Analysis of Differential Amplifiers by Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) )

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.
H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Differential amplifier
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A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that multiplies the difference between two inputs by some constant factor. Given two inputs Vin+ and Vin-, a practical differential amplifier gives an output Vout: Vout = Ad (Vin+ - Vin-) + 0.5 Ac (Vin+ + Vin-) Where Ad is the differential mode gain and Ac is the common mode gain. Note: Differential amplifier is a more general form of amplifier than one with a single input; by grounding one input of a differential amplifier, a single ended amplifier results. Applications: Differential amplifiers are found in many systems that utilize negative feedback, where one input is used for the input signal, the other for the feedback signal. A common application is for the control of motors or servos, as well as for signal amplification applications. In discrete electronics, a common arrangement for implementing a differential amplifier is the long-tailed pair. Long-tailed pair: A common design in electronics for implementing a differential amplifier. It consists of two BJTs, connected so that the BJT emitters are connected together. The common electrodes are then connected to a large voltage source through a large resistor, forming the long tail of the name, the long tail providing an approximate constant current source. In a long tailed pair formed using BJTs, the emitters are connected together, and then through the current source to ground or to a negative supply. In this form, one of the transistors can be thought of as an amplifier operating in common emitter configuration, and the other as an emitter follower, feeding the other input signal into the emitter of the first stage. Differential Input and Output
Analysis of Differential Amplifier
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+VCC
+VCC
RC1 Vout +
RC2
RC1 + Vout -
RC2
Q1
Q2
one stage
Q1
Q2
one stage
V1 RE
V2
V1 RE
V2
-VEE Figure 17.1 (a)
-VEE Figure 17.1 (b)
Figure 17.1 shows a differential amplifier. It is two CE stages in parallel with a common emitter resistor. The ac output voltage Vout is defined as the voltage between the collectors with the polarity shown in figure 17.1 (a). Vout = VC2 VC1 When V1 is greater than V2, the output voltage has the polarity shown in figure 17.1 (a). When V2 is greater than V1, the output voltage is inverted and has the polarity shown in figure 17.1 (b).
When both the noninverting and inverting input voltages are present, the total input is called a differential input because the output voltage equals the voltage gain times the difference of the two input voltages. The equation for the output voltage is: Vout = A (V1 V2) A = Voltage gain Single ended output
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout = A (V1 0) Vout = A V1 +VCC
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+VCC
RC2
Vout
RC1 + Vout Q1
RC2
Q1
Q2
one stage
Q2
one stage
V1 RE
V2
V1 -VEE Figure 17.2 (a) -VEE Figure 17.3 (a) As you can see, the ac output signal is taken from the collector on the right side. The collector resistor on the left has been removed because it serves no useful purpose. Because the input is differential, the ac output voltage is still given by A (V1 V2). However, the voltage gain is half as much as with a differential output. Because the output is coming from only one of the collectors. Block Diagram Symbol for a Differential Input Single Ended Output RE
Figure 17.3 (b) shows another configuration for the differential amplifier. This one has a non-inverting input and a single ended output. Since Vout is the ac output voltage, but the voltage gain A will be half as much because the output is taken from only one side of the differential amplifier. Vout = A V1
V1 Vout A V2 Noninverting Input Configurations Often, only one of the inputs is active and the other is grounded as shown in figure 17.3 (a). This configuration has a non-inverting input and a differential output. Since V2 = 0
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+VCC
+VCC
RC2
RC1 + Vout
RC2
Vout
Q1
Q2
one stage
Q1
Q2
one stage
V1 RE RE
V2
Inverting Input Configurations In some applications, V2 is the active input and V1 is the grounded input, as shown in figure 17.4 (a). In this case Vout = A (0 V2) Vout = -A V2 The minus sign in equation indicates phase inversion. Figure 17.4 (b) shows the final configuration. Here we are using the inverting input with a single ended output. In this case, the ac output voltage is given by Vout = A (0 V2) Vout = -A V2
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+VCC
RC1 RC2 C Vout B Q1 Q1 Q2 one stage E IE V2 RE 2IE -VEE -VEE Figure 17.4 (b) RE
RC2
C B Q2 E IE
Figure 17.5 (a) Figure 17.5 (b) shows the ideal approximation of a transistor. We visualize the emitter diode as an ideal diode. In this case, VBE = 0. This allows us to calculate base current quickly and easily. This equivalent circuit is often useful for troubleshooting when all we need is a rough approximation of base current. The collector side of the transistor acts like a current source that pumps a collector current of dcIB through the collector resistor. B dcIB C
DC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier Figure 17.5 (a) shows the dc equivalent circuit for a differential amplifier. Throughout this discussion, we will assume identical transistors and equal collector resistors. Also, both bases are grounded in this preliminary (introductory) analysis. Using Ideal Approximation
Ideal
E Figure 17.5 (b)
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+VCC
+ RC RC Equivalent Model B C C RC Equivalent Model Equivalent Model B B IC IC Q1 Q2 IC 0V E E E tail current RE RE -VEE -VEE Figure 17.5 (c) Ideal diode 0 (-VEE) Figure 17.5 (d) shows an ideal diode. Therefore, an ideal diode acts like a switch that closes when forward biased and opens when reverse biased. We just said zero resistance when forward biased and infinite resistance when reverse biased. IT = RE VEE IT = Ideal Reverse biased Forward biased Figure 17.5 (d) RE IT = tail current Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction According to ohms Law Figure 17.5 (e) 0V E 0V Q1 Q2 IC C VC C B Equivalent Model RC IC
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC
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RC1
RC2
C B Q1 E IE RE 2IE -VEE IE Q2
C B
Figure 17.5 (f)
Using Second Approximation We can improve the dc analysis by including the VBE drop across each emitter diode. In Figure 17.5 (f), the voltage at the top of the emitter resistor is one VBE drop below ground.
