-
cias Latinas.

The following hymn to St. Ursula and the

Eleven Thousand Virgins is a still better speci-
men.

Canto tuas palmas, famosos canto triuiilphos,

Ursula diviiios martyr concede favores.
Subjectas sacra nympha feros animosa ty-
rannos.
T u Phcenix vivendo ardes, ardendo trium-
phas.
Illustres generosa choros das Ursula, hellas
Das rosa bella rosas, fortes das sancta co-
Iumnas.
Zternos vivas annos o regia planta B
Devotos cantando hymnos, vos in~ocosane-
tas,
Tam puras nymphas amo, adoro, canto, ce-
lebro.
Per vos felices annos o candida turba ;
Per vos innumeros de Christo spero favores.
s r r ~elemeniaiy branches ai' education, i~nniely,
7-

the I>oitug~eselanguage, Writing and Arithme-

tic are tolerably well taught at Madeii-a Be-
sides the schools kept by individuais, for the a-
òove mentioned purposes, the l'rince Regeilt
has esiablished two public oiies at iiis omn
expence.

As to foreiç~ilanguages, the English, Frcncii,

Italiail &c. are also tauglit by privaie tenrlie!~
31
 For tlie liighcr branches of educalion, a col-
lege exists. I n it, are tauglit tlie Matliematics,
the Latin langvage, Rlietoric and Moral Piii-
losophy. Siiis establishment is supported bg
the Prince Regent, from whom the Professors
receive tlieir salaries, and no fee is paid by tlie
pupils. Shus, tlie college is free in every scnse
of tiir rvord,

It is to be regretted, that classes of Natural

Philosophy and Chemistry, are not added to
tliis establishriient.

It is also to be regretted that no means are

talteii to instruct tlie lorver class of people, in
the inechanic arts, for though geoerally unable
to rcad or write, tliey arc extremely apt ia
imitation, and ingenious in mechanism.
FUXCHAL
is the only city iii this islaild, wtiich
has aiso severai ssmali towns unnecessary to be
enurnei-ared.

T h e city of Funcba! derives its name from

funcho, the Poriuguese word signifying feizneZ,
,

which grows in great plenty upon the neigh-

bouring rocks. By the observation of Dr He-
berden, i t iies i11 the latitude of 39" 33' 33" N.
ancl loiigitiide 16'' 49' W.--1t is sitnate on thc
sonth side nf the island, in ttie centre of a spa-
çlous valley, opeii 'to the Atiantic Ccean, and
surrounded hy lofty mountains, gradually ascend-
ing to a gieat liejght.

Funchal, however, is open only on tEe s o n t ~ ~

t o the sea, and is defended on the N.N. TV.
and N- E. hy imn3ense mountains, \*liich,
towards the north, are a mile in perpendicular
height ahove the levei of the ocean.

The sçattercd edifices of Funchal being

whitc cxternally, forrn a pleasing eontrast tvith
tlie evergieens and plantations which, at ali
points, meet the eye.

Funchal coritains about thirty thousand in-

hahitants : the town is, tlierefore, by no means
small.

The streets and houses are, ho~vever, irregu-

lar. Those of the principal inhabitants are
rery large, and posse6s elegaiit galleries in front ;
but those of the cornnion people are sinall.
011 entering the town, therefore, it loses rnucir,
an Englishinan would perhaps say, ali itç beauty.
There are scarcely ariy reçular sti-eéts. The
lai-ge houses are indiscrirninately mixed witli the
small ; and tlie pavemeiit resembles that of ihe
country towns in England. I-Iowever, thougll
little pains are talien to Itecp it clean, it cair-
ilot be called dirty. Most-of ttie streets are on
?
a declivity, and have currents of clear water
running through them, with a rapidity that
wasties every tliing before tiiem. S l ~ euse d
carriages not bei'ng general at Madeira, tlie in-
habitants are conueyed in cliairs and palan-
quiiis.

At Funchal there is a delightful mall, with

severa1 roxs of handsorne poplar and orange
trees, at tho exbemities of which are situate the
Catheclrai and the Convcnt of Fiariciscaiis, aiid
on its çides, the Infirmary and the Theatre.

