Fact Sheets

Malaysian Palm Oil

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Malaysian Palm Oil Board
No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi,
43000 Kajang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
Tel : +6(03) 8925 4400
Fax : +6(03) 8925 9446
Homepage : www.mpob.gov.my
Malaysian Palm Oil Council (192835-K)
2nd Floor, Wisma Sawit, Lot 6, SS6, Jalan Perbandaran, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Selangor Darul Ehsam, Malaysia
Tel : +6(03) 7806 4097, Fax : +6(03) 7806 2272
Websites : www.mpoc.org.my, www.malaysiapalmoil.org
For further information please contact:
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6
Fact Sheets
Malaysian Palm Oil
Published by
MALAYSI AN PALM OI L COUNCI L
Floor, Wisma Sawit Lot 6, SS6, J alan Perbandaran, 47301 Kelana J aya,
Selangor, Malaysia.
MALAYSI AN PAM OI L BOARD
No. 6, Persiaran Institutsi, Bandar Baru Bangi,
43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia.
Copyright 2007 by Malaysian Palm Oil Council & Malaysian Palm Oil Board
Reprinted 2009
Second reprinted 2010
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without
prior permission from the Publisher.
National Library of Malaysia Cataloguing-In-Publication Data
Facts sheets Malaysian palm oil
Bibliography: p. 60
ISBN 978-983-9191-08-0
1. Palm oil--Health aspects--Malaysia 2. Palm oil industry--Malaysia
3. Oil palm--Malaysia 633.85109595
2
nd
1
Contents
Foreword 02
Part I: The Oil Palm 03
Part II: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil 09
Part III: Techno-Economic Advantages of Palm Oil 25
Part IV: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil Applications 33
Part V: Palm Oil Nutritional Benets 37
Part VI: Oil Palm & The Environment 45
Part VII: The Malaysian Oil Palm Industry 57
Related Organisations 59
References 60
Further Readings 63
Acknowledgement 63
10
3
Part I: The Oil Palm
Source: IJM, Cede
4
History
Fact 1: Archaeological evidence on palm oil consumption was found in an Egyptian tomb in Abydos.
As no palm oil was ever produced in the country, the evidence implied that the oil had been traded
during the time of the Pharaohs, which is about 5,000 years ago.
Source: Friedel (1897)
Fact 2: Oil palm [Elaeis Guineensis J acq.] originated from West Africa in a belt from Angola to Senegal.
Source: MPOC (2005a)
Fact 3: Oil palm was introduced to the peninsula of Malaysia, then Malaya, as an ornamental plant by
the British in the 1870s.
Source: MPOC (2005b)
Fact 4: In 1917, Henri Fauconnier planted the palm for its oil at Tennamaran Estate in Batang Berjuntai,
Selangor, Malaysia.
Source: MPOC (2005b)
Source: MPOB
The original ve steps used to extract palm oil
Step 1: Cooking the bunch
Step 2: Removing fruitlets from the bunch
Step 3: Macerating the fruitlets
Step 4: Pressing out oil from the fruitlets
Step 5: Collecting the oil
One of the four original palms from
which Fauconnier obtained seedlings
to plant oil palms at Tennamaran Estate
Oil palms in wild groves in West
Africa
1
2
3
4
5
Malaysia
5
Fact 5: Oil palms economic potential was first realised in the 1960s when the Malaysian Government
embarked on a poverty eradication programme through agricultural diversification by planting this crop
to complement rubber.
The establishment of land schemes by the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) and the Federal Land
Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA) has resettled landless farmers on holdings by mainly
growing oil palm. Today, FELDA manages about 811,140 hectares of plantations, providing employment
for 112,635 farmers.
1
The land schemes are provided with basic amenities such as piped water, electricity,
communications, roads, schools, healthcare facilities as well as greater employment opportunities in the economic
activities spawned.
1
Source: FELDA (2010)
Currently, the Malaysian oil palm industry as a whole including the downstream sectors employs 860,000 people,
both directly and indirectly.
Example of a Typical Workers House at a FELDAs Oil Palm Estate
Source: MPOC
6
Source: MPOC (1995a)
Background
Fact 6: The oil palm rst planted in Tennamaran Estate was Dura - the fruit type with a thick shell.
There are two other fruit types - Pisifera with no shell and Tenera with a thinner shell. Obviously, the
thicker the shell, the less would be the oil-bearing mesocarp and the less the oil yield. Ideally, Pisifera
should be planted, but it is largely female sterile and produces very few bunches. In practice, Tenera
is planted as a compromise. At that time, the genetics of shell type was not known, but it was later
discovered that Tenera is just a hybrid between Dura and Pisifera i.e. Dura x Pisifera =Tenera.
Oil Palm (Tenera): Basic Facts
Origin West Africa
Average height increment (present palms) ~60cm/year
Trunk diameter ~60cm
No. of fronds produced per year ~24
Average length of frond 3 - 4m
Leaf colour Green
Colour of ripe fruit Usually yellowish red (there are also other colours)
Nursery period 12 - 18 months
1
st
harvesting ~30 months after eld planting
Harvesting cycle 2 - 3 weeks
No. of bunches produced per palm 10 - 15 per year
Average weight of bunch 10 - 20 kg
No. of fruits per bunch 1000 - 3000
Shape of bunch Round or oval
Fruit size (l x b) 5cm x 2cm
Fruit weight ~10g
Kernel content 3-8% per fruitlet
Oil extraction rate 20%
Palm oil yield ~4 tonnes/ha/year
Planting density 136 - 160 palms/ha
Economic lifespan 20 - 30 years
Fact 10: Oil palm is the most efficient oil-bearing crop in the world.
The table below shows that in comparison with other major oil crops, oil palm produces the highest tonnage of oil
per hectare per year with minimum use of land area.
Oil Palm vs Other Major Oil Crops