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+VCC
+ RC RC Equivalent Model B C C RC Equivalent Model Equivalent Model B B IC IC Q1 Q2 IC 0V E E E -0.7 V tail current RE RE E 0.7 V Q1 Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V C VC C B Equivalent Model RC IC
-VEE Figure 17.5 (g) Equivalent circuit for second approximation According to ohms Law -0.7 (-VEE) IT = 0.7 V Reverse biased VEE 0.7 IT = 0.7 V Forward biased Figure 17.5 (h) RE RE
-VEE Figure 17.5 (i)
IT = tail current Applying KCL at node labeled -0.7 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 -0.7 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IE = RE VEE 0.7 IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A or negligible IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC Example 17.1 What are the ideal currents and voltages in figure 17.6 (a)? Solution:
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5 k
5 k
C B Q1 E IE IE 7.5 k 2IE -15 V Q2
C B
Figure 17.6 (a) Ideal diode Figure 17.5 (d) shows an ideal diode. Therefore, an ideal diode acts like a switch that closes when forward biased and opens when reverse biased. We just said zero resistance when forward biased and infinite resistance when reverse biased.
Ideal Reverse biased Forward biased Figure 17.6 (b)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC =
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+ 5 k Equivalent Model VC B C C B IE = 5 k IC 2IE = Equivalent Model
RE VEE RE VEE 2RE
IC
Q1
Q2 IC IE = IT 0V 2 2 mA 1 mA 2
0V E 0V tail current 7.5 k E
-15 V Figure 17.6 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-15) IT =
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is
7.5 k VC = VCC - ICRC 15 VC = 15 (1 mA)(5 k) VC = 15 (1 10-3)(5 10+3) VC = 15 5 10-3+3 VC = 15 5 100 VC = 15 5 1 VC = 10 Volts Example 17.2: Recalculate the currents and voltages for figure 17.6 (a) using the second approximation.
IT =
7.5 k
IT = 2 mA Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction
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+VCC
5 k
5 k
C B Q1 E IE IE 7.5 k 2IE -15 V Q2
C RC B Equivalent Model E B C C Equivalent Model B RC
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
Figure 17.6 (a)
RE
-VEE Figure 17.7 (a) Equivalent circuit for second approximation
0.7 V Reverse biased
0.7 V Forward biased Figure 17.7 (b)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 -0.7 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IC =
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+ RC Equivalent Model VC B C C B IE = RC IC 2IE = Equivalent Model
RE VEE 0.7 RE VEE 0.7 2RE
IC 0.7 V 0V E
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V -0.7 V tail current RE E IT IE = 2 IE = 0.954 mA Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A or negligible IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC 1.907 mA VC = 15 (0.954 mA)(5 k) VC = 15 (0.954 10-3)(5 10+3) VC = 15 4.77 10-3+3 VC = 15 4.77 100 VC = 15 4.77 1 VC = 10.23 Volts Example 17.3:
-VEE Figure 17.7 (c) According to ohms Law -0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE 0.7 IT = RE 15 V 0.7 V 7.5 k
Applying KCL at node labeled -0.7 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction
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What are the currents and voltages in the single ended output circuit of figure 17.7 (a)? Solution: +12
+ 3 k Equivalent Model VC B Q1 Q2 one stage IC Q1 Q2 IC 0V 5 k E 0V tail current -12 Figure 17.7 (a) Using Ideal Approximation -12 V Figure 17.6 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-12) IT = 5 k 12 IT = 5 k 5 k E 0V C C B 3 k IC Equivalent Model
IT = 2.4 mA Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 2.4 mA 1.2 mA
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Equivalent circuit for second approximation +12
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+ 3 k Equivalent Model VC B C C B IC Equivalent Model
IC 0.7 V
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC
0V E -0.7 V tail current 5 k E
-12 Figure 17.7 (c) According to ohms Law -0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE 0.7 IT = RE 12 V 0.7 V 2.26 mA 5 k
VC = 12 (1.2 mA)(3 k) VC = 12 (1.2 10-3)(3 10+3) VC = 12 3.6 10-3+3 VC = 12 3.6 100 VC = 12 3.6 1 VC = 8.4 Volts
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 -0.7 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IE = RE VEE 0.7 IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 IE = 1.13 mA Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A or negligible IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 12 (1.13 mA)(3 k) VC = 12 (1.13 10-3)(3 10+3) VC = 12 3.39 10-3+3 VC = 12 3.39 100 VC = 12 3.39 1 VC = 8.61 Volts AC Analysis of a Differential Amplifier
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Voltage gain of Noninverting input and single ended output Theory of operation:
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Figure 17.8 (a) shows a non-inverting input and single ended output. The left transistor Q1 acts like an emitter follower that produces an ac voltage across the emitter resistor. On the positive half cycle of input voltage, the Q1 emitter current increases, the Q2 emitter current decreases, and the Q2 collector voltage increases. Similarly, on the negative half cycle of input voltage, the Q1 emitter current decreases, the Q2 emitter current increases, and the Q2 collector voltage decreases. This is why the amplified output sine wave is in phase with the non inverting input. +VCC
RC
Vout Q1 Q2 one stage
V1 RE
To analyze the ac operation of a transistor amplifier, we need an ac equivalent circuit for a transistor. In other words, we need a model for the transistor that simulates how it behaves when an ac signal is present. When analyzing a transistor amplifier, we can replace each transistor by a T model.
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ic
ib RC Vout re ie 17.8 (b) AC Equivalent circuit ib ib ic ic
V1
re ie
re ie
RE
17.8 (c) The biasing resistor RE is in parallel with the re of the right transistor. In any practical design, RE is much greater than re. Because of this, we can ignore RE in an introductory analysis.