S h e Cathedral i5 a noble edifice, and is in-

ternally osnainented in a most costly style. It
is a stone stiucturc, on each sIde 'of which there
are four srnall chapels elegantly ' ofn'amented,
arid at the upper part two largcr ones. 0fthes.i.
one i11 particular, is aoi.t1'iy o f iiotice for i t s
magniricence, the walls being cbiefly lined ivith
marble, and hung rritli fine' tapestry and pic-
tures, tiie altar covered by cloth of gold tissue
embroidered with precious stones, and hung
round rvith curtains of sllvcr tissue, the candle-.
sticlis of solid silver, four feer high, as also tlie
palisade, and tlie ceiling beautifully encrustcci
wiih rnosaic, &c,

The Coiiveiit of St Francis, tlie only one of

the isiand in ~ ~ b i cn2ei1
h are received, is anele-
gant biiilding, and very spxious. It has also a
b c a u t h l gardeii. Its cbiirch is iiea: and finish-
ed in tlie modern taste. Iii this conveiit, there is
a sliigtilar curiosity-a sriiall cliapel, called tlie
chape! of Ghosts, t l ~ c~rholeofwhich, both sides
and cieiitig, is coinposed of human sliulls and
tliigh bones ; the thigh bbones being laid acsoâs
each other, and a skuil placed in each of tl~e
four angles.

TPe plan of the Infirmary rniglit be adopted

in some countries as a model. It consists of
nlany long rooms, on one side of wliicli are tiie
windows : tbe other side is dividcd into wards,
each of wliich is just big enougli to contain a
bed: beiiind tliese waids, and parallcl to tlie
room in whicl? tbey stand, there runs a long gzl-
lei-y, wit11 wliioii each mard cornmunicateç by a
door, so that elie sick may be separately sup-
plied wjth wbatever they want vrithout disturb-
Ing their neigl~bours. Excellent, Iionevcr, as
this Infirmary is, iL is to be regretted, that it is
very badly conductcd, especially in the surgical
departnient.

Opposite tlie Infirinary í s tlie Theatre, wliich

iç internally elegant, and bas a numerous and
respectable establisiiinent of Poriugiirse and
Italian actors.
 For rromen, lilese are novv only two convents
on tlie island. Of tliese that oE St. Clara is
simple, cuireiliely neat, and nell cndovved.
That of Merces is a miserable establisliment.

On the top of tlie rnountaiii, t i m e i? also a

megiiificcnt church dedicated to the Virgin, and
eacli of the remaining parishes has also its ap-
piopriate onc.

The ,grouil8 íioor of the bouses in Funohal

is appiopriaied entire!y to wine and other
stores ; and, i11 the nost - public streets, the
front of bhis Roor is çenerally divided into shops.
If tliere be tn-o flnnrs above, the first is usually
intended for servants' chambesa and oth.er
of6ces. The upper floor is tlie mosl lofty, each
roam being heiçhtened in the centfe by a cove
of the roóf. They have, besides, high tursets
commanding views of the surrounding country
a ~ i dof the sea. Tlie older hoiiscs have plain
~ l a s t e rmalls ~ ~ i t l i o uaiiy
t ornaillent, the ceiling
beinç of nood, because, til1 latcly, 110 stucco xas
íntroduced suficiently good to adhere horizon-
tally. The modern, however, and even some of
the old houses are now enriched with pannelled
walls, and their ceilings are decorated. For-
merly the Madeirans were satisfied with lattices
instead of glass windows; but such is the in-
creasiiig wealth, and taste for luxury, that feng
exceptiug the puorest, are found without
sashes.

Thc airy part of the town of Funclial affords

tlic most desirable re~idcnce during winter.
Those who arrive from Englaiid at that season,
tire generally so pleased with the verdure of the
hills, and tiie softness of the climate, that they
prefer a house in the country ; but it is to be
reinembercd, that no house beiiig furnished with
fire places excepting in tlie kitchen, nor fitted
up with that iiicety which tIie uncertainty of an
Englisll climate requires, an occasional cold
N
day is fclt, and the rnore so in proporkioii as the
situatiori is more elcvated*.