Oil Crop
Oil Production
(mil tonnes)
% of Total Oil
Production
Average Oil
Yield
(t/ha/year)
Harvested Area
(mil ha)
% of Total
Harvested Area
Soyabean 35.89 27.0 0.37 97.67 42.8
r e w o l f n u S 13.05 9.8 0.53 24.59 10.8
Rapeseed 21.48 16.1 0.69 31.26 13.7
Oil Palm 50.61 38.0 4.14 12.21 5.3
Total
b
a
133.13 228.43
Note:

a

combined tonnage of palmoil and palmkernel oil
only for the seven major oil crops (i.e. cottonseed, groundnut, coconut and the above)
Source: Oil World (2010)
Oil Palm 4.14
Rapeseed 0.69
3 5 . 0 r e w o l f n u S
Soyabean 0.37
Average Oil Yield (t/ha/year)
b
9
A) OILS & FATS TRADE
Part II: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil
Source: MPOC
Fact 11: The roles of palm oil and palm kernel oil in the global oils and fats scenario are prominent.
i) Palm oil and palm kernel oil contributed the highest percentage (30.8%) of the total global production
of oils and fats in 2009.
World Production of Oils & Fats in 2009 (Million Tonnes)
Total Production: 164.45 mil tonnes
) 10 0 2 ( d l r o W l i O : e c r u o S
Oils & Fats Trade
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil
30.8%
Soyabean Oil
21.8%
Rapeseed Oil
13.1%
Lard & Tallow
Cottonseed Oil
9.8%
2.9%
Others
4.9%
Groundnut Oil
2.5%
Coconut Oil
2.0%
Sunflower Oil
7.9%
Butter
4.3%
ii) Palm oil and palm kernel oil were the most traded oils in the global oils and fats market with a market
share of 61.3% in 2009.
World Exports of Oils & Fats in 2009 (Million Tonnes)
Total Exports: 63.93 mil tonnes
Source: Oil World (2010)
Rapeseed Oil
4.0%
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil
61.3%
Sunflower Oil
8.1%
Lard & Tallow
3.3%
Olive Oil
1.1%
Fish Oil
1.3%
Butter
1.2%
Others
2.4%
Coconut Oil
2.9%
Soyabean Oil
14.4%
iii) Of the total 164.21 million tonnes of oils and fats consumed in 2009, palm oil and palm kernel
oil constituted the highest percentage (30.8%) of the total.
World Consumption of Oils & Fats in 2009 (Million Tonnes)
Total Consumption: 164.21 mil tonnes
Source: Oil World (2010)
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil
30.8%
Rapeseed Oil
13.0%
Soyabean Oil
21.9%
Sunflower Oil
7.8%
Cottonseed Oil
2.9%
Lard & Tallow
9.8%
Others
5.1%
Butter
4.3%
Coconut Oil
1.9%
Groundnut Oil
2.5%
Fact 12: Malaysia is one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world.
In 2009, Malaysia produced about 17.57 million tonnes of palm oil from a mere 4.69 million hectares of planted
area. The production and export of Malaysian palm oil is expected to increase in the future through improved
planting materials and better plantation management.
A Comparison of Annual Production of Palm Oil between Malaysia and
Other Producers from 2005 - 2009 (Million Tonnes)
Source: Oil World (2010, 2007)
20
25
15
10
5
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Others Indonesia Malaysia
15.82
17.27
5.82
15.88
16.08

5.19
14.96
14.10
4.79
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
17.74
19.20
6.40
17.57
21.14
6.65
Source: Oil World (2010, 2007)
A Comparison of Annual Exports of Palm Oil between Malaysia and Other
Exporters from 2005 - 2009 (Million Tonnes)
16
18
14
12
10
8
6
4
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2008 2007 2006 2005
Others Indonesia Malaysia
3.45
12.65
13.75
14.40
12.54
3.03
13.44
10.44
2.58
15.41
14.41
3.78
2009
15.88
16.94
3.32
Fact 13: Since domestic consumption of vegetable oils is relatively low in the country, Malaysia exports
most of its palm oil and palm kernel oil. In 2009, Malaysia had the second biggest market share in the
global vegetable oils and fats trade with P.R of China emerging as the largest importer of its palm oil.
Malaysias Share (%) of the Global Oils and Fats Trade in 2009
Total Trade: 63.93 mil tonnes
Malaysias Share: 17.22 mil tonnes
Source: Oil World (2010)
Malaysia
26.9%
Indonesia
30.3%
Others
16.5%
Argentina
9.1%
Brazil
3.9%
Ukraine
2.6% Canada
2.8%
USA
5.3%
EU-27
2.6%
Total Export : 15.87 mil tonnes
Source: Malaysian PalmOil Board (2010)
Major Export Destinations for Malaysian Palm Oil in 2009
Others
37.7%
P.R of China
25.4%
Pakistan
11.1%
USA
5.4%
EU-27
11.9%
India
8.5%
Fact 14: The Malaysian palm oil industry being the major player in the global oils and fats trade, has
contributed billions of ringgit in export earnings to the country. In 2009, palm oil was the second largest
contributor of Malaysias external trade after Electrical & Electronic Products.
Export Earnings from the Malaysian Palm Oil I ndustry from 2001 - 2009 (RM billion)
Source: Malaysian PalmOil Board (2010, 2007, 2005a, 2003, 2001)
60
50
40
30
20
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2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001
45.2
49.6
28.6
30.4
26.2
19.6
14.2
31.8
70
65.2
Malaysias External Trade in 2009 (RM billion)

Exports
Total Trade: RM 553.30 bil
Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2010)
Electrical & Electronic Products
41.2%
Crude Petroleum & Its Products
8.1%
Timber & Timber-based Products
3.5%
Palm Oil & Palm-based Products
9.2%
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
5.6%
Natural Rubber
0.8%
Others
31.6%
19
Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil Processing Flow Chart
Fact 15: Palm oil processing ow chart
Palm Oil Processing Flow Chart
Note:

FFB= Fresh Fruit Bunch
Source: MPOB (1992)
OIL EXTRACTION AT MILL
Sterilisation in large pressure
vessels/cages
Stripping in rotating drum
Stripper
Extraction in a homogenous oil
mash using screw press
Purication in a continuous
clarication tank
Transportation of FFBs
FFBs enter
the plant for
processing
RBD
Palm Oil
Physical (Steam)
Rening
Degumming and
Pre-Bleaching
Deacidication and
Deodorisation
Degumming/
Neutralisation
Bleaching Deodorisation
Fatty Acid Distillate
Soap Stock Acid Oil
D NBD
Palm Oil Palm O
Chemical
Rening
R
E
F
I
N
I
N
G
CRUDE PALM OIL
20
Fact 16: Palm kernel oil processing ow chart
Palm Kernel Oil Processing Flow Chart (Mechanical Extraction)
Source: MPOB (1992)
(A) Direct screw pressing without kernel pre-treatment
(B) Partial kernel pre-treatment followed by screw pressing
(C) Complete pre-treatment followed by screw pressing
PALM KERNEL
Cleaning
Size Reduction
Flaking
Steam Conditioning
Screw Pressing
Expeller Cake Coarse Screen Filter
Filter Press Storage
Palm Kernel Oil
Storage
(A)
(C)
(B)
21
Fact 17: Physical characteristics of Malaysian palm oil
Physical Characteristics of Malaysian Palm Oil
Characteristic Mean (of 215 samples) Range
Apparent density @ 50C (*) (g/ml) 0.889 0.888 - 0.889
Refractive Index @ (*) 50C 1.455 1.455 - 1.456
Solid fat content (+)
5C 60.5 50.7 - 68.0
10C 49.6 40.0 - 55.2
15C 34.7 27.2 - 39.7
20C 22.5 14.7 - 27.9
25C 13.5 6.5 - 18.5
30C 9.2 4.5 - 14.1
35C 6.6 1.8 - 11.7
40C 4.0 0.0 - 7.5
45C 0.7 0.0 - 4.5
Slip melting point [C] (+) 34.2 31.1 - 37.6
Source: * Chin, et al (1980)
(+) Tan & Oh (1981)
Physical Characteristics of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
22
Fact 18: Physical characteristics of palm kernel oil
Physical Characteristics of Palm Kernel Oil
Characteristic Mean Value
Refractive Index 1.4509
Slip melting point [
o
C] 27.3
Colour (Lovibond 5 cell) 5.5R 50Y
Colour (FAC) -
Carotene content (from absorption at 446nm) 7.6
Solid fat content by Wideline NMR (%)
at 5C 72.8
10C 67.6
15C 55.7
20C 40.1
25C 17.1
30C -
Source: Siew and Berger (1981)
23
Fact 19: The infrastructure for the Malaysian oil palm industry is rapidly developing to keep pace with
the high global demand for palm oil, oleochemicals, and biodiesel.
Distribution of the Malaysian Oil Palm Business and Ownership in 2009
Source: Malaysian PalmOil Board (2010)
Private Estates : 60%
Government/State Schemes : 27%
Smallholders : 13%
1.36 mil ha : 29%
120 mills : 29%
11 refineries : 21%
0.84 mil ha : 18%
47 mills : 11%
5 refineries : 10%
2.49 mil ha : 53%
248 mills : 60%
35 refineries : 69%
18 oleochemical plants : 100%
OWNERSHIPOFPLANTEDAREA
PENINSULARMALAYSIA
SARAWAK
SABAH
Status of Malaysian Oil Palm Processing
Sector
9 0 0 2 8 0 0 2
No. Capacity No. Capacity
95,538,600 6 1 4 0 0 2 , 9 9 4 , 2 9 0 1 4 ) r a e y / B F F s e n n o t ( s l l i M
Refineries (tonnes CPO/year) 52 19,400,200 51 22,802,200
Kernel Crushers (tonnes palm kernel/year) 39 5,060,100 43 6,664,200
Storage Capacity* from Bulking
Installations (tonnes)
32 1,268,113 34 1,491,443
Note: * excluding bulking capacities at Bintulu Edible Oil, Sandakan Edible Oil and Lahad Datu Edible Oil
Source: Malaysian PalmOil Board (2010)
Status of Oleochemical Plants & Capacity in Malaysia at End 2009 (tonnes/year)
State
Malaysia
I n Operation Not I n Operation
No. No. No. No.
J ohor
Penang
Selangor
Others
Source: Malaysian PalmOil Board (2010)
Under Planning Total
Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity
7 608,900 0 0 0 0 7 608,900
3 791,325 0 0 0 0 3 791,325
6 817,746 0 0 0 0 6 817,746
2 381,000 0 0 1 60,000 3 441,000
18 2,598,971 0 0 1 60,000 19 2,658,971
25
Part III: Techno-Economic
Advantages of Palm Oil
Source: MPOC
Fact 20: The oil palm ensures a consistent and renewable supply of vegetable oil to meet the ever-
increasing demand for oils and fats.
On average, one hectare of oil palm produces 3.71 tonnes of palm oil per annum, with best fields producing up to
7-8 tonnes annually. The long natural economic lifespan of the oil palm tree ensures a consistent supply of palm
oil to meet consumer demand.
Example of High-Yielding Palms
Source: UP Berhad
26
27
Fact 21: Palm oil is the least expensive vegetable oil to produce.
Comparative Cost of Production of Selected Oils (USD/tonne)
Oil Cost (USD/tonne) Country/Region
Palm 228 Malaysia
Soyabean 400 USA
Rapeseed 648 Canada
Rapeseed 900 Europe
Note: USD 1 = RM 3.80 (2004)
Source: MPOB (2005)
Comparative Processing Costs for Palm, Soyabean and Sunower Oils (RM)
Chemical
Soyabean Oil/Sunowerseed Oil RBD Palm Oil
Quantity (kg) Cost (RM) Quantity (kg) Cost (RM)
Phosphoric Acid @ RM 2000/tonne 2 4.00 - -
Caustic Soda Solid @ RM 1400/tonne 2.5 3.50 - -
Bleaching Earth @ RM 800/tonne 30 24.00 10 8.00
Nickel Catalyst @ RM 26/kg 1 26.00 - -
TOTAL COST 57.50 8.00
Savings for RBD Palm Oil 49.50 per tonne
Note: USD 1 = RM 3.80 (2004)
Source: MPOB (2005)
28
Fact 22: Palm oil is the most versatile oil as it can be used in various food applications without or
with only minimal modication, as well as in non-food products such as oleochemicals, soaps and
biodiesel.
i) Palm oil has many of the required characteristics suitable for food applications. Being semi-solid at room
temperature, it can be fractionated to produce downstream products such as olein, stearin, super olein, and
palm mid fraction, which are used in various food products.
Food Uses of Palm Oil and I ts Downstream Products
Product Palm Oil
Palm
Olein
Double
Fractionated
Palm Oil
(Super Olein)
IV
1
>60
Palm Mid
Fraction
(Soft)
Palm Mid
Fraction
(Hard)
Palm
Stearin
(Soft)
IV >30
Palm Stearin
(Hard)
IV 20 - 30
Premium
Stearin
(Hard)
IV <20
Cooking Oil
Frying Fats
Shortening/Dough
Fats
Vegetable Ghee
Margarine
Specialty Fats for
Coatings
*
Ice cream Fats
Chocolate Fats
Milk Fat Replacers
Butter Oil Substitutes
Confectionery Fats
Non-dairy Creamer
highly suitable suitable * minor application only
Note:
1
Iodine Value
Source: MPOC (2005b)
29
ii) In the oleochemical industry, palm oil and palm kernel oil are used to produce various chemical
feedstock, such as fatty acids and fatty esters, which are required in the manufacturing of various non-food
products. In addition, palm oil can also be directly used to produce biofuel. The Malaysian Government
has implemented the National Biofuel Policy mandating the use of B5, a type of biofuel containing a mixture
of 5% RBD palm olein and 95% diesel, for transport. The product has been launched as Envo Diesel.
Non-Food Applications of Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
Source: MPOB (2005)
Direct Route
PALM OIL & PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleochemical Route
Biodiesel
p Soap
p Expoxidised Palm Oil
Polyols
Polyurethanes
Polyacrylates
y Fatty Acids
y Fatty Esters
y Fatty Alcohols
y g p Fatty Nitrogen Compounds
y Fatty Alcohols
Intermediate
Consumer
Products
y Glycerine
30
Fact 23: Malaysia guarantees the quality of its palm oil to meet customer requirements.
The Malaysian palm oil producers and exporters are keenly aware that the quality of their palm oil is their sine
qua non for future sales. In Malaysia, strict quality control is observed throughout the supply chain, i.e. from
production to processing, rening and shipping. The industry is regulated by various quality and food safety
standards, such as the PORAM Specications for Processed Palm Oil and Ministry of Health Hazard Analysis &
Critical Control Points (HACCP) standards.
Fact 24: Malaysian palm oil offers a wide range of specications to meet various requirements.
New technologies allow the Malaysian palm oil industry to diversify its downstream products such as processed
palm oil, high-carotene palm oil (red palm oil), palm kernel cake and oleochemicals to satisfy requirements.
Products which are not on the shelf can be tailor-made for specic uses.
Fact 25: Of the major oils and fats, palm oil is the most competitively priced.
Palm oil is competitively priced vis-a-vis other vegetable oils. With its guaranteed consistent supply,
its price competitiveness is likely to continue into the future.
Price Performance of Palm Oil and Other Vegetable Oils (USD/tonne)