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RC Vout
ic 17.8 (d) RE re RE + re V1 RE >> re RE re RE = re Simplified Equivalent Circuit ie re re ie
ic
17.8 (e) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V1 = iere + iere V1 = 2iere AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = icRC Dividing Vout by V1 gives voltage gain: Vout V1 icRC 2iere
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout V1 Vout V1 icRC 2icre RC
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behaves when an ac signal is present. When analyzing a transistor amplifier, we can replace each transistor by a T model. ic
ib
re 2re ie Voltage gain of Noninverting input and differential output 17.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit
+VCC
RC VC1 Vout Q1 +
RC VC2
Q2
one stage
V1 RE
To analyze the ac operation of a transistor amplifier, we need an ac equivalent circuit for a transistor. In other words, we need a model for the transistor that simulates how it
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re
RC VC1 Vout ic +
RC VC2 RE
ic ib
17.9 (d) ib RE re RE + re ie RE >> re RE re RE RE = re Simplified Equivalent Circuit 17.9 (c) The biasing resistor RE is in parallel with the re of the right transistor. In any practical design, RE is much greater than re. Because of this, we can ignore RE in an introductory analysis.
V1
re ie
re
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout V1 2icRC 2iere
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RC VC1 + Vout
RC VC2
i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout V1 2icRC 2icre RC re
ic
ic
Vout V1
Voltage gain of inverting input and differential output V1 re ie +VCC
ie RC re VC1 17.9 (e) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V1 = iere + iere V1 = 2iere AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = VC2 VC1 VC2 = icRC VC1 = -icRC Hint: minus sign appears because the VC1 signal is 1800 out of phase Vout = icRC (-icRC) Vout = 2icRC Dividing Vout by V1 gives voltage gain: Q1 Q2 one stage Vout + VC2 RC
V2 RE
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To analyze the ac operation of a transistor amplifier, we need an ac equivalent circuit for a transistor. In other words, we need a model for the transistor that simulates how it behaves when an ac signal is present. When analyzing a transistor amplifier, we can replace each transistor by a T model. ic RC VC1 ib Vout ic ib + VC2 RC
ic re ib ie 18.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit re ie
re ie V2
RE
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re
RC VC1 RE + Vout
RC VC2
ic 18.9 (d) RE re RE + re
ic ib
re RE >> re ie RE re RE = re Simplified Equivalent Circuit 18.9 (e) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V2 = iere + iere V2 = 2iere ie re
V2
AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = VC2 VC1 VC2 = icRC VC1 = -icRC Hint: minus sign appears because the VC1 signal is 1800 out of phase Vout = icRC (-icRC) Vout = 2icRC Dividing Vout by V1 gives voltage gain:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout V2 2icRC 2iere
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i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout V2 Vout V2 2icRC 2icre RC re
To analyze the ac operation of a transistor amplifier, we need an ac equivalent circuit for a transistor. In other words, we need a model for the transistor that simulates how it behaves when an ac signal is present. When analyzing a transistor amplifier, we can replace each transistor by a T model. ic
ib
re ie 18.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit +VCC
Voltage gain of differential input and differential output
RC1 Vout Q1 +
RC2
Q2
one stage
V1 RE
V2
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re V1 ie RC VC1 Vout RE ic ib ic ib I1 2ie + VC2 RC
re V2 ie
I2
18.9 (d) re V1 ie re ie V2 Using Loop Analysis Loop I1: According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V1 = iere + 2ieRE RE (i)
Loop I2: According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop 0 = iere + 2ieRE + V2 18.9 (c) V2 = -iere - 2ieRE (ii)
AC Input Voltage
Subtracting equation (ii) from (i) V1 V2 = 2iere + 4ieRE ignoring higher order term V1 V2 = 2iere Hint: re is in ohms whereas RE is in kilo-ohms
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AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = VC2 VC1 VC2 = icRC VC1 = -icRC Hint: minus sign appears because the VC1 signal is 1800 out of phase Vout = icRC (-icRC) Vout = 2icRC Dividing Vout by V1 gives voltage gain: 2icRC Vout V1 - V2 2iere
+VCC
RC VC1 Vout + VC2
i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout V1 - V2 Vout V1 - V2 2icRC 2icre
Q1
Q2
one stage
V2 RE
-VEE RC re To analyze the ac operation of a transistor amplifier, we need an ac equivalent circuit for a transistor. In other words, we need a model for the transistor that simulates how it behaves when an ac signal is present. When analyzing a transistor amplifier, we can replace each transistor by a T model. ic Figure 19.9 (a)
Input impedance of a differential amplifier
ib
re ie 19.9 (b)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 AC Equivalent circuit
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re
RC VC1 Vout ic ib ic ib RE re RE + re re ie re ie V2 RE re RE = re RE Simplified Equivalent Circuit RE >> re 19.9 (d) + VC2 RE
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2re
VC1
+ Vout
RC VC2
NOTE In a differential amplifier, the input impedance of either base is twice as high. Equation is valid for all configurations. Input Impedance of differential input and differential output
ic
ic +VCC ib
re ie ie
V2
RC1 Vout +
RC2
Q1 re
Q2
one stage
V1 19.9 (e) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V2 = iere + iere V2 = 2iere i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Here V2 = Vin Vin = 2icre ic = ib RE
V2
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ic RC VC1 ib Vout ic ib + VC2 RC
ic re ib ie 20.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit V1 re ie
re ie V2
RE
20.9 (c) AC Input Voltage
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Vin Zin re V1 ie ie re V2 ib
2re
Input Impedance of Noninverting input and differential output
+VCC RE I1 2ie RC VC1 20.9 (d) Using Loop Analysis Loop I1: According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V1 = iere + 2ieRE (i) V1 RE Loop I2: According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop 0 = iere + 2ieRE + V2 V2 = -iere - 2ieRE (ii) -VEE Figure 21.9 (a) Q1 Q2 one stage Vout + VC2 I2
Subtracting equation (ii) from (i) V1 V2 = 2iere + 4ieRE ignoring higher order term V1 V2 = 2iere Hint: re is in ohms whereas RE is in kilo-ohms i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Here V1 - V2 = Vin Vin = 2icre ic = ib Vin = 2ibre
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ic
The biasing resistor RE is in parallel with the re of the right transistor. In any practical design, RE is much greater than re. Because of this, we can ignore RE in an introductory analysis.
