LOC 1 AC 1 : Construction Planning and Determination (1) Application of Simple Equation

(a) Problem Solving Sequence

Read the problem carefully at least twice. If possible, draw a diagram. This will often help you to visualize the mathematical relationship needed to write the equation. Choose a symbol to represent the unknown quantity in the problem and write what it represents. Write an equation which express the information given in the problem and which involves the unknown. Solve the equation from point 4. Check your solution both in the equation from point 4 and in the original problem itself.

(b) Examples:
(i) You need to tile the floor of a rectangular room with a wooden outer border of 6 in. The floor of the room is 10 ft by 8 ft 2 in. How many rows of 4 in. by 4 in. tiles are needed to fit across the length of the room ? (Answer: 27 rows of tiles) (ii) An interior wall measures 30 ft 4 in. long. It is to be divided by 10 evenly spaced posts; each post is 4 in. by 4in. (Posts are to be located in the corners.) What is the distance between the posts? (Answer: 36 in.) (c) Classroom Exercise: (i) A set of eight built-in bookshelves is to be constructed in a room. The floorto-ceiling clearance is 8 ft 2 in. Each shelf is 1 in. thick. An equal space is to be left between shelves. What space should there be between each shelf and the next? (There is no shelf against the ceiling and no shelf on the floor) (Answer: 10 in. where there are 10 spaces + 8 pieces of shelves) (ii) A given type of concrete contains twice as much sand as cement and 1.5 times as much gravel as sand. How many yd 3 of each must be used to make 9 yd3 of concrete? Assume no loss of volume in mixing. (Answer: 1.5 yd3 of cement, 3 yd3 of sand, and 4.5 yd3 of gravel) (iii) One side of a rectangular yard is bounded by the side of a house. The other three sides are to be fenced with 345 ft of fencing. The length of fence opposite the house is 15ft less than either of the other two sides. Find the length and width of the yard. (Answer: 105 ft + 120 ft + 120 ft)

(2) Application of Ratio and Proportion

(a) Types of measurement
Ratio The ratio between 2 numbers, a and b, is the first number divided by the second number. Proportion A proportion states that two ratios or two rates are equal, Percent and Proportion Proportion can be written as
P R = where B 100 a c = b d

R is the rate written as a percent.

Direct Variation When two quantities, y and x, change so that their ratios are constant, that is
y1 y 2 = x1 x 2 , they are to said to vary directly. This relationship between the two

quantities is called direct variation. Inverse Variation If two quantities, y and x, change so that they product is constant, that is, if y1 x1 = y 2 x 2 , they are said to vary inversely. This relationship between the two quantities is called inverse variation.

(b) Examples / Classroom Exercise:

(i) A construction crew uses 4 buckets of cement and 12 buckets of sand to mix a supply of concrete. What is the ratio of cement to sand? (Answer: 1 : 3) (ii) The pitch of a roof is the ratio of the rise to the run of a rafter. The pitch of the roof is 2 : 7. Find the rise if the run is 21 ft. (Answer: 6 ft, which is the rise) (iii) A concrete mix is composed of 1 part cement, 2.5 parts sand, and 4 parts gravel by volume. What is the percent by volume in the dry mix of (a) cement, (b) sand, and (c) gravel) (Answer: (a) 13.3%, (b) 33.3% and (c) 53.3%) (iv) A 400-lb force applied to the small piston of a hydraulic press produces a 3600-lb force by the large piston. Find its mechanical advantage. (Answer: 9 : 1) (v) The number of workers needed to complete a particular job is inversely proportional to the number of hours that they work. If 12 electricians can complete a job in 72 h, how long will it take 8 electricians to complete the same job? Assume that each person works at the same rate no matter how many persons are assigned to the job. (Answer: 108 h)

