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.Another method :find tow points on lsuch as A and B D is equal to the length of the component of the vector

that is or thogonal to the vector

ex : find the distance from the point s (4-4)to the line x+3y =6 sol. Method 1: v= =4i+zj

= 1 + 9 = 10 = . D=
4+6 10

= 4 + .

+3 10

= 10

Method 2 Find another point : x+3y=6 , y=0, x=6 , Q(6,0) V= = 4 + 2

= = 6 2

proj =

. 2

. , = =

. 2

v.b =24-4=20 2 =36+4=40 N=4i+2j-40 .(6i-2j) =i+3j D= = 1 + 9 = 10 Cross products


A+B=n
20

Definition

N: unit vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B, determined by the right hand rule

A X B =0

1) if =00 or 1800(A//B) 2)if A=0 or B=0 or both A and B is zero

Ex : Apply the definition of the cross product to the basic vectors I,j, and K.

Ixj = n sin = = = 1(unit vectors) Sin=1 ( = 900 , sin 900 = 1) N=k (since n unit vector normal to xy plane ) = = () = Jxk= -k = () Kxi=j = () = = = 1 ( ) = The area of a parallelogram Area = =

THE Determinant formula of AXB Let A=a,i+azj+a3k and B= b,I +b2j +b3k AXB= (a,I,+azj+a3k)x (b,i+bzj+b3k) The result can be tained by using the distributive laws and the rules for multiplying I,j, and k the sameresult can be obtained by expanding the symbolic determinant

AXB= 1 2 3 1 2 3

Ex1 find AXB and AXB if A=2i +j+k ,B=-4i+3j+k So1 AXB= 2 1 4 3 =-2i-6j+6j-10k Ex 2 let A=i+zj k 9 B=-2i-4j+zk,c=-2i+zj+2k. Which vectors , if any ,are (a) perpendicular .(b) parallel? 1 1 2 1= 3 1 4 1 2 1 1 + 4 3 1

So1 :a) A.B =(1)(-2)+(2)(-4)+(-1)(2)=-2-8-2=-12 B-C =(-2)(-2)(-4)(2)+(2)(2)=4-8-4+0 A.C= (1)(-2)+(2)(2)+(-1)(2)=-2+4-2=0 A and C and Band C are perpendicular B) AXB = 2 4 + + 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 + = 1 1 = 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 3 1 =0

BXC= 2 4 2 =- 12i -12k 2 2 2 AXC= 1 4 1 = 6 + 6 2 2 2

A and B are parallel. Note: the cross product is defined only for vectors in 3-space where as the dot product is difined for vectors in 2-space and 3-space

Ex3 a) find a vector perpendicular to the plan of P(1,-1,0), Q(2,1,-1),and R(-1,1,2). b) find the area of the triangle with vertices p,Q, and R c) find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of p,Q, and R

Sol . a) the vector

is perpendicular to the plan because it is

perpendicular to both vectors

=i+zj-k = -2i +zj +2k = 1 2 2 2 1 = 6 + 6 2

b) the area A of the triangle is half the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors and
1 2

A= c)

1 2

6 + 6 = 3 2

n ( )

, =
6 +6 6 2

1 2

1 2

(from a and b )

The triple scalar or Box product IF A= (a1, a2,a3 ) B= (b1,b2,b3) and C =(c1,c2,c3)then the triple scalar product of A,B and C is A.(BXC) It is not necessary to compute the dot product and cross product to evaluate a scalar triple product . the value can be obtained directly from the formula 1 . = 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 .9 3

And it can be proved as follows : BXC= 1 1 2 2 2 3 = 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

2 A.(BXC)=1 2

3 1 2 3 1

3 1 + 3 3 1

1 2 = 1 3 1

Ex 1 calculate the scalar triple product A.(BXC) of the vectors A=3i-2j-, B=i+4j4k, C=3i+2k 3 Sol. A(BXC)= 1 0 Ex2 prove that A.(BXC)=C. (AXB)=B. (CXA) Sol// C.(AXB)=(C1i+C2J+C3K). 1 1 2 2 3 = 3 2 4 3 5 4 = 49 2

2 1 = 2 1 1 1 2 2 2

1 3 2 1 3 3 3 3

3 1 + 3 3 1

1 2 = 1 2 1

2 2 2

3 3 3

(inter change the rows twice ) (inter changing tow rows of a determinant multiplies its value by -1)

Note ; rewrite the first equality as A.(BXC)= (AXB).C This formula states that the dot and cross may be inter changed in a triple scalar product without altering its value. Geometric properties of the scalar triple product A.(BXC)= 10 (dot product de finition) from this formula it can be concluded that the triple scalar product is the volume of the parallelepiped (parallel ogram - sided box)that has A,B, and C as adjacent edges. V= . ( ) (note that A.(BXC)= V) The(+) occurs when A makes an a cute Angle with BXC and (-) occurs when it makes an obtuse angle) V= (area of base) (height) = cos = Or :h = =
.( ) 2

.( )

V= (area of base)(height)= = . ( ) Note: from the figure we can see that A.(BXC)= C.(AXB)= B.(CXA) = volume of the parallelepiped which is proved earlier in ex2.