ib
re
re ie RE 21.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit 21.9 (d) RE re RE + re RC VC1 Vout ic + VC2 RE re RE = re ib ib Simplified Equivalent Circuit RE >> re
ic
V1
re ie
re ie
RE
21.9 (c)
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Vin Zin ib RC VC2
2re
Input Impedance of Noninverting input and single ended output
VC1
+ Vout
+VCC ic RC
ic
Vout V1 re ie Q1 ie V1 re RE -VEE 21.9 (e) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V1 = iere + iere V1 = 2iere i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Here V1 = Vin Vin = 2icre ic = ib Vin = 2ibre To analyze the ac operation of a transistor amplifier, we need an ac equivalent circuit for a transistor. In other words, we need a model for the transistor that simulates how it behaves when an ac signal is present. When analyzing a transistor amplifier, we can replace each transistor by a T model. Figure 22.8 (a) Q2 one stage
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ic
ib RC Vout re ie 22.8 (b) AC Equivalent circuit ib ib ic ic
V1
re ie
re ie
RE
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RC Vout
ic 22.8 (d) RE re RE + re V1 RE >> re RE re RE = re Simplified Equivalent Circuit ie re re ie
ic
22.8 (e) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V1 = iere + iere V1 = 2iere i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Here V1 = Vin Vin = 2icre ic = ib
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vin = 2ibre Vin Zin ib i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Here V1 = Vin Vin = 2icre ic = ib Vin = 2ibre Vin Zin ib 2re
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+15 V 2re
5 k VC1 Vout Q1
5 k + VC2
Q2
one stage
1 mV 7.5 k
Example 17.4: In Fig. 17.11 (a), what is the ac output voltage? If = 300, what is the input impedance of the differential amplifier? Solution:
-15 V Figure 17.11 (a)
DC Analysis Ideal Approximation:
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+ 5 k Equivalent Model B C C 5 k Equivalent Model B B Equivalent Model VC C C B 5 k 5 k IC Equivalent Model
IC
Q1
Q2 IC 0V
IC
Q1
Q2 IC 0V
0V tail current
7.5 k
7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.11 (b) According to ohms Law 0 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 15 V 2 mA 7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.11 (c)
IT = tail current Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV re = IE 25 mV re = 1 mA re = 25 Voltage gain of Noninverting input and differential output Vout V1 RC re 5 k 200 25 1 mA
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout = 200 (V1) Vout = 200 (1 mV) Vout = 200 mV Input impedance of non inverting input and differential output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(300) (25 ) Zin = 15 k Using Second Approximation
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+15V
5 k Equivalent Model B C
5 k Equivalent Model C B
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
7.5 k
-15V Figure 17.11 (d)
The ac output voltage is:
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+15 V IC + IC =
-0.7 (-VEE) RE VEE 0.7 2IC = + RE IC 2IE = VC Equivalent Model B IE = 2RE VEE 0.7 RE VEE 0.7
5 k
IC 0.7 V 0V E
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V -0.7 V tail current 7.5 k E IT IE = 2 2 1.907 mA 0.953 mA
-15 V Figure 17.11 (e) According to ohms Law
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV
-0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE
re = IE 25 mV re = 1.907 mA 0.953 mA re = 26.233 Voltage gain of Noninverting input and differential output Vout V1 RC re 5 k 190.6 26.233
VEE 0.7 IT = RE
15 0.7 7.5 k
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 The ac output voltage is: Vout = 190.6 (V1) Vout = 190.6 (1 mV) Vout = 190.6 mV Input impedance of non inverting input and differential output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(300) (26.233 ) Zin = 15.74 k Comparison: IDEAL IT IE re A Vout Zin 2 mA 1 mA 25 200 200 mV 15 k IT IE re A Vout Zin
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+15 V
5 k VC1 Vout Q1 SECOND 1.907 mA 0.953 mA 26.233 190.6 190.6 mV 15.74 k
5 k + VC2
Q2
one stage
V2 = 1 mV 7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.5 (a)
Example 17.5: Repeat Example 17.4 for V2 = 1 mV and V1 = 0. Solution:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 DC Analysis Ideal Approximation: +15 V
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+ 5 k 5 k Equivalent Model B C C 5 k B Equivalent Model B IC Q1 Q2 IC IC Q1 Q2 IC 0V E 0V tail current E E 7.5 k E 0V Equivalent Model VC C C B 5 k IC Equivalent Model
7.5 k According to ohms Law -15 V Figure 17.5 (b) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 15 V 2 mA 7.5 k 0 (-VEE)
-15 V Figure 17.5 (c)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV re = IE 25 mV re = 1 mA re = 25 Voltage gain of inverting input and differential output Vout V2 RC re 5 k 200 25 1 mA
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout = 200 (-V2) Vout = 200 (-1 mV) Vout = -200 mV Input impedance of inverting input and differential output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(300) (25 ) Zin = 15 k Using Second Approximation
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+15 V
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.11 (d)
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IC 0.7 V 0V E
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V -0.7 V tail current 7.5 k E IT IE = 2 2 1.907 mA 0.953 mA
-0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE
re = IE 25 mV re = 1.907 mA 0.953 mA re = 26.233 Voltage gain of inverting input and differential output Vout V1 RC re 5 k 190.6 26.233
VEE 0.7 IT = RE
15 0.7 7.5 k
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 The ac output voltage is: Vout = 190.6 (-V2) Vout = 190.6 (-1 mV) Vout = -190.6 mV Input impedance of inverting input and differential output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(300) (26.233 ) Zin = 15.74 k Comparison:
