Name : Nikman Adli b. Nor Hashim (M04D) Title : Intermolecular forces.

Objective: To investigate the factor of the rate of evaporation rate of different liquids Research Question:
1) Does the surface of area of liquids will affect the rate of evaporation of the liquids? 2) Does the volume of the liquids will effect on the rate of evaporation of the liquids?

Hypothesis:
1) As the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation of liquid also increases. 2) Small amount of liquid can evaporate rapidly than large amount of liquid.

Variables:
1) Independent variable: The surface area ( cm2) Dependent variable: The evaporation rate of liquids Constant variable: The volume of liquid ( 20.0 ml) 2) Independent variable: The volume of liquid, ml Dependent variable: The rate of evaporation of liquid Constant variable: the surface area of liquid

Apparatus & Materials:

1) 6 crucibles 2) 6 peltry discs 3) 10 ml measuring cylinder 4) 100 ml measuring cylinder 5) 2 glass rod 6) 2 stopwatch 7) 6 white tiles 8) 1.0 M sodium chloride, NaCl 9) Methanol, CH4OH 10) Distilled water

Methodology:
Experiment 1 (The surface area) 1. About 20.0 ml Sodium Chloride, NaCl is measured using a 100 ml measuring cylinder and poured into a crucible. Quickly put a white tile on it. 2. 20.0 ml of methanol is measured and poured it into another crucible. Quickly put a white tile on it to close it. 3. The procedure of 1 and 2 are repeated using peltry disc instead of the crucible. 4. Then the white tiles are picked up simultaneously from the crucibles and the peltry discs. Once the white tiles are picked up, the stopwatch is started simultaneously also. 5. The liquids are let about half an hour and are observed every 10 minutes (time interval). 6. After that, the balance amount of both liquids in both apparatus is measured using 10 ml measuring cylinder and 100 ml measuring cylinder. Data collection: Table 1: Quantitative The solution Initial volume (ml) + 0.05 20.0 20.0 Crucible Final volume (ml) + 0.05 20.0 4.0 Volume that lose (ml) + 0.05 0.0 16.0 Table 2: Qualitative The apparatus Crucible Methanol, CH4OH 20 30 Water Water vapour can vapour can be seen and be seen and the volume the volume of solution of solution decrease decrease but longer than 20 minutes The water Vapour Water vapour can water can vapour can be seen on be seen and be seen and the peltry the solution only small disc and the decrease amount of surface is rapidly methanol in cold the peltry disc 10 The water vapour can be seen and the surface of the crucible is cold 10 Nothing happen Sodium Chloride, NaCl 20 30 Nothing Nothing happen happen Initial volume (ml) + 0.05 20.0 20.0 Peltry disc Final volume (ml) + 0.05 19.5 1.5 Volume that lose (ml) + 0.05 0.5 18.5

Sodium Chloride Methanol

Peltry disc

Nothing happen

Nothing happen

The volume decrease slightly

Data processing: Table 1: The solution Volume that lose ( ml ) + 0.05 14.0 0.0 Crucible Time to evaporate (minutes) 15 15 The rate of evaporation ( volume / time taken) 0.933 0.0 Peltry disc Volume that Time to The rate of lose ( ml ) evaporate evaporation + 0.05 (minutes) ( volume / time taken) 18.5 15 1.23 0.5 15 0.03

Methanol Sodium chloride

The rate of evaporation defined as: the volume lost ( ml) + 0.05 15 minutes 1) Methanol has OH- ions in the molecules. Therefore the OH- ions will be attached to other ion to form hydrogen bonds between the molecules. As we all know, hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond and in an electronegative atom. 2) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound because it has metallic atom and non-metallic atom. Na+ will donate it valence electron to Cl- to achieve octet configuration. 3) Hydrogen bond is a stronger bond among the intermolecular bonds compared to dipole-dipole bond and Van der Waals bond but still weaker than ionic and covalent bond. Hydrogen bonds still can be break down easily but the bonds in ionic bonds are very difficult to break between the molecules. 4) Bonds between molecule of methanol can be easily broken down because the hydrogen bonds between the molecules are weaker than the other alcohol type. Therefore the methanol will evaporate rapidly but still we must consider the surface area of the apparatus. If the surface area of the apparatus is quite large thus less balanced solution will be the result. 5) During this experiment, the surface area very much influenced the rate of evaporation of the liquids. When more molecules are exposed on the air so more molecules will evaporate. 6) The electrostatic forces between the molecule of sodium chloride are too strong to be broken down because the ionic bond between the atoms and the electrostatic forces between the molecules has made the bonds hard to break. Experiment 2 (the volume of liquid) 1. About 5.0 ml from both solutions are measured using 100.0 ml measuring cylinder. Then the solutions are poured into peltry discs and are closed quickly using white tiles. 2. Then the white tiles are picked up simultaneously and once the white tiles are picked up, the stopwatches also are started simultaneously. 3. The stopwatches are started until the solution is dried in the peltry discs. 4. The time for the solution to evaporate or finish has been taken. 5. The 1-4 procedures are repeated using 10.0 ml, 15.0 ml and 20.0 ml instead of 5.0 ml of the solution.