Source: Oil World (J an 2001 Mar 2010)
Crude Degummed Soybean Oil (fob Dutch)
Rapeseed Oil (fob Dutch) Sunflower Oil (fob EU)
Crude Palm Oil (cif Dutch)
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Fact 26: The oil palm produces renewable and sustainable raw materials for manufacturing other useful
products.
The oil palm fronds can be fed to cattle and the trunk sawn into timber, or used to make medium-density fibreboard
(MDF) and pulp. The empty fruit bunches (EFBs) can be used to make fibre or to mulch the palms (natural
fertiliser).
Example of Furniture Made from Palm-based MDF
33 33
Part IV: Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil
Applications
Source: MPOC
34
Fact 27: A ow chart on the versatility of palm oil and palm kernel oil in food and non-food
applications
Versatility of Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil in Food and Non-Food Applications
Source: Pantzaris (1997)
Crushing
Fatty Acids
Fractionation and
Rening
Stearin
Olein
Hydrogenation
Margarines
Confectionery
Ice Cream
Biscuit Creams
Rening
Technical Uses
such as soap
Fractionation and
Rening
Rening
Margarines
Shortenings
Vanaspati
Frying Fats
Ice Cream
Milling
CRUDE
PALM OIL
FRESH
FRUIT
BUNCHES
RBD Palm Oil
Splitting
KERNELS
CRUDE PALM
KERNEL OIL
Glycerol
35
Fact 28: Palm oil is an excellent frying oil. Because of its
lower unsaturation and high antioxidant content, palm oil does
not oxidise or polymerise as readily as other liquid oils in
continuous high temperature use, conferring on it a longer life
for frying. When used as frying oil, palm oil is non-sticky, non-
foaming and offers a longer shelf life for products.
Frying Oils Time to Reach End of Useful Life
Oil
Acid Value 2.5
(hours)
Oxidised Acids 1%
(hours)
Palm oil 130 103
Hardened groundnut oil 140 92
Coconut oil 100 125
Groundnut oil 140 63
Soyabean oil 160 55
Hardened sh oil 130 100
Note: Taking the two criteria together, palmoil has the longest shelf life
of 103 hours.
Source: Berger (2005)
Soap
H.P.K.O.
H.P.K. Olein
Fatty
Alcohol
Amines
Amides
Emulsiers
Humectants
Explosives
Margarines
Confectionery Fats
RBD Olein
RBD Stearin
Frying, Cooking, Shortenings, Margarines
Palm
Mid-Fraction
Blending Cocoa Butter Equivalent
Biodiesel
Shortenings
Margarines
Soap
Splitting Fatty Acids Soaps, Food, Emulsiers
Confectionery
Coffee Whitener
Filled Milk
Coating Fats
36
Fact 29: Palm oil and palm kernel oil can be fractionated into, inter alia, olein, stearin, and palm
mid fraction (PMF) for different food applications. Interesterication can be used to make even more
products for other uses.
Fractionation of Palm Oil
Fractionation of Palm Kernel Oil
Source: MPOB (1992)
RBD Palm Oil
IV 50 55 0 IV 50 - 55 0
Stearin
IV 28 - 45
Olein
IV 56 60 IV 56 - 60
Palm Mid
Fraction (PMF)
IV 45 49 5 IV 45 - 49 5
Super Olein
IV 60 66 IV 60 - 66
Hard PMF
IV 26 IV 26
Soft PMF
IV 46 IV 46
Super PMF
IV 35 IV 35
Mid Olein
IV 50 IV 50
Soft Stearin
IV 42 - 50
Hard Stearin
IV 15 - 25
Crude Palm Kernel Oil
IV 17 18 IV 17-18
Crude Palm Kernel Stearin
IV 6.5-7.5
Crude Palm Kernel Olein
IV 23-26
37
Part V: Palm Oil
Nutritional Benets
Source: MPOC
38 38
Fact 30: Unlike other oils, palm oil is a balanced oil as it contains equal amounts of both unsaturated
(mainly oleic) and saturated (mainly palmitic) fatty acids, with the former constituted mostly by the
preferred monounsaturates.
Composition of Fatty Acids in Selected Oils
Oil Monounsaturates (%) Polyunsaturates (%) Saturates (%)
Palm 40 10 50
Peanut 39 42 19
Olive 75 10 15
Corn 30 54 16
Soyabean 25 60 15
Safower 13 77 10
Coconut 5 1 94
Source: MPOC (1991)
Fact 31: The main saturated fatty acid in palm oil is palmitic acid which is neutral and does not raise
blood cholesterol levels. Other saturated fatty acids, in particular myristic, are known for their cholesterol-
raising effects.
Fatty Acid Composition of Palm Oil and I ts Effects on Blood Cholesterol
Fatty Acid Composition (%) Effect on Blood Cholesterol
Lauric (12:0) 0.2 Negative or neutral
Myristic (14:0) 1.1 Cholesterol-raising
Palmitic (16:0) 44.3 Neutral
Stearic (18:0) 4.6 Neutral
Oleic (18:1) 39.0 Lowers
a
Linoleic (18:2) 10.5 Lowers
a
Others (16:1, 18:3) 0.3 Lowers
a
Total in palm oil 100.00 Lowers
a
Note:
a
means cholesterol-reducing
Source: Ong and Goh (2002)
39
Fact 32: As a result of its natural semi-solid state at room temperature, palm oil does not require
hydrogenation in most food uses, thus obviating the problem of trans-fatty acids and uncommon cis-
fatty acids, which are detrimental to health, in solid fat products.
Source: Sundram, K, et al (2003)
Fact 33: A collaboration between researchers at the MPOB and Brandeis University, USA, has
produced a blend of natural and cholesterol-free fats that readily meets the ideal balance of saturated,
monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (1:1:1 ratio). This fatty acid ratio is recommended by
the American Heart Association (AHA) in its effort to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases
(CVDs).
2
Today, this blend of fats is commercially available as the Smart Balance products.
2
Source: Sundram, K, et al (1996)
Source: GFA Brands Inc.
Smart Balance