About a mile or two from town, while the

slty is for thc most part unclouded and of a
beautirul tint, thc counti-y is covered witli vincs,
excepting here and there a few paiches of yams
and of the smeet potatoe, and, in othcr parts,
of wheat, vvhose yellow appearance at an early
part of the sumrrier, serves to hcighten the ver-

* í t is scarcely nccessary to remind the invalid, a h o

ventures t o visit abroad, t h ~ tthough the ercnings are
milder here than in many regioiis farthcr southward, qct
there niust e$er be a diffcrcnce between the tempersture
of a cronded room and tiie opcn air: or that thcse in.
convenieuces are mach incrcased b y tlie nature of
Engliah socicty in Mailcira; the parties being alnrays
large, and the invitation for dinner, usually iiot brcalr-
ing iip bcforc supper. I f a n invalid be seen a t one of
them, a n invitation t o others is the consequence, wlricli
he can tlien with difficulty dcclinc. It is perhaps better
t l ~ a an
t invalid should, til1 zomctime after his arrival, a-
void a11 visits, unless his house be so sitilate as to in-
ùucc siiigle people, o r small t i a parties, t o pky their vi-
dure of tlie scirrouilding scenery. By tlie steep-
ness of lhe mour?lain, too, a11 aroulid Funciial,
no house, however near, can prevent Lhe one
above it from receiving delightful breezes from
the sea.

sits ?o h;m. Neither must a laudable anxiety of seeing

the island be renùercd prejudicial t o hcalth. The pa-
gedntry of religions processions of nuns, cercmonies in
the chuzches or convents, are all, it lias ùeeii j o ~ t l yob-
served, attendcd with a fatigue highly injuriaus t o such
as havc madc so long and sxpensine a voyage for health.
S h e processions, too, are inostly in thc evening, a little
before siinsot. T h e invalid is, therefore, invited h y some
frienù t o dinc a t his honse wherc the spcctarle may pass;
here he meets a lar@ party ; rvaits with an impatieoce
which often produccs a degree of irritation in a weak
habit; and, at the vcry worst part of the twenty fonr
Iionrs, exposcs Iiimself t o the window, after 1)eing hoated
perhaps by a crowded room, and a still more crowùed
table oC hot prorisions. T h e other ceremouies are at-
tcnded with iiofur(5cr inconvenience, than thelength of
time the atteiidancc rcquires, and the unwhoiesome air
ihe paticrit must breaihe, from the great niimber af poo-
ple In t i ~ esame plnco,
SHE Portuguese Governar is at the head of all
the civil, and the British Commander at the
head of a11 tlie miiitary affairs of this island.

The Corregidor is the chicf civil magistrate

appointed by the Icing of Portugal. IIe is sent
from Lisbon, and holds his place during the
Kiiig's pleasure, but seldom retains it longer
than three years, at the end of which another is
appointcd. 411 causes come to him by appeal
from infecior couats. A second jiidge sent fi.onk
Lisbon, í s called at Funchal Juiz de Fora, and,
in tbe absence of the Corregidor, acts as liis de-
puty. A third judge, perinanently resideilt in
Madeira, superintends the interest of orphaiis.

I n Funçiial, there is also a numbei of ma-

gistrates of policc, wlio are changed every tiirec
months. Their çgstern, however, is badly or-
ganizcd.

I n the disposition of property, no fatlier can

make one child his sole heir ; but must leave
to a11 his childrcn an equal inheritance, except
in the case of entailed estates.

Tlrith regard to the Iam of debtoi- and cre-

ditar, tiie iatter can seize property for rent,
or other debts, but he cannot iniprison the
debtor.

As to the criminal law, theft and minor

crimes are judged by the criminal court, the
Governar, Corregidor and Juiz de Fora pre-
siding. The accusers aud defendcr's advoc~tc
aud attorney also attend such trials. Shose
who coniinit minor crimes, however, are ilot
punished witli death, but by confinement or
exile.