Data collection: Table 1: Quantitative The solution Volume of solution (ml) + 0.05 Methanol Sodium chloride Time took for the solution to evaporate in the peltry disc (second) 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 513 Unidentified 1006 Unidentified 1461 Unidentified 1832 Unidentified

Table 2: Qualitative The solution 5.0 Methanol The water vapour can be seen and the apparatus surface is quite cold. The volume decreases rapidly. The volume decreases slightly. Volume of solution (ml) + 0.05 10.0 15.0 The water vapour can be seen and the apparatus surface is cold. The volume decreases normally. Nothing happen The water vapour can be seen and the apparatus surface is cold. The volume decreases slowly. Nothing happen 20.0 The water vapour can be seen and the apparatus surface is quite cold. The volume decreases but too slow. Nothing happen

Sodium chloride

Data Processing: Table 1: The solution The volume ( ml) Methanol Sodium chloride 5.0 0.00195 Unidentified The rate of evaporation ( s-1) 10.0 15.0 -4 9.94x 10 6.84 x 10-4 Unidentified Unidentified 1 Time taken to evaporate(s-1) 20.0 5.46 x 10-4 Unidentified

The rate of evaporation defined as =

1) Methanol has OH- ions in molecules. Therefore the OH- ions will attach to other ion to form hydrogen bond between the molecules. As we known hydrogen bond is a special type of dipoledipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond and an electronegative atom. 2) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound because it has metallic atom and non-metallic atom. Na+ will donate it valence electron to Cl- to achieve octet configuration. 3) Hydrogen bond is a stronger bond among intermolecular bond compare to dipole-dipole bond and van der waals bond but still weaker than ionic bond. Hydrogen bond still can be break down easily but the ionic bond is difficult to break down the bond between the molecules. 4) In this experiment we wanted to observe if the volume of solution affected the rate of evaporation and after several test, finally we got we had predicted. When the volume of liquid decrease the rate of evaporation will increase. When the volume of liquids decrease the amount of atom of the

liquid also decrease. Therefore lacks of bond are needed to tie between the molecules and easier for the bond to be released or break down. 5) Methanol has intermolecular between molecules that is hydrogen bond. Actually hydrogen bond is hard to be released because it is the stronger bond among other intermolecular bond and need more energy to break down the bond. However, little amount of atom of the liquid can be easily break down because lack of hydrogen bonds between molecules and this also influenced when the volume had been increased. Thus, methanol only took few minutes to evaporate. 6) For sodium chloride, their evaporation rate is lower than distilled water as the present salt in the water which makes the solution an ionic solution that is Sodium chloride solution. As the presents of the salt, the water molecules become harder to be released as the solution exist in aqueous state which consisting ions of sodium and chloride. As water has polarity, it is also attracted to the ion thus make it harder to break the intermolecular forces between the molecules and thus the lower the evaporation rates of the substances and took long time to evaporate.

Conclusion:
The rates of evaporation are influenced by several factors such as the volume of the liquids and the surface of area of the solution. The liquids that consist of intermolecular bond are easier to break down than liquids that consisting ionic bond.

Discussion:
1. The precaution during experiment: I. Do not smell anything chemical substance because it might be poisonous and dangerous to our health. II. Throw all the chemical substance that unneeded into disposal tube III. Wear the lab coat every time during doing experiment in the lab.

Limitation Suggestion 1) The fan is opened during our experiment. 1) Make sure all fan have been close before start This will influence the rate of evaporation of the experiment and make sure there are no the liquid because volatility of wind can affect wind volatile around the apparatus. on the rate. 2) During surface area experiment, we just 2) Actually this experiment should go under managed to make only two different areas. several different surface areas. Therefore, Thus, we cannot see clearly how different students can see clearly how the surface areas surface area affects on the rate. affect on the rate and achieve the hypothesis and mission. 3) We managed just two liquids that are 3) We should make another liquid to be methanol and sodium chloride to investigate. investigated such as benzene, ethanol, Therefore, we identified only two bonds and magnesium hydroxide and many more so we cannot occupy the entire intermolecular bond. might occupy the entire intermolecular bond. 4) The apparatus sometimes does not clean 4) Before start the experiment, make sure that properly by the lab assistance and the apparatus that we need for the experiment are previous group. Thus it might little amount of clean by wash its using distilled water or tab balance chemical substance in the apparatus water. and this affect the rate of evaporation when the substance mixed with our substance.