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+15 V
1 M
Vout Q1 IDEAL SECOND 2 mA 1 mA 25 200 -200 mV 15 k IT IE re A Vout Zin 1.907 mA 0.953 mA 26.233 190.6 -190.6 mV 15.74 k 7 mV 1 M Q2 one stage
IT IE re A Vout Zin
-15 V Figure 17.6 (a)
Example 17.6: What is the ac output voltage in Fig. 17.12 if = 300, what is the input impedance of the differential amplifier? Solution:
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+ 1 M 1 M B Equivalent Model B C C Equivalent Model B IC Q1 Q2 IC IC Q1 Q2 IC 0V E 0V tail current E E 1 M E 0V Equivalent Model VC C C B IC Equivalent Model
1 M According to ohms Law -15 V Figure 17.5 (b) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 15 V 15 A 1 M 0 (-VEE)
-15 V Figure 17.5 (c)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 15 A 7.5 A
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout = 149.971 (V1) Vout = 149.971 (7 mV) Vout = 1.05 V Input impedance of non inverting input and single ended output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(300) (3.334 k) Zin = 2 M Using Second Approximation
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+15V
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV re = IE 25 mV re = 7.5 A
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
re = 3.334 k Voltage gain of non inverting input and single ended output Vout V1 RC 2re 1 M 149.971 2(3.334 k) -15V
7.5 k
Figure 17.11 (d)
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IC 0.7 V 0V E
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V -0.7 V tail current 7.5 k E IT IE = 2
14.3 A 2
7.15 A
-0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE
re = IE 25 mV
VEE 0.7 IT = RE
15 0.7 14.3 A 1M
re =
7.15 A
re = 3.496 k Voltage gain of non inverting input and single ended output Vout V1 RC 2re 1 M 143.02 2(3.496 k)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 The ac output voltage is: Vout = 143.02 (V1) Vout = 143.02 (7 mV) Vout = 1.002 V Input impedance of non inverting input and single ended output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(300) (3.496 k) Zin = 2.098 M Comparison: IDEAL IT IE re A Vout Zin 15 A 7.5 A 3.334 k 149.971 1.05 V 2.098 M IT IE re A Vout Zin
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+15 V
5 k VC1 1 k Q1 Vout
5 k + VC2
Q2
one stage
SECOND 14.3 A 7.15 A 3.496 k 143.02 1.002 V 2.098 M 10 mV 7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.17 (a)
Example 17.7: The differential amplifier of Figure 17.17 has A = 200, Iin(bias) = 3 A, Iin(off) = 0.5 A, Vin(off) = 1 mV. What is the output error voltage? Solution:
V1error = (RB1 RB2) Iin(bias) Here RB1 = 1 k V1error = (1 k 0)(3 A) V1error = (1 10+3)(3 10-6) V1error = 3 103-6 V1error = 3 10-3 V1error = 3 mV V2error = 0.5 (RB1 + RB2)Iin(off) V2error = 0.5 (1 k + 0)(0.5 A) V2error = 0.5 (1 10+3)(0.5 10-6) V2error = 0.25 103-6 V2error = 0.25 10-3 V2error = 0.25 mV V3error = Vin (off)
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V3error = 1 mV The output error voltage is Verror = 200 (V1error + V2error + V3error) Verror = 200 (3 mV + 0.25 mV + 1 mV) Verror = 200 (4.25 mV) Verror = 850 mV Example 17.8: The differential amplifier of Figure 17.18 has A = 300, Iin(bias) = 80 nA, Iin(off) = 20 nA, and Vin(off) = 5 mV. What is the output error voltage? Solution: +15 V
V1error = 0 V V2error = 0.5 (RB1 + RB2)Iin(off) V2error = 0.5 (10 k + 10 k)(20 nA) V2error = 0.5 (20 10+3)(20 10-9) V2error = 200 103-9 V2error = 200 10-6 V2error = 0.2 mV V3error = Vin (off) V3error = 5 mV The output error voltage is Verror = 300 (V1error + V2error + V3error) Verror = 300 (0 V + 0.2 mV + 5 mV) Verror = 300 (5.2 mV) 1 M 1 M + Vout Figure 17-19(a) shows a differential input and single ended output. The same input voltage, Vin(cm) is being applied to each base. This voltage is called a common mode signal. If the differential amplifier is perfectly symmetrical, there is no ac output voltage with a common mode input signal because V1 = V2. When a differential amplifier is not perfectly symmetrical, there will be a small ac output voltage. In Fig. 17.19 (a), equal voltages are applied to the non-inverting and inverting inputs VC2 Verror = 1.56 V Common-Mode Gain
VC1 10 k
Q1
Q2 10 k
one stage
10 mV 1 M
-15 V Figure 17.18 (a)
V1error = (RB1 RB2) Iin(bias) Here RB1 = RB2 = 10 k V1error = (10 k 10 k)(80 nA) V1error = 0 V
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+VCC
+VCC
RC
RC
Vout
Vout
Q1 Vin (CM)
Q2 Vin (CM)
one stage Vin (CM)
Q1
Q2 Vin (CM)
one stage
RE
RE
Here is how a common mode signal appears: The connecting wires on the input bases act like small antennas. If the differential amplifier is operating in an environment with a lot of electromagnetic interference, each base acts like a small antenna that picks up an unwanted signal voltage.
Here is an easy way to find the voltage gain for a common mode signal: we can redraw the circuit, as shown in Fig. 17-19 (c), since equal voltages Vin(CM) drive both inputs simultaneously, there is almost no current through the wire between the emitters. Therefore, we can remove the connecting wire, as shown in Fig. 17-19 (f).
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RE +VCC 0V 0V Figure 17.19 (e) RC +VCC Vout
Q1 Vin (CM)
Q2 Vin (CM)
one stage
RC Vout
2RE
2RE Q1 Vin (CM) -VEE Figure 17.19 (c) 2RE 2RE Q2 Vin (CM) one stage
-VEE
Figure 17.19 (f)
2RE
2RE VOLTAGE GAIN a.c. equivalent circuit
Figure 17.19 (d) 2RE 2RE 2RE + 2RE 4RE RE 4RE
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout Vin(CM) Vout ieRC ie(re + 2RE) RC re + 2RE
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RC Vout
Vin(CM)
Vout ic ib Vin(CM)
RC 2RE
ic ib
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio The common mode rejection ratio is defined as the voltage gain (differential input single ended output) divided by common mode voltage gain.