Ex: find the volume of the box (parallelepiped)determined by A=i-2j-k, B=2i+3k, and C =7J-4K. 1 SOL. A. (BXC)= 2 0 2 0 7 1 3 = 23 1

V= . ( ) = 23 = 23 Parametric Eqs. Of lines 1- The line in 2-space that passes through the point po (xo,yo) and is parallel to the non zero vector v=(a,b) =ai+bi has parametric equations . x=xo+at ,y=yo+bt11 < < 2- The line in 3-space that passes through the point po (xo,yo,zo) and is parallel to the nonzero vector v=(a.b.c) = ai+bj+ck has parametric equations X=xo+at , y=yo+bt , z=zo+ct .12 -< < We will prove pat(2) . the proof of (1) is similar Proof(2) let L be aline in space that passes through po (xo.yo.zo) and is parallel to the vector v=ai+bj+ck Take a point on L p(x,y,z) this point is on L if and only if is a scalar

multiple of v, say

=tv..1

(b) x=-2+2t ,y=4y ,z=4-2t The arrows show the direction of increasing

Ex2 (a) find parametric eqs .for the line through the point p(-3,2,-3) And Q(1,-1,4) (b) where does the line in tersect the xy-plan? So1 the vector

=4i-3j+7k

Is parallel to the line L and point (-3,2,-3) lies on L , so it follows That L has parametric equations X=-3+4t ,y=2-3t ,z=-3+7t. 1 If we used Q (1,-1,4)as the point on L rather than P (-3,2,-3), we would have obtained the eqs. X=1+4t ,y=-1-3t ,z=4+7t 2 ) 2 ( ) 1( < < T L . T1 X=-3+4t1+y=2-3t1 , z=-3+7t1 )L ( T2+T1 -1 ( 1) L ) 2( X=1+4T2 ,Y=-1-3T2 ,Z=4+7+T2 X=1+4(T1-1) , Y=-1-3(T1-1) , Z=-3+7T1 X=-3+4T1 , Y=2-3T1 ,Z=-3+7T1 T1=T2+1 , )2 ( ) L ( T2 ) )( 1 ( L Write Eq.(1) in terms of components, (x-xo)I + (y-yo)j + (z-zo)k = t(ai +bj+ck) Equate the corres ponding components on the tow sides x-xo=ta , y-yo=tb , z-zo=tc rearrange to get x=xo+to ,y=yo+tb , z=zo+tc

note: 1-parmetric Esq of a line segment find equation for the tow points then find the t- for which the line passes through the point and restrict t to lie within the closed interval bounded by these values. 2-the parametric esq . for the line (L) through po (xo,yo,zo) and parallel to the vector v=ai+bj+ck are x=xo+at , y=yo+bt , z=zo+ct From 1 =

, 2 =

, 3 =

Therefore, we can write


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These eqs. Which are called the symmetric eqs of L. are anon parametric representation of L. A point p(x,y,z) lies on the line L. if and only if satisfies the non parametric eqs. Of L.

Ex1: find parametric eqs . of the line (a)passing through (4-2) and parallel to v=(-1,5) (b)passing through (-2,0,4)and parallel to v=2i+4j-2k

Sol: (a) X=xo+at , y=yo+bt Xo=4, yo=2 , a=-1 and b=5 X=4-t, y=2+5t (b)the line intersect the xy-plane at the point z=0 We can use the set of eqs .(1) or(2) If we use set (`) Z=-3+7t=0 =
3 3 7 3 7

X=-3+3 + 4 = 3 + 4 Y=2-3t=2-3 (x,y,z)=


7 7 9 5 7

9 7

5 7

, ,0

10

If we use set (2) Z=4+7t=0 t= X=1+4t=1+4 Y=-1-3t=-1-3 (x,y,z)=


9 7 4 7

4 7 4 7 5 7

= =

9 7 5 7

, ,0

(sameresult in (1))

Ex3: find parametric eqs for the line segment joining the points p(-3,2,-3)and Q(1,-1,4) Sol. From example 2,the line through P and Q has parametric eqs . X=-3+4t, y=2-3t , z=-3+7t With theses eqs . the point P corresponds to t=o and Q to t=1 . thus the line segment thet joining P and Q is given by X=-3+4t , y=2-3t , z=-3+7t , 0 1 Ex4: let L1 and L2 be the lines whose parametric eqs-are L1: x=4t , Y=L-2t , z=2+2t L2: X=1+T, y=1-t , z=-1+4t Show that L1 and L2 intersect at the point (2,0,3)

Sol. The symmetric eqs of L1 and L2 are L1: L2:


4 1 1

1 2

=
4

2 2

1 1

+1

If P(2,0,3)is intersection point , then it satisfies L1 and L2 eqs. The point p(2,0,3)lies on L1 or L2 If satisfies their eqs.