(3) Application of Linear Equations Systems

(a) Types of Solution Sequence
Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Addition 1) If necessary, multiply both sides of one or both equations by a number (or numbers) so that the numerical coefficients of one of the variables are negatives of each other. 2) Add the two equations from step 1 to obtain an equation containing one variable. 3) Solve the equation from step 2 for the one remaining variable. 4) Solve for the second variable by substituting the solution from step 3 in either of the original equations. 5) Check your solution by substituting the ordered pair in the original equation not chosen in step 4. Solving Applications Involving Equations with Two Variables 1) Choose a different variable for each of the two unknowns you are asked to find. Write what each variable represents. 2) Write the problems as two equations using both variables. To obtain these two equations, look for two different relationships that express the two unknown quantities in equation form. 3) Solve this resulting system of equations using the methods given. 4) Answer the question or questions asked in the problem. 5) Check your answers using the original problem. Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Substitution 1) From either of the two given equations, solve for one variable in terms of the other. 2) Substitute the result from step 1 into the remaining equation. Note that this step eliminates one variable. 3) Solve the equation from step 2 fro the remaining variable. 4) Solve for the second variable by substituting the solution from step 3 into the equation resulting from step 1. 5) Check your solution by substituting the ordered pair in the original equation not used in step 1.

(b) Examples / Classroom Exercise:

(i) In a concrete mix, there is four times as much gravel as concrete. The total volume is 20ft3. How much of each is in the mix? If x = the amount of concrete and y = the amount of gravel. (Answer: x = 4, y = 16) (ii) A contractor finds a bill for $ 225 for 720 ceiling tiles. She knows that there were two types of tiles used; one selling at 25 cents a tile and the other at 40 cents a tile. How many of each type were used? (Answer: x = 420 and y = 300) (iii) Enclose a rectangular yard with a fence so that the length is twice the width. The length of the 80-ft house is used to enclose part of one side of the yard. If 580 ft of fencing are used, what are the dimensions of the yard? (Answer: length = 220 ft and width = 110 ft)

(4) Application of Geometry

(a) Types of Geometry Form
Quadrilaterals A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel. For example, if side AB and CD are parallel, whereas AD and BC are parallel. Thus, polygon ABCD is a parallelogram. Summary of Formulas for Area and Perimeter of Quadrilaterals Quadrilateral Area Perimeter 2 ( a + b ) bh Rectangle 4b b2 Square 2( a + b ) bh Parallelogram bh 4b Rhombus a+b+c+d a +b Trapezoid h
2

Triangles Triangles may be classified or named by the relative lengths of their sides. The Pythagorean theorem relates the lengths of the sides of any right triangle. Summary of Formulas for Triangles Pythagorean Theorem Area (1)
c =a +b
2 2 2

Area (2)
s ( s a )( s b)( s c )

1 bh 2

Similar Polygons Polygons with the same shape are called similar polygons. Polygons are similar when the corresponding angles are equal. When two polygons are similar, the lengths of the corresponding sides are proportional. Circles A circle is a plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance (called the radius, r) from a fixed point in the plane, called the centre. The diameter, d, of the circle is a line segment through the centre of the circle with endpoints on the circle. Note that the length of the diameter equals the length of two radii, that is, d = 2r. The circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle. Summary of Formulas for Triangles Circumference
C = d = 2r
A = r 2 =

Area
d 4
2

Radian Measures (Refer to LOC 2 AC 3)

Prisms
A prism is a solid whose sides are parallelograms and whose bases are one pair of polygons that are parallel and congruent (same size and shape). Summary of the formulas : The lateral surface area of a prism is the sum of the areas of the lateral faces of the prism. The total surface area of a prim is the sum of the areas of the lateral faces and the areas of the bases. Volume of prim is the multiplication of the area of base surface with height.