Vin(CM)
re ie
re ie Vin(CM) RC 2re CMRR = RC 2RE 2RE 2RE
RE 17.19 (g) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop Vin(CM) = iere + 2ieRE Vin(CM) = ie(re + 2RE) AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = icRC i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout = ieRC Dividing Vout by Vin(CM) gives voltage gain: CMRR = re CMRRdB = 20 Log CMRR Example 17-9: In Figure 17-20 (a), what is the common mode voltage gain? The output voltage? Solution:
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+15 V
1 M
1 M Vout
Vout ic Q1 Vin (CM) = 1 mV 1 M Q2 Vin (CM) = 1 mV one stage ib ib ic
1 mV
re ie
re ie 1 mV
-15 V Figure 17.20 (a) 2 M VOLTAGE GAIN a.c. equivalent circuit 17.20 (b) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop Vin(CM) = iere + 2ieRE Vin(CM) = ie(re + 2RE) AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = icRC i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout = ieRC Dividing Vout by Vin(CM) gives voltage gain: 2 M
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout Vin(CM) Vout Vin(CM) ieRC
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+15 V ie(re + 2RE) RC re + 2RE 1 M 0.5 Vin(CM) 2RE 2 M 1 k Q1 Vout = ACMVin(CM) Vout = 0.5(1 mV) Vout = 0.5 mV Example 17-10: In figure 17.21 (a), A = 150, ACM = 0.5, and Vin = 1 mV. If the base leads are picking up a common mode signal of 1 mV, what is the output voltage? Solution: Vout1 = A Vin Vout1 = 150 (1 mV) Vout1 = 150 mV Vout2 = ACM Vin Vout2 = 0.5 (1 mV) Vout2 = 0.5 mV The current mirror Vout = Vout1 + Vout2 Vout = 150 mV + 0.5 mV Vout = 150.5 mV With ICs, there is a way to increase the voltage gain and CMRR of a differential amplifier. Figure 17.22 (a) shows a compensating diode in parallel with the emitter diode of a transistor. The current through the resistor is given by: VCC - VBE IR R If the compensating diode and the emitter diode have identical current-voltage curves, the collector current will equal the current through the resistor: IC = IR A circuit like figure 17.22 (a) is called a current mirror because the collector current is a mirror image of the resistor current. This example shows why the differential amplifier is useful as the input stage of an opamp. It attenuates the common mode signal. This is a distinct advantage over the ordinary CE amplifier, which amplifies a stray pickup signal the same way it amplifies the desired signal. Vin 1 M 1 M
Vout
RC
Vout
Q2 1 k
one stage
-15 V Figure 17.21 (a)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Potential difference = VCC - VBE Here VBE = 0 V VCC IR
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+VCC
R A
IC B
VCC Fig. 17.22 (c)
Fig. 17.22 (a) Equivalent circuit using ideal approximation
VCC = IRR = VAB Again VCC IR
+VCC C
+15 V R dcIB B E VBE = 0 V 1 M
Fig. 17.22 (b) According to ohms Law: IR R = VCC - VBE VCC - VBE IR R VCC VBE IR 15 V 1 M
Fig. 17.22 (d)
IR = 15 A = IB = 0.000015 A
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 IC = IB Suppose = 50 IC = 50 (15 A) IC = 750 A = 0.00075 A Hence IR = IC Current mirror sources the tail current
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+VCC RC
Vout V1 R V2 Q1 Q2
With a single ended output, the voltage gain of a differential amplifier is RC/2re and the common mode voltage gain is RC/2RE. The ratio of the two gains gives: Single ended voltage gain of a differential amplifier CMRR Common mode voltage gain RC 2re CMRR RC 2RE RE CMRR re The larger we can make RE, the greater the CMRR. One way to get a high equivalent RE is to use a current mirror to produce the tail current, as shown in figure 17.23 (a). The current through the compensating diode is: VCC (-VEE) - VBE IR = R VCC + VEE - VBE IR = R Because of the current mirror, the tail current has the same value. Since Q4 acts like a current source it has very high output impedance. As a result, the equivalent RE of the differential amplifier is in hundreds of mega ohms and the CMRR is dramatically improved. VS is ib IB Q3 VBE B
Q4 E -VEE Figure 17.23 (a) Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier Consider the simple CE amplifier circuit of figure 17.23 (b) in which base bias has been employed. VCC IC RC C2 RB C1 RL Vout
Figure 17.23 (b) DC Equivalent Circuit
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 For drawing the dc equivalent circuit,
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 B IB IC IB C
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VCC IB IC RC C2 RB C1 E
Figure 17.23 (e) VCC IB is VS

B C
IC RC
ib
RL Vout RB
Figure 17.23 (c) IB VCC IB RB IC RC Figure 17.23 (f) VCC IB IC RC RB

B C E
Figure 17.23 (d) Figure 17.23 (e) shows the dc equivalent circuit of an NPN transistor when connected in the CE configuration.
E
IB
Figure 17.23 (g)
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop VCC = IBRB ib VCC IB RB IC = IB IE = IB + IC IE = IB + IB IE = (1 + ) IB
2nd APPROXIMATION
re ie Let us now analyze the ac equivalent circuit given in figure 17.23 (i).
IB VCC RB
IC RC
IB
IC RC
RB
B C
ic RL
ib VBE IB is re
Figure 17.23 (h) According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop VCC = IBRB + VBE VCC - VBE IB RB
AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
figure 17.23 (i) Example 17.11: If in the CE circuit of figure 17.23 (a), VCC = 20 V, RC = 10 k, RB = 1 M, RL = 1 M, = 50, find rin, rL.