Range of Products
40
Fact 34: Numerous studies comparing the health effects of palm olein and olive oil (both high in oleic
acid) have shown that palm olein and olive oil have similar benecial cholesterol modulating effects in
protecting humans against CVDs.
A Comparison between Palm Olein and Olive Oil on
Their Effects on Cholesterol Modulation
Source: Ng, et al (1992) Source: Choudhury, et al (1995)
Note: Both studies showed that palm olein and olive oil have comparable effects on total cholesterol (TC),
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and ratio of low-density/
high-density cholesterol (L/H).
200
150
100
50
0
m
g
/
d
l
m
g
/
d
l
180
120
100
40
0
160
140
80
60
20
Palm Olein Olive Oil
TC LDL-C HDL-C L/H Ratio TC LDL-C HDL-C L/H Ratio
Palm Olein Olive Oil
41
Fact 35: Palm oil is one of the 17 edible oils which have been accepted as meeting the FAO/WHO Food
Standard requirements under the CODEX Alimentarius Commission Programme.
Source: FAO/WHO (1983)
Fact 36: Like all vegetable oils, palm oil is cholesterol-free.
Cholesterol Content in Selected Oils and Fats
Oil/Fat Range (ppm or mg/kg) Mean (ppm or mg/kg)
Palm (mesocarp) 13 - 19 18
Palm (kernel) 9 - 40 17
Sunower 8 - 44 17
Soyabean 20 - 35 28
Rapeseed 25 - 80 53
Cottonseed 28 - 108 44
Coconut 5 - 24 14
Maize 18 - 95 50
Cocoa Butter* n.a 59
Beef Tallow* 800 - 1400 1100
Butter* 2200 - 4100 3150
Lard* 3000 - 4000 3500
Note:* Gunstone, F.D, et al (1986)
Source: Downes, M.J (1982, 1983, 1984, 1985)
Fact 37: A number of recent controlled human studies in Europe, the USA and Asia have conrmed that
there is no signicant rise in serum total cholesterol when palm oil, providing most of the dietary fat,
is used as an alternative to other fats in the habitual diet. In these studies, the level of HDL cholesterol,
regarded as benecial, was unaltered or signicantly raised.
Source: Sundram, K, et al (1992)
Fact 38: The content of Lipoprotein (a) in blood plasma, a potent risk factor for coronary heart disease,
was signicantly reduced when palm oil provided most of the dietary fat.
Source: Honstra, G, et al (1991)
42
Fact 39: Rened palm oil, as used in foods, is a rich source of tocotrienols and tocopherols having
Vitamin E activity. Rened palm oil still contains a high amount of Vitamin E, up to 500 ppm.
Tocopherols (T) and Tocotrienols (T3) Determined in Vegetable Oils (mg/kg)
Oil -T -T -T -T -T3 -T3 -T3
Cocoa butter 11 - 170 17 2 - -
Coconut* - - - 3 20 - -
Corn* 134 18 412 39 - - -
Cottonseed 573 40 317 10 - - -
Groundnut 169 5 144 13 - - -
Mustard 75 - 494 31 - - -
Olive 93 - 7 - - - -
Palm 150 - - - 117 297 80
Palm* 133 - - - 130 204 45
Rape* 70 16 178 7 - - -
Rice bran* 249 15 47 - 167 141 -
Safower 477 - 44 10 - - -
Soyabean* 116 34 737 275 - - -
Sunower* 608 17 11 - - -
Note:*

Rened oils
Source: Ong A.S.H (1993)
Fact 40: Palm tocotrienols have been demonstrated in human and animal studies to reduce the production
of cholesterol in the body. A study at the University of Wisconsin, USA, showed that palm tocotrienols
inhibit the action of enzymes that are responsible for the production of cholesterol in the body.
Source: Qureshi, A, et al (1995)
Fact 41: Palm tocotrienols are also showing much promise in cancer research. A number of studies
have demonstrated that palm tocotrienols can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
Source: Nesaretnam, K, et al (2005)