 Cylinders A cylinder is a geometric solid with a curved lateral surface. The axis of a cylinder is the line segment between the centres of the bases. The altitude, h, is the shortest (perpendicular) distance between the bases. If the axis is perpendicular to the bases, the cylinder is called a right circular cylinder and the axis is the same length as the altitude. Summary of Formulas for Cylinders Volume
V = r h
2

Lateral Surface Area

A = 2rh

Pyramids and Cones A pyramid is a geometric solid whose base is a polygon and whose lateral faces are triangles with a common vertex. The common vertex is called the apex of the pyramid. If a pyramid has a base that is a triangle, then it is called a triangular pyramid. If a pyramid has a base that is a hexagon, then it is called a hexagonal pyramid. In general, a pyramid is named by the shape of its base. Summary of Formulas for Pyramid and Cones Volume
1 V = Bh for Pyramids 3 1 V = r 2 h for Cones 3

Lateral Surface Area

A = rs

where s is the slant height of the cone

Spheres A sphere is a geometric solid formed by a closed curved surface with all points on the surface the same distance from a given point, the centre. The given distance from a point on the surface to the centre is called the radius. Summary of Formulas for Spheres Volume
3 V = r 3 4

Lateral Surface Area

A = 4r 2

(b) Examples:
(i) Find the amount of sheathing needed for the roof, (page 375). How many squares of shingles must be purchase? (1 square = 100 ft2) (Answer: 7 square, which is 12 ft x 28 ft x 2 nearest) (ii) Find the length of the brace needed in the diagram attached (page 383). (Answer: 33.4 inches, including the 1 inch edge each side) (iii) An inclined ramp is to be built so that it reaches a height of 6 ft over a 15 ft run. Braces are placed every 5 ft. Find the height of braces x and y. (page 390) (Answer: x = 2 ft, y = 4 ft)

(iv) A circular hole for an air duct 4.8 ft in diameter is cut from a rectangular piece of dry wall 16 ft by 36 ft. (a) Find the area of the dry wall that is cut out. (Answer: 18 ft2, 22/7 x 4.82/2) (b) Find the area of the dry wall that is left to be finished. (Answer: 558 ft2, 36 ft x 16 ft (a)) (v) Find the volume of the wagon box shown (page 409) (Answer: 300 ft2 , (2 + 8) x 4 x 15) (vi) How many square feet of sheet metal are needed to form a trough (page 414) (Answer: 18.88 ft2, [(22/7 x 5)/12 x 14] + [22/7 x (5/12)2]) (vii) The volume of a right circular cone is 238 cm3. The radius of its base is 5.82 cm. Find its height. (Answer: 6.71cm)

(c) Classroom Exercises:

(i) The Smith family plan to paint their home (page 383). The area of the openings not to be painted is 325 ft 2. The cost per square foot is RM 0.85. What will be the cost of painting the house? (Answer: RM 927.35, (48x9x2 + 24x9x2 + 1/2x24x5 325) x 0.85) (ii) Find the length of the rafter for a roof (page 384). (Answer: 14.5 ft for each side, 13 ft + 1.5 ft suspended edge) (iii) A 6 ft by 8 ft bookcase is to be built. It has horizontal shelves every foot. A support is to be notched in the shelves diagonally from one corner to the opposite corner (page 391). At what point should each of the shelves be notched? That is, find lengths A, B, C, D and E, and how long is the crosspiece? (Answer: A = 1.33 ft, B = 2.67 ft, C = 4 ft, D = 5.33 ft, E = 6.67 ft, 10ft) (iv) Find the smallest circular duct that will rest on the ceiling joists without touching the ceiling. (Answer: 7.08 in, R2 = (R 6)2 + 72) (v) (1) What is the area of the lateral surface to be painted for figure (page 409) if windows takes 2 m2? (Answer: 2490 m2) (2) What is the area of roof to be covered with shingles? (Answer: 1230 m2) (3) What is the volume of concrete needed to be poured a floor 16 cm deep? (Answer: 188 m2) (4) What is total surface area of the figure? (Answer: 4895 = 4900 m2, take out 0.16 m from floor)