Boundary Layer

Introduction
Jasim Imran
http://www.ce.sc.edu/DeptInfo/Members/faculty/imran.html imran@engr.sc.edu

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina

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Objective
Many natural and industrial ow problems can be simplied using the boundary layer concepts. Moreover, use of these concepts allows scientists and engineers to identify the most dominant parameters governing the ow process. The course is designed to help graduate students and professionals develop a skill in formal mathematical description of a physical ow process, then simplify the formulation and develop a solution strategy. Application of the theory will be focused more toward natural ow problems.

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Introduction to Boundary Layer

What is a Boundary Layer? A boundary layer is dened as a relatively thin layer of uid that is affected by viscosity.

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Introduction to Boundary Layer

What is a Boundary Layer? A boundary layer is dened as a relatively thin layer of uid that is affected by viscosity. Typically occurs in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface.

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Introduction to Boundary Layer

What is a Boundary Layer? A boundary layer is dened as a relatively thin layer of uid that is affected by viscosity. Typically occurs in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. A bounding surface distorts the surrounding ow and creates the boundary layer.

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Introduction to Boundary Layer

What is a Boundary Layer? A boundary layer is dened as a relatively thin layer of uid that is affected by viscosity. Typically occurs in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. A bounding surface distorts the surrounding ow and creates the boundary layer. It is a phenomenon of viscous forces. The boundary layer characteristics depends strongly on the Reynolds Number.
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Distortion of Fluid Particles

Distortion of a fluid particle as it flows within the boundary layer. From

Munson, Okishi & Young 2005.

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Examples
In the Earths atmosphere, the planetary boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface.

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Examples
In the Earths atmosphere, the planetary boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface. In a river ow, the entire ow depth can be considered to be the boundary layer.

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Flow Past a Flatplate

Character of the steady, viscous flow past a flat plate parallel to the upstream velocity: (a) low Reynolds number flow, (b) moderate Reynolds number flow, (c) large Reynolds number flow. From Munson, Young, Okishi 2005.

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Flow Past a Cylinder

Character of the steady, viscous (a) low Reynolds number flow, (b) moderate Reynolds number flow, (c) large Reynolds number

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Potential ow Solution

Figure 9.16 (p. 514)

) streamlines for the flow if there were no viscous ) pressure distribution ) free-stream velocity on the

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Real Fluid Characteristics

Figure 9.17 (p. 515)
Boundary layer characteristics ) boundary layer separation ) typical boundary

) surface pressure distributions for inviscid flow

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Flow visualization: van Dyke 1988

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Flow visualization: van Dyke 1988

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Flow visualization: van Dyke 1988

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Importance of Boundary Layer

Why care about such a thin layer of uid?

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Importance of Boundary Layer

Why care about such a thin layer of uid? Without the consideration of the boundary layer, Fluid Mechanics is of not much practical use!!!

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Importance of Boundary Layer

Why care about such a thin layer of uid? Without the consideration of the boundary layer, Fluid Mechanics is of not much practical use!!! Using the Shallow Concept , the equations governing the boundary layer ow can be signicantly simplied and solved.

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Importance of Boundary Layer

Why care about such a thin layer of uid? Without the consideration of the boundary layer, Fluid Mechanics is of not much practical use!!! Using the Shallow Concept , the equations governing the boundary layer ow can be signicantly simplied and solved. The boundary layer ow solution THEN can be patched to the outside potential ow solution!
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Governing Equations

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Governing Equations
Conservation of Mass + .V = 0 t

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Governing Equations
Conservation of Mass + .V = 0 t Conservation of Momentum dV = g p + .ij dt

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Governing Equations (Incompr. Fluid)

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Governing Equations (Incompr. Fluid)

Continuity .V = 0 or

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Governing Equations (Incompr. Fluid)

Continuity .V = 0 or u v w + + =0 x y z

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Governing Equations (Incompr. Fluid)

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Governing Equations (Incompr. Fluid)

Momentum dV p 2 =g + V dt

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Governing Equations (Incompr. Fluid)

Momentum dV p 2 =g + V dt or 1 p 2 u 2 u 2 u du + 2+ 2 = gx + 2 dt x x y z dv 1 p 2 v 2 v 2 v + 2+ 2 = gy + 2 dt y x y z dw 1 p 2 w 2 w 2 w + 2 + 2 = gz + 2 dt z x y z

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