43
Fact 42: Compared to a number of other edible oils, dietary palm oil reduces the number of chemically-
induced tumours in rats.
Effect of Palm Oil and Other Fats on Cancer Development
Note: A 20% palmoil diet was protective and comparable to a low fat (5%) corn oil diet than the 20% lard and 20% beef
fat diets.
Source: Sylvester, P.W, et al (1986)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
T
u
m
o
u
r

I
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e

(
%
)
5% Corn oil 20% Lard 20% Palm oil 20% Beef Fat
44
Fact 43: Red palm oil (RPO) is the only commercially-available rened oil that contains substantial
amounts of carotenoids as well as Vitamin E. There is a bouquet of more than 20 carotenes in red palm
oil which explains its deep red colour. RPO contains about 50 milligrams of carotenes in every 100
grams of oil (500 ppm), mostly as beta-carotene (55%) and alpha-carotene (35%).
Carotene Composition of Rened Red Palm Oil and Crude Palm Oil
Carotene Rened Red Palm Oil (%) Crude Palm Oil (%)
Phytoene 2.0 1.3
Phytouene 1.2 0.1
Cis--carotene 0.8 0.7
-carotene 47.4 56.0
-carotene 37.0 35.1
Cis- -carotene 6.9 2.5
-carotene 1.3 0.7
-carotene 0.5 0.3
-carotene 0.6 0.8
Neurosporene trace 0.3
-Zeacarotene 0.5 0.7
-Zeacarotene 0.3 0.2
Lycopene 1.5 1.3
Total (ppm) 545 673
Source: Ooi, C and Choo, Y.M (1994)
Fact 44: Like other edible oils and fats, palm oil is readily digested, absorbed and utilised as a source
of ready energy. Rened palm oil and its processed fractions, palm olein and palm stearin, are in fact
95-97% digestible, which is within the digestibility range of 93-99% for most edible oils and fats.
Source: Ng, et al (1988,1987)
45
Part VI: Oil Palm & The Environment
Source: IJ M, Cede
46
Fact 45: An oil palm plantation is more effective than the rainforest in generating new biomass, which is
a potential renewable fuel.
A comparative study by Henson [1999] showed that an oil palm plantation assimilated up to 36.5 tonnes of dry
matter/ha/year, which is better than the 25.7 tonnes assimilated by natural rainforest.
Fact 46: Oil palm plantations are as effective as rainforests in acting as a carbon sink to absorb carbon
dioxide.
The same study by Henson also showed that the oil palm plantation is capable of accumulating up to 8.3 tonnes
of biomass/year, which is higher than 5.8 tonnes accumulated by the rainforest.
A Comparison of Some Physiological Parameters of Oil Palm and Tropical Rainforest
Parameter Oil Palm (plantation) Rainforest
Gross assimilation (t CO
2
/ha/yr) 161.0 163.5
Total respiration (t CO
2
/ha/yr) 96.5 121.1
Net assimilation (t CO
2
/ha/yr) 64.5 42.4
Leaf area index 5.6 7.3
Photosynthetic ef ciency (%) 3.18 1.73
Radiation conversion ef ciency (g/M) 1.68 0.86
Standing biomass (t/ha) 100 431
Biomass increment/yr (t) 8.3 5.8
Dry matter productivity/yr (t) 36.5 25.7
Source: Henson (1999)
47
Fact 47: Oil palm is an energy-efcient crop that requires the least energy input to produce a tonne of oil.
In comparison to all other oil crops, the cultivation of oil palm requires the least inputs of agrochemicals and
fossil fuel.
I nput-Output in Cultivating Oil Palm and Other Oil Crops
I tem and unit I nputs to produce one tonne of oil by the crop
Palm Oil Soyabean Oil Sunower Oil Rapeseed Oil
Seed/fruit for extraction (kg) 4500* 5000 2500 2500
Inputs
i) Nitrogen (kg N) 47 315 96 99
ii) Phosphate (kg P
2
O
5
) 8 77 72 42
iii) Pesticides and herbicides (kg) 2 29 28 11
iv) Others (kg) 88 117 150 124
v) Energy (GJ ) 0.5 2.9 0.2 0.7
Outputs
a) Emission to soil and water
i) Nitrogen 5 32 10 10
ii) Phosphates 2 23 22 13
iii) Pesticides/herbicides 0.4 23 22 9
b) Emission to air (kg)
- NO
X
0.5 4 0.3 0.8
- SO
2
0.2 2 0.1 0.2
- CO
2
32 205 16 50
- Pesticides/herbicides 0.1 6 6 2
Note: * Fruit bunches
Source: FAO (1996)
48
I nput-Output in Processing Oil Palm Fruits and Other Oilseeds to Vegetable Oils and Meals
I tem and unit I nput-output per tonne of oil
Palm Oil Soyabean Oil Sunower Oil Rapeseed Oil
Seed/fruit for extraction (kg) 4500 FFB* 5000 2500 2500
Final Product : oil (kg)
1000 1000 100 1000
: meal
200 1500 1500 4000
Input for extraction
Solvent (Hexane) (kg) nil 4.3 4 4
Energy (GJ )
1
a 2.2 3 3
Emission to air (kg)
- Solvents nil 4.3 3.8 3.9
- NO
X
- 0.1 0.3 0.3
- SO
2
- 0.2 0.7 0.7
- CO
2
- 56 164 164
Emission to water (kg)
- COD
2
2 Negligible Negligible Negligible
Notes:
* Fruit bunches
a
The fuel for producing all the steamrequired to process the fruits is the fruit residues, e.g. bre and shell
1
Total is underestimated, as the energy for producing the solvent (hexane) is not included.
2
COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand.
Source: Singh (1999)
49
Fact 48: Oil palm leads other crop in terms of energy balance.
A Comparison of Energy I nput & Output for Producing Palm, Soyabean and
Rapeseed Oils (GJ /ha)
Oil palm is the most efcient crop, producing the highest energy output:input ratio. In absolute terms, oil palm
also requires the lowest inputs of pesticides, fertilisers, and fuel for unit production of oil.
Source: Wood and Corley (1991)
Output
Input
Soyabean Rapeseed
E
n
e
r
g
y
,