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 10 109 10 109 rL 1010000 1010000
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2nd APPROXIMATION
VCC IB RB 20 V IB 1M IC = IB IC = 50 (20 A) = 1 mA IE = (1 + ) IB IE = (1 + 50) (20 A) IE = 1.020 mA 25 mV re IE 25 mV re 1.020 mA RB re rin RB + re 106 50 24.51 106 + 50 24.51 rin 24.51 re re 20 A IB IB
VCC - VBE RB
rL rL = 9.9 k (high output impedance)
rL = 9.9 k (high output impedance)
20 V 0.7 V 19.3 A 1M IC = IB IC = 50 (19.3 A) = 0.965 mA IE = (1 + ) IB IE = (1 + 50) (19.3 A) IE = 0.984 mA 25 mV IE 25 mV 25.406 0.984 mA IL RB re RB + re 106 50 25.406 106 + 50 25.406 RS + RL RL = 1 10 V IL 106 + 1 VS According to ohms Law VS = 10 V IL Current source It produces a constant load current for different load resistances. An example of a dc current source is a battery with a large source resistance. RS = 1 M
RL = 1
1225500000 rin 1001225.5 rin
1270300000 1001270.3 100
IL = 10 A
rin = 1224 RL RC rL RL + RC 106 10 103 rL 106 + 10 103
rin = 1268.688 RL RC rL RL + RC 106 10 103 rL 106 + 10 103
10 V IL 106 + 100
IL = 9.999 A
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106 + 10000 RC RL RC
IL = 9.901 A 1M 10 V IL
A 106 + 1000000 Q1
B Q2
IL = 5 A V1 RE
Load current versus Load resistance
1200000
V2
-VEE
1000000
Figure 17.24 (a)

Thevenin Equivalent Resistance
800000 Load current Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4
600000
400000
200000
0 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4
1 10 9.999 9.901 5 Load resistance
2 1 100 10000 1000000
THE LOADED DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
When a load resistor is used, the analysis becomes much more complicated, especially with a differential output. Figure 17.24 (a) shows a differential output with a load resistor between the collectors.
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RC RTH
RC
RC RTH
RC
ic ib
ic ib s.c.
ic ib
ic ib
V1
re ie
re ie V2
re ie
re ie s.c.
RE
RE
17.24 (c) 17.24 (b)
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RC RC RTH A 17.24 (d) RTH = RC + RC RTH = 2RC RTH = 2RC V1 RE Vout RL -VEE Figure 17.25 (a) 17.24 (e) Here is how it is done: if we open the load resistor in figure 17.24 (a), the thevenin voltage is the same as the Vout. Also, looking into the open AB terminals with all sources zeroed, we see a thevenin resistance of 2RC. Note: Because the transistors are current sources, they become open when zeroed. differential output with a load resistor between the collectors.
SINGLE ENDED OUTPUT WITH A LOAD RESISTOR BETWEEN THE COLLECTORS Thevenin Equivalent Resistance
RC
RL
B Q2
Q1
V2
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RC RTH RTH
RC
ic ib
ic ib s.c.
ic ib
ic ib
V1
re ie
re ie V2
re ie
re ie s.c.
RE
RE
17.25 (c) 17.25 (b)
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7.5 k RC RTH A 17.25 (d) RTH = RC RTH = RC RTH = RC 10 mV Q1 RL
7.5 k
B Q2
7.5 k Vout RL -15 V Figure 17.26 (a) 17.25 (e) Example 17.12: What is the load voltage in figure 17.26 (a) when RL = 15 k? Solution:
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+15 V
+15 V
7.5 k Equivalent Model B C RL
7.5 k Equivalent Model C B B Equivalent Model C
7.5 k
7.5 k Equivalent Model RL C B
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
0V
7.5 k
7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.26 (b) According to ohms Law 0 (-15) IT = 7.5 k 15 IT = 7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.26 (c)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = RE
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RTH = 15 k
3V
RL = 15 k
17.26 (d) According to voltage divider rule: RL
VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 2 mA 1 mA
VL = RL + RTH 15 k VL =
3V
3V 15 k + 15 k
VL = 1.5 Volt Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V 25 mV re IE 25 mV re 1 mA RC A re 25 7.5 k 300 (unloaded voltage gain) 25 Example 17.13: An ammeter is used for the load resistance in figure 17.27 (a). What is the current through the ammeter? Solution:
The thevenin or unloaded output voltage is: VTH = AV1 VTH = 300 (0.01) = 3 Volt The thevenin resistance is: RTH = 2RC = 2 (7.5 k) = 15 k
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+15 V
+15 V
7.5 k A
7.5 k 7.5 k 7.5 k A Equivalent Model Equivalent Model C C B
A Q1 10 mV
B Q2 B
7.5 k
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
-15 V Figure 17.27 (a)

IDEAL APPROXIMATION
7.5 k
-15 V Figure 17.27 (b)
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+15 V
IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE
7.5 k A Equivalent Model B C
7.5 k Equivalent Model
VEE 2IE = RE VEE C B IE = 2RE IT IC IE = 2 2 2 mA 1 mA
IC
Q1
Q2
0V
7.5 k
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V 25 mV
-15 V Figure 17.27 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-15) IT = re 7.5 k 15 IT = A 7.5 k re
IE 25 mV 25 1 mA RC re 7.5 k 300 (unloaded voltage gain) 25
The thevenin or unloaded output voltage is: VTH = AV1 VTH = 300 (0.01) = 3 Volt The thevenin resistance is: RTH = 2RC = 2 (7.5 k) = 15 k
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RTH = 15 k
and ground and also T2 and ground, (5) it can provide two separate outputs by means of T3 and ground and T4 and ground, (6) it can provide a single output between T3 and T4 that is, differential output. A
ADVANTAGES
3V
17.27 (d) VTH iL = RTH 3V iL = 15 k iL = 0.2 mA

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