Tlie Corregidor is generally also sppoiiit-

ed as conservador, or judge foi- the Britisli
factory.
 The rocky shore of tlie islaild of &Ladeira,"
says §ir George Stauuton, " and the violei~t
surge constantly beatilig on it, forni a natural
defence agaiiist invasioil. TVhat art fias added
at the capital, which exteiids three quarters of
a mile along the beach, and nearly half a inile
in depth, consists, as Captain Parish observed,
in four srnall forts. One situated ai ehe eastern
extremiiy of the beach of Eunchal, mith a per-
pendicular hheight rislng immediateiy in Its Tear*
This fort stands so low as to be exposed to the
fite of shipping ; although an oppo~.tunity of-
fered of occupying an height ciose to i(, wliere
rnight be erected a very comrnanding work.
This fort is called St. Jago. That of St Law-
rence, within two hundred yards of the wcstern
extremily of the town, is an irregular worlc,
whose gieatest length is about one hiindred
yards, and its breadth nearly as much. I t has
three small bastions and a battery toward tbe
sea, and flanlring the beach. Shis is occupied
as the residente of tlie governor. r1 third, cal-
led Peak castle, is situatcd at the north-west
angle of the town, upon a Iiill, distant about
half a miie from the shoie. I t is very ciificult
of access from the southrvard ; but if the hili a-
bove it were once gained, no formidable resis-
tancr could be expected froin it, as it is corn-
pletely overlooked. Tlie fourth fort stands
upon the Loo rock, higher than the largest
sliips, but by no meaos sufficientiy so, to war-
rant the disposition made upon its snrninit.
T h e guns are crumded together en barbette;
and lhe little parapet, over which they look, ap-
pears unequal to resisl a cannon shot.
 ' T h e beach inay further be defended by a dl-
rect line of miisquetry from a low line built
tvall, on which a ferv guns are mounted at in-
tervals, and which has occasional projections
that afford small flanks. This line appears in-
adequate for defence, when troops are covtrcd,
in their landing, by inen 'of war ; but the con-
stant surge, upon the beach, would prove a
powerful assistant in obstructiiig the manage-
rnent of boats in an atternpt to Iand. Tt is said
that a very convenie~it landing-pldce may be
found about two miles to the westward of
Funchal bay, round the Pico ria crua,perhaps
at Praya. From hence tmo roa& lcacl directly
to Funchal ; one ascending into tlie vailey un-
der the Peali castle, from which it is enfiladed.
S h e other keeps the shore, and would, per-
haps, be preferred, as less exposed to thc fire
of the Peak castle, and as hting shekered, in
a. great degree, by the interveniiig buildings,
Erom the fire of St. Lawsence.
 " Lhe lilic wall, extending from the sea to the
Iieight on wiiich is situated Peak castle, is iiot
of a better construction than that of tiie beach,
aiid, being destitute of cannon, would make but
a feeble resistance. T h e Peak castle seems to
agord the principal defence; it is mel1 huilt,
and in tolerable repair. Its walls are of a con-
siderable height; but it has no ditch ; and it is
completely commanded from the rear. About
twelve guns are mounted on it, of different ca-
librcs and constructions, generally, very 01d
p u s of Eoglish malie. Such, too, are all the
cannon of the place; aiid their carriages are
quite out of repair. Most of the merlons aie
of stoue, generally, from tnro and a half to three
feet thick. I n the Peak cnstle there is a smali.
ai mory, containing about one huodred and frfty
staiid of arms, and three brass field pieces of
Engliùh construction.

" The forces on the island are, of regulars one

hundred and fifty artillesy, and as many in-
fantry ; with tivo thonsaild militia, who are oc-
easíonally under arms. They are formed into
two battalions, and are obliged to clothe them-
selves in uiiiforms : also, ten thousand irregu-
lar militia, ~ t h oare not so clothed or exercised;
but who, ori consideration of their being at no
expence on that account, are obliged to repair
highways, to take charge of signals, and to do
duty in the garrisons. They are divided into
three districts, each commanded by a colonel ;
and subdivided into companies, with a captain
and lieutenant to each."

Since the above mas written, the old fortifi-

cations have been greatly repaired and improv-
ed ; four additional ones have been constructed ;
the native military force has been encreased;
zmd the whole island is proiected by severa1
Bsitish regiments.
A RISEOP is at the head of the ecclesiastical
establishment; and his income is considerably
greater than that of the civil Govemor. It
consists of i 10 pipes of wine, and 490 bushels
of wl~eat,which upoil the whole, it is said, a-
mounts to five tlio~isanda year. The Dean has
about a thousand a year : lie presides in the
bishop's ubsence, and also in tile çhapter, ivhich
contains I 6 canons.
 Thc secular prikstts o11 the island are ahout
&o hrridied, some of tkirm, as liteiary inen,
haring graduated at the aniversity a i .Co,imbra,
aie employed as tutors and as advocates.