G
J
/
h
a
180
120
100
40
0
160
140
80
60
20
200
182
19
50
20
70
23
Oil palm
50
Fact 49: The Malaysian oil palm industry uses sustainable practices to ensure that the environment and
biodiversity are not harmed by the cultivation of the crop. Indeed, the Malaysian oil palm plantations
have adopted a set of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) to minimise the impact of their activities on
the environment.
i) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) minimises the use of pesticides by depending more on biological control
to protect the palm trees. Some examples are the barn owl to control rats; parasitoids, predatory insects and
entomofungi against leaf-defoliating insects, as well as the Cassia Cobanensis plant that attracts the bagworms
natural predator (insects). The fewer chemicals used, the less the environment is damaged.
A Predatory I nsect and Barn Owl in An Oil Palm Field
Source: MPOC
51
ii) Biological control is also used in weed control, for example, grazing ruminants under the palms, and by planting
a legume cover to x nitrogen and smother weeds. The leguminous cover also prevents soil erosion and
improves the soil tilth and rainfall retention.
A Leguminous Cover Plant in an Oil Palm Field
Source: UP Berhad
52
iii) Zero-burning is practised in clearing the old stand of trees during replanting, i.e. the old palms are pushed
over and shredded and left to decompose in situ. There is, therefore, no air pollution from burning the old
palms and most importantly, the nutrients in the old crop are recycled into the new.
Zero-burning During Replanting
Shredding Mulching Two months after replanting
Six months after replanting High-yielding oil palms
Source: UP Berhad
53
Available Nutrients and Fertiliser Equivalent in Oil Palm Biomass at Replanting (per ha basis)
Palm Residue Dry Matter (tonne/ha) N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha) K (kg/ha) Mg (kg/ha)
Above-ground 85 577 50 1255 141
Below-ground 16 65 8 129 15
Total 101 642 58 1384 156
A/S CI RP MOP KI ES
Fertiliser Equivalent (kg) 3060 370 2770 1000
*Monetary value (RM 5,603) 2142 159 2742 560
A/S = AmmoniumSulphate CIRP = Christmas Island Rock Phosphate MOP = Muriate of Potash KIES = Kieserite
Note: *Based on fertiliser price in J an 2005: A/S: RM 700/tonne, CIRP: RM 430/tonne, MOP: RM 990/tonne, KIES: RM 560/tonne.
Source: Khalid, et al (1999a and 1999b)
iv) Hilly land is contoured with back slopes for planting. The terraces are mulched along their length with a line
of pruned fronds to minimise soil erosion and water run-off.
Example of Terracing in an Oil Palm Plantation
Source: IJ M, Cede

Fact 50: The expansion of oil palm cultivation in Malaysia does not encroach into forest areas.
Forest Land Use in Malaysia at End of 2005 (mil ha)
Region
Production
Forest

Protection
Forest

Total
Land
Area
Permanent Reserved
Forest (PRF)
National
Park,
Wildlife/Bird
Sanctuaries
& Nature
Reserves
Stateland
Forest
(Conversion
Forest)
Total of PRF,
National Park,
Wildlife/Bird
Sanctuaries &
Nature Reserves
% of
Total
Land
Area
Peninsular 13.16 3.18 1.52 0.93* - 5.63 42.8
Malaysia
Sabah 7.37 3.01 0.59 0.41** - 4.01 54.4
Sarawak 12.33 6.00 1.00 1.10 0.57 8.67 70.3
Total 32.86 12.19 3.11 2.44 0.57 18.31 55.7
Notes: * A total of 0.26 mil is located within the PRFs in Peninsular Malaysia
** A total of 0.13 mil ha is located within the PRFs in Sabah
Source: Thang, C.H (2007)
Changes in Area under the Main Tree Crops in Malaysia (mil ha)
Year Oil Palm Rubber Cocoa Coconut Total
2003 3.802 1.315 0.045 0.140 5.302
2004 3.875 1.282 0.042 0.143 5.342
2005 4.051 1.250 0.033 0.121 5.455
2006 4.165 1.225 0.031 0.119 5.540. .
2007 4.305 1.248 0.028 0.120 5.701
2008 4.488 1.247 0.021 0.112 5.868
2009 4.691 1.239 0.021 0.108 6.059
Source: Ministry of Plantation Industries & Commodities, Malaysia (2010)
The increase in oil palm areas in Malaysia is either through the planting of idle land or conversion from other
crops. Since 1990, 1.176 mil ha of land which used to be under other crops, had been converted to oil palm. Oil
palm is planted on 4.69 mil ha, which is about 14.3 % of the total land area of Malaysia. The country has at least
18.31 mil ha, or 55.7% of its total land area under forests, national parks, wildlife or bird sanctuaries and nature
reserves.
Changes in Land Use under Selected Tree Crops in Malaysia
Crop
Total Planted Area (mil ha)
Year 1990 Year 2009
Oil palm 2.029 4.691
Rubber 1.837 1.239
Cocoa 0.393 0.021
Coconut 0.314 0.108
Total 4.573 6.059
Collectively, rubber, cocoa and coconut had lost 1.176 mil ha, which were mainly converted to oil palmsince 1990
Source: Ministry of Plantation Industries & Commodities, Malaysia (2010)
6 mil ha 0 . 6 = 9 0 0 2 7 mil ha 5 . 4 = 0 9 9 1
Oil Palm
46.2%
Rubber
41.8%
Coconut
3.1%
Cocoa
8.9%
Rubber
20.5%
Coconut
1.8%
Cocoa
0.3%
Oil Palm
77.4%
Fact 51: Malaysia provides a sustainable source for vegetable oils to meet the worlds ever-increasing
demand for oils and fats.
Palm Oil: A Malaysian Sustainable Achievement
Total Harvested Area
(mil ha)
6 6 . 9 1 . 4.0 m l a P l i O n a i s y a l a M
a
140.28 239.82 s d e e s l i O s 10 Major d l r o W
Note:

a
for both palmand palmkernel oils
Source: Oil World (2010)
In 2009, Malaysian oil palm produced 19.80 million tonnes of oils, accounting for 14.1% of global
production of vegetable oils. This was achieved with only 4.0 million hectares of harvested area, which
represents about 1.7% of the worlds 10 major oilseed area.
Total Vegetable Oil Production
(mil tonnes)
57
Part VII: The Malaysian Oil Palm Industry
Source: MPOC
The oil palm industry has been the backbone of Malaysias social and economic development. Since more than
90% of its production is exported, the industry is one of the top earners for the country, contributing about
RM 49.6 billion in foreign exchange in 2009. It also gives employment to close to 1 million people, making it the
second biggest employer provider after the government.
e l i h w d e h s i r u o l f d n a d e d n a p x e s a h y r t s u d n i m l a p l i o n a i s y a l a M e h t , s 0 6 9 1 e h t n i s g n i n n i g e b e l b m u h s t i m o r F
learning its way about to its present state of excellence. Today, the industry is well-developed and at its strongest
ever. Currently, the sector is under the Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities, under which two
agencies are responsible for its progress and promotion - the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and the
Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC). These agencies undertake R&D, promotion and marketing, regulatory and
enforcement functions, as well as provide economic and technical advisory services. This is done to ensure that
the industry will continually achieve higher yields, offer more products as well as increase its share of the global
oils and fats market.
e v i t c e p s e r r i e h t y b d e t n e s e r p e r - g n i n i f e r d n a , g n i l l i m , n o i t a t n a l p - s l e v e l e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d e b n a c y r t s u d n i e h T
association(s) to coordinate mutual and separate interests. The Malaysian Palm Oil Association (MPOA) represents
the planters or growers and the Federation of Palm Oil Millers Associations of Malaysia (POMA) speaks for
l i O m l a P e h t y b d e t n e s e r p e r e r a s r e n i f e r e h T . s r e l l i m e h t s r e n i f e R Association of Malaysia (PORAM). The oil
palm industry is closely linked to its sister industry - the oleochemical sector - represented by the Malaysian
Oleochemicals Manufacturers Group (MOMG).
To ensure that all the activities do not pose problems, the industry is subject to several laws and regulations,
making it one of the most regulated industries in the world. Some of the laws and regulations include the Land
Acquisition Act 1960, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 1978,
Pesticides Act 1974 (Pesticides Registration) Rules 1976, Labour Law, Workers Minimum Standard of Housing
and Amenities Act, Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Occupational Safety and Health
Act 1977.
Through its long, colourful and historic journey, the Malaysian oil palm industry has and will continue to
w e n s a l l e w s a l i o e h t r o f d n a m e d d o o g e h T . y r t n u o c e h t n i e l o r t n a c i f i n g i s a e m u s s a o t g n i u n i t n o c e l i h w r e p s o r p
opportunities in the form of biodiesel as an alternative fuel will ensure that the journey forward will be equally
exciting.
The Malaysian oil palm industry is undoubtedly the pride of the nation.
59
1) Ministry of Plantation I ndustries &
Commodities (MPI C)
Flr 6-13, No. 15, Persiaran Perdana, Precinct 2
Federal Government Administrative Center
62654 Putrajaya
Tel: +6(03) 8880 3300
Fax: +6(03) 8880 3482
2) Malaysian Palm Oil Association (MPOA)
12th Flr, Bangunan Getah Asli (Menara)
No. 148, J alan Ampang
50450 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: +6(03) 2710 5680
Fax: +6(03) 2710 5679
3) Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)
No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi
43000 Kajang, Selangor
Tel: +6(03) 8769 4400
Fax: +6(03) 8925 9446
4) Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC)
2nd Flr, Wisma Sawit
Lot 6, SS6, J alan Perbandaran
47301 Kelana J aya, Selangor
Tel: +6(03) 7806 4097
Fax: +6(03) 7806 2272
5) The Malayan Edible Oil Manufacturers
Association (MEOMA)
No. 134 -1, 1st Flr, Wisma MEOMA
J alan Tun Sambanthan
50470 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: +6(03) 2274 7420
Fax: +6(03) 2273 6698
6) Malaysian Oleochemical Manufacturers Group
(MOMG)
Wisma FMM
No. 3, Persiaran Dagang, PJ U 9
Bandar Sri Damansara
52200 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: +6(03) 6276 1211
Fax: +6(03) 6277 6714
7) National Association of Smallholders
Malaysia (NASH)
2-5-14, Prima Peninsula
J alan Setiawangsa 11, Taman Setiawangsa
54200 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: +6(03) 4256 6299
Fax: +6(03) 4257 3513
8) The Federation of Palm Oil Millers
Associations of Malaysia (POMA)
No. 88A, J alan Sultan Idris Shah
30300 Ipoh, Perak
Tel: +6(05) 254 9421
Fax: +6(05) 255 0858
9) Palm Oil Reners Association of Malaysia
(PORAM)
801C/802A, Block B, Executive Suites
Kelana Business Centre
No. 97, J alan SS7/2
47301 Kelana J aya, Selangor
Tel: +6(03) 7492 0006
Fax: +6(03) 7492 0128
Related Organisations
60
References
1) Berger, K. (2005). Review of Literature on Frying in Palm Oil. In The Use of Palm Oil In Frying. Malaysian Palm Oil
Council. Kelana J aya. pp. 72.
2) Chin, AHG. and et al. (1980). Report on studies on the identity characteristics of Malaysian palm oil undertaken during
1977-70. MARDI Research Bulletin (in press).
3) Choudhury, N. and et al. (1995). Comparison of palm olein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young
adults. Am J . Clin. Nutr. 61. pp. 1043-51.
4) Department of Statistics, Malaysia. (2010). Key Statistics: External trade (updated May 4th). As at
www.statistics.gov.my.
5) Downes, M.J . Leatherhead Food Research Association. Report No. 781 (1982), No. 436 and 411 (1983), No. 455 and 487
(1984), No. 516, 518 and 519 (1985).
6) FAO. (1996). Environment, Sustainability and Trade Linkages for Basic Food Stuffs. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations. Rome. pp. 51.
7) FAO/WHO. (1983). CODEX Alimentarius. Vol XI. Rome. Introduction and pp. 115-130.
8) Federal Land Development Authority. (2010).Land development. As at www.felda.net.my.
9) Friedel, M.C. (1897). On fatty materials found in an Egyptian tomb at Abydos. Comptes Rendus. Vol. 24. pp. 648-51.
10) Gunstone, F.D., J .L. Harwood and F.B. Padley. (1986). In Lipid Handbook. Chapman and Hall. London. pp. 104 and
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We wish to thank the Editorial Committee members from MPOC and MPOB and extend special appreciation to the Chief
. d r a o B l i O m l a P n a i s y a l a M f o l a r e n e G - r o t c e r i D d n a l i c n u o C l i O m l a P n a i s y a l a M f o r e c i f f O e v i t u c e x E
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pp.12-15.
63
Fact Sheets
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