For L1:

11
4 1 2 2 2

= = = =
2 3 2 2

4 2 01 1

= =

2 1 2

2,0,3 L1

For L2 :
1 1 1 1 +1 4

= = =

2 1 1 01 1 3+1 4

=1 = 1 2,0,3 L2 =1

p(2,0,3) represents the point of L1 and L2 intersection Exs: let L1and L2 be the lines L1: x=1+4t , y=5-4t , z=-1+5t L2: x=2+8t , y=4-3t , z=s+t (a) Are the lines in parallel? (b) Do the lines intersect ? Sol. (a) L1 is parallel to v1=4i-4j+sk L2 is parallel to v2=8i-3j+k These vectors are not parallel since neither is a scalar multiple of the other (or V1.V2 0) . thus the lines are not parallel (b)for L1and L2to intersect at some point (xo,yo,zo)these coordinates would have to satisfy the eqs of both lines . In other words , there would have to exist values T1and T2for parameters such that Xo=1+4T1 , yo=5-4T1 , zo=-1+5T1 And Xo=2+8T2 , YO=4-3T2 , ZO=5+T2 This leads to three conditions on t1and t2, 1+4t1=2+8t2..1 5-4t1=4-3t2..2

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-1+5t1=5+t2.3 To determine whet her this system (3eqs.with 2 unknows) EX// find the point in which the line = + 2, y= -2t, z=1+t
3 8

3 + 2 + 6 = 6 Sol: The point


8 3

+ 2 , 2, 1 + will line in the plane If its coordinates

satisfy the eq. of the plane


8 3

+ 2 + 2 2 + 6 1 + = 6 8t=-8 T=-1
2 3

8+6t-4t+6+6t=6
8 3

2, 2 1 , 1 1 =

, 2,0

*the distance from point P to the plane ) Q(

= + +

= = But

=(xo-x1)I +(yo-y1)j +(zo-z1)k

.N = A(x0-x1)+ B(y0-y1)+c(z0-z1) 2 +2 + 2
0+ +0 ( 1+13 1+ 1) 2 + 2+
2

Thus =

1X1+ BY1+ CZ1 =D Q =


+ +0 2 + 2 + 2

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Equations for planes: Suppose M is a plane in space that passes through appoint po (xo,yo,zo)and is perpendicular (normal)to the non zero vector =Ai+BJ+CK. Then M consists of

all points p(x,y,z)forwhich the vector only if =


.

is orthogonal to N , plies on M if and

=0

A(X-X0)+B(y-y0)+C(Z-Z0)=0 When rearranged this becomes AX+BY+CZ=AX0+BY0+CZ0 Equation for the plane through Po(X0,Y0,Z0) perpendicular to N=Ai+Bj+Ck Ax+By+Cz=D ,D=Ax0+By0+Cz0

Ex// find an equation for plane through P.(-3,0,7) perpendicular to N=5i+2j-k Sol// D=AX0+By0+Cz0 =5(-3)+2(0)-1(7)=-22 Ax+By+cz=D 5X+ZY-Z=-22 EX// find an eq . for the plane through the points A(0,0,1) , B(2,0,0) and C(0,3,0) Sol// = 2 + , = + 3

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= 2 0

0 3

1 = 3 + 2 + 6 1

D=AX0+BYO+CZOD=3(0) + 2(0) + 6(1)=6 AX+BY+CZ=D 3X+2Y+6Z=6 Eq for the plane Ex// find the distance between the point s(1,1,3) and the plane 3x+2y+6z=6 Sol// =
2 3 +4 0 4 0 7 22 +4 2 +4 2

1 6

*Angles between planes: lines of intersection = 1 1 2 1 2

EX// find the angle between the planes 3x-6y-2z=15 And 2x+y-2z=5 Sol// N1=3i-6j-2k,N2=zi+j-2k = 1
1 . 2 1 2

= 1

4 21

= 79

H.W 1-Find the distance ((minimum distance )) reaching the points (0,2,1), (2,1,5)to the line X=2-5t Y=7+2t Z=4t-3

Ans d=5.25

15
+1 2

2-find un eq of the plane that contains the line

1 4

and the line of

intersection of the planes x+2y-2z=6 and 5x-2y-z=0

Ans (13x-10y+z 12)

3- Find an eq of a plane containg the line

= + 3 = 5

7 (1,2,3) (-3x+41y+26z=1) 4- Find the parametric eq of the line passing through (2,4,1)and parallel to the plane 3x+y-2z=5 and line A ns x=-5t+z Y=t-4 Z=-7+1
+8 5 2

= 1

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