The sludeiits on thc isldud, as well as the

priests, are distinguished froiri the other inha-
hitants, hy ~vcaringblack go~viis.

The convent of SI. Francis is occupied by the

friars of that order : they gradually diininisli in
number, and only about 40 are at present to be
r'ound. I t is, howevei; but justice t o quotc the
observations made by Captain Cook on his visit
to them. " W e visited," says he, " the good
fathers of this convent on a Shursday evcning,
just before supper-time, and tliey receivcd 11s
P ith great politeness aiid Bindness : ' W e x+ill

nol asli you, said they, to sup with us, because

we are not prepared, biit if v o ~ iwill come to-
snoirovJ.j, tliough it is a fase witli iis, we ~vill
have a turiíey roasted for you7-Shis invitation,
uhich shewed a liberality of senliriicnt, ilot to
have been expected in a convent of frlars at
this place, gratified us mucli, though it wras not
jn our power to accept it. We visited also a
convent of nuns dedicated to Santa Clara, and
tlie ladies did us the honour to express particn-
lar pleasure in seeing us there. They had
heard that there were great philosophers ainong
us, aiid not at a11 knowing what were the objects
of phiiosophical knonrledge, they asked us seve-
ral questions that were absurd and extravagant
in the higiiest degree : one waç, evhen it wnuld
thunder? and another, whether a spring of fresh
water was to be iound any where within the
walls of their convent ? It will naturally be sup-
gosed that our answers to such questions were
not satisfactory to the ladies, yet &ir disap-
pointment did not the least lessen their cívility,
and they talked witliout ceasing during the
wliole of our visit, which lasted for an hour."
THEbalance of trade to tlie island of itladeira
is rnuch in favour of the English. Swenty
trading houses of great solidity, whose acquired
fortunes ultimately centre in Great Britain, con-
stitute the present British factory. Their irn-
rnense capital, avoiued integrity and comrnercial
knowledge, have stifled competition, and left
them in the almost enlire possession of the
trade.

Heriry Veitch, Esq. a penileman of higli res-

pectability, is the present British Coiisul ; and,
r~zithmeritorious zeal, watches over the interesf
of the British, who are residcni liere.

The British merchants in this island, like those

at Porto, attach themselves to the cultivators of
the vine, and supply them, in advance, with
whatever can contribute to their necessities.
They are remarkable for their hospitality to
strangers ; and their houses are open on the
slightest recommendation for the reception of
travellers on the island, or passengers v h o rtop
there, for refreshments in their w7ay to America-
West Indics, &e.
 T h e Judge of the Customç is the collcctor of
rhe Icing's custoins and revenucs, ~vhichamount
to avery considerable sum.

Shis revenue arises, first from tlie telitil oi'

a11 tlie produce of the island, belonging to tlie
ICii~g,by virtue of his office as grand niaster of
the order of Christ ; çecondly, from twcnty per
cciit. duties laid on all manufactured goods, and
five on a!l provisions imported ; thirdly9 fioni
ten per cent. charged on a11 exports ; and lastly,
on ten per cent, o i property tax,
6
 iee
The greatest part of this sum is applied to-
wards the salaries of civil and military officers,
professors &c. and for the maintenance of public
buildings, &c.

The duties and taxes, however, producc a

revenue to the TCing of Portugal of near L.gQ,OOQ
n year ; and it rnight be easily doubled by thc
produce of the island, if advailtage was taken
of the excellence oÇ the climate, and the
amazing fertility of the soil-an object 12 hich i s
iltterly neglected.
 Mild as the climate of Madeira is, its
diseases are, doubtless, sufficiently numerous.
The most important of thein, however, are af-
fections of the chest, and diseases of the slrin,
with a brief account of which it is alone proper
to trouble the general reader.

Gatarrh and Pneumonia, under somewhat va-

sied forms, occur at Madeira. But the chief
sffection of this nature, to which even the na-
P2
tives are occasionally subject, is Plithysis Pul-
monaiis or Consumption. O n its symptoins and
treatment it is iiot necessary here to dwell. l t
is, on the cotitrary, niy object liere niereiy to
point out a circilnislance, any mistake with re-
gasd to which çvould be fatal to consumpiive
persons, who from England visit this island.

T o phthysical patients, Madeira is peculiarly

adaptecl, morc especially as i t is defended from
those northern blasts cvhich visit every part of
Enrope, and even tlie Mediterranean islands,
dnsing the winter ; and which, though not fre-
cluent, are, when they do liappen, sufficient to
clestroy a11 the advantages that a residence of
severa1 n~onthshad produced. Indeed, in ai1
cases of scrofulous consumption, in which the
patient does not idly delay, after being advised
to leave Englaiid, physicians can with certainty
promise him a cure.

I n a11 snch cases of consumption iiot too

far advauced, the cliiiiate of Madeira does
 ias
prove a certain remedy. The causes assigned
for this constant success are : first, the equal,
temperature of the climate ; secondly, that the
lungs are not irritated hy any particles arising
from an open fire, or by tlie contraction of the
skin from a partia1 access of air, produced by
artificial hcat ; and thirdly, that the roads be-
ing paved, and no wheel carriages used ir1 the
most inhahited part of the island, those clouds
of dust ilevcr arise, which dry meather produces
i11 other parts of tbe world, and which are al-

wayç found injuriou to weak er diseased lungs.

But if Madeira be not repaired to in the earlier
stages of the disease, it mil1 he repaired to in
vain. I n tlie last stage, neither physical cir-
cumstances nor human skill can avail.

Let no one, thcn, he misled hy the alusurd and

dangerous statement of some", that because the
early stage of consumption is of ai? iiiflarnrnat~r~
nature, therefore the climate of XiIadeira (warm-

" See a Tseatise on Consumption by a Dr Sanders.

er, doubiless, than that of Britain) is iiot to hc
had recourse to in the early stages. Such per-
sons are ignorant that &ladcira is visited not o11
account of the degrec, but o11 account of the
equability of its teinperature. It is indeed the
~rinterof Madeira froni November to June, as
as it is the summer of the South of Euglaild,
that is best adapted to a11 stages of consump-
lion.

DISEASES OF TDE SKI-J,

Elepliantiasis is the chief disease of this kind,

wliich occurs among the ndtives of the io~ver
class at Madeira. This disease alone is lierc
mouthy of particular noiice, for tlie purpose,
as in the preceding paragraph, of poiiiting ou6
an erros, not indeed dailgerous, hut extremely
ridiculous.

For the cure of this disease, some " have re-

eommendcd the commoii Iizard. They say

* See Dr Gourlay's Pamphlet on Marleira. In case IIe

that this animal acts as a stimulatit; I>ut \+c
Bnom that the flesh of reptiles is much less sti-
mulant than that of quadrupeds and birds.
I n trutli, it can only have operated by the fear
and disgust its use must have produccd ; and
indced the symptoms of fear were ihe only symp-
toms occasioned. That a man should both per-
spire and evacuate urine when forced to cat a
Tare<lizard! is by no means wonderful: the
eating of a raw toad or rat would have pro-
duced similar effects. l[< however, thcse physi-
cians can obtain success b such contrivances,
it is a11 very fortunate.

Fortuiiately, Elephantiasis has nothiilg con-

tagiou~in its nature, aild forms no source of

he says '' I prescribed for a rnw lizrcrd evory morn.

Ing''!!! TheDoctor's herc sayiiig that he prcscribed f o r
a rarv lizard, may perliaps inducc some of our more in-
nocent readers t o ask, Whut it was that he prescribed
for the lizard! aud, in the midst of aucli absurùities, to
pcstion ivhether hc prescribcd the patieiit for the liíard,
or the lizard for thc pxticnt?
appiehension, in any êountry, to those who a-
void its well Irnown causes.

Diseases of the skin, horevci; are those soiely

of the iowest classes in Madeira ; and their ex-
istence must be ascribed to their iiiiproper diet,
consisting often of &trid fish, espccially duririg
lent, and to the negligente of the police in the
inspectioh of marketç.

As diseases of the sliin affect tlie lower clas-

ses, so Apoplexy atid Paralysis ofien affect the
liigher classes, arising, doubtless, froin a luxii-
rious mode of living, and an indolcnt life.