1. It uses no frequency-dependent coupling or bypass capacitors. All that it requires is resistors and transistors both of which can be easily integrated on a chip. Hence, it is extensively used in linear Integrated Circuits. 2. It can compare any two signals and detect any difference. Thus, if two signals are fed into its inputs, identical in every respect except that one signal has been slightly distorted, then only the difference between the two signals that is, distortion will be amplified. 3. It gives higher gain than two cascaded stages of ordinary direct coupling. 4. It provides very uniform amplification of signal from dc up to very high frequencies. 5. It provides isolation between input and output circuits. 6. It is almost a universal choice for amplifying dc. 7. It finds a wide variety of applications such as amplification, mixing, signal generation, amplitude modulation, frequency multiplication and temperature compensation etc. Example 17.14: Calculate the approximate output voltage for the differential amplifier of figure 17.29 (a) which uses only a single ended non-inverting input of 1 mV. Take re = 25 mV/IE and neglect VBE. Solution:
+VCC
R2 T3 T1 Q1 Q2 T4
R3
T2
R1
R4
Figure 17.28 (a) Figure 17.28 (a) shows the circuit of a differential amplifier or difference amplifier. As seen (1) it contains two CE amplifiers, (2) it only uses resistors and transistors. (3) it is a directly coupled emitter to emitter amplifier, (4) it can accept two inputs by means of T1
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+12 V
+12 V
12 k Vout +
12 k 12 k Equivalent Model - Vout C Q2 B C B 12 k + Equivalent Model
Q1
1 mV 6k
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
-12 V Figure 17.29 (a)

IDEAL APPROXIMATION
6 k
-12 V Figure 17.29 (b)
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+12 V
12 k Equivalent Model B C Vout +
12 k Equivalent Model
IC
Q1
Q2
0V
6 k
-12 V Figure 17.29 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-12) IT = re 6 k 12 IT = A 6 k re
IE 25 mV 25 1 mA RC re 12 k 480 25
Vout = A (1 mV) Vout = 480 (0.001 V) Vout = 0.48 Volt Example 17.15:
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If a differential input signal of 1 mV is applied to the differential amplifier shown in figure 17.30 (a), calculate the output voltage. Neglect VBE and take re = 25 mV/IE. Solution: +12 V
+12 V
12 k
12 k 12 k Vout Equivalent Model B C Q2 IC Q1 Q2 IC 6k Vout C 12 k Equivalent Model B
+ Q1 1 mV
-12 V Figure 17.30 (a)

IDEAL APPROXIMATION
6 k
-12 V Figure 17.30 (b)
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+12 V
12 k Equivalent Model B C Vout +
IC
Q1
Q2
0V
6 k
-12 V Figure 17.30 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-12) IT = re 6 k 12 IT = A 6 k re
IE 25 mV 25 1 mA RC 2re 12 k 240 50
Vout = A (V1 V2) Vout = A (1 mV) Vout = 240 (0.001 V) Vout = 0.24 Volt Example 17.16:
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A differential input signal of 1 mV is applied to the differential amplifier of figure 17.31 (a) when used in double ended output modes. Calculate the approximate value of output voltage. Neglect VBE and take re = 25 mV/IE. Solution: +12 V
+12 V
12 k Vout + Q1 +
12 k 12 k Equivalent Model B Q2 IC Q1 Q2 IC 6k C Vout C 12 k Equivalent Model B
1 mV
-12 V Figure 17.30 (a)

IDEAL APPROXIMATION
6 k
-12 V Figure 17.30 (b)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE
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+12 V VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = 12 k Equivalent Model B C Vout + C 12 k Equivalent Model B IT IE = IC Q1 Q2 IC Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V 25 mV re -12 V Figure 17.30 (c) According to ohms Law re 0 (-12) IT = 6 k A 12 IT = 6 k re 25 1 mA RC 12 k 480 25 mV 25 IE 2 2 2 mA 1 mA IE = 2RE RE VEE
0V
6 k
Vout = A (1 mV) Vout = 480 (0.001 V) Vout = 0.48 Volt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Example 17.17:
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Example 17.18:
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Calculate the single ended and differential gain of the differential amplifier shown in figure 17.32 (a). Use re = 25 mV/IE. Solution:
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
+12 V
For the differential amplifier shown in figure 17.33 (a), voltage gain of each stage is 200, Vi1 = 30 mV and Vi2 = 20 mV. Find the voltages between (i) T3 and ground, (ii) T4 and ground, (iii) T3 and T4. Solution: +12 V
IC1 RC1 = 10 k T3 T1 Q1 Q2 T4 T2 T1 Q1 Q2 RC2 = 10 k RC1 = 10 k T3 T4
IC2 RC2 = 10 k
T2
0.5 mA
0.5 mA 1 mA
0.5 mA
0.5 mA 1 mA
Figure 17.32 (a) Hence, single ended voltage gain is 25 mV re IE 25 mV re 0.5 mA RC A re 50 10 k 200 RC1 = RC2 = RC 50
Figure 17.33 (a) V0 (T3) = A1 Vi1 V0 (T3) = 200 (30 mV) = 6 V V0 (T4) = A2 Vi2 V0 (T4) = 200 (20 mV) = 4 V V0 (T3 T4) = A (Vi1 Vi2) V0 (T3 T4) = A (Vi1 Vi2) V0 (T3 T4) = 200 (30 mV 20 mV) V0 (T3 T4) = 2 V Because Vi1 > Vi2; IC1RC1 > IC2RC2, hence, T4 will be positive with respect to T3. Hint: Vout = VCC - ICRC Differential input differential output
PROBLEMS DC ANALYSIS OF A DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Hence, each stage has a voltage gain of 200. If we consider differential gain, its value is twice that is 2 200 = 400.
Q#17.1: What are the ideal currents and voltages in figure 17.34 (a)?
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Solution:
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+12 V
180 k
180 k 180 k 180 k Equivalent Model C C B
C B Q1 E IE IE 270 k Q2
C B B
Equivalent Model
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
E 2IE -12 V Figure 17.34 (a) 270 k
-12 V Figure 17.34 (b)
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RE VEE RE VEE 2RE
IC
Q1
Q2 IC IE = IT 0V 2
44.445 A 0.022 mA 2
0V E 0V tail current 270 k E
-12 V Figure 17.34 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 12 V 44.445 A 270 k
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 12 (0.022 mA)(180 k) VC = 12 (0.022 10-3)(180 10+3) VC = 12 3.96 10-3+3 VC = 12 3.96 100 VC = 12 3.96 VC = 8.04 Volts Q#17.2: Repeat problem 17.1 using the second approximation. Solution:
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+12 V
180 k
180 k
C B Q1 E IE IE 270 k 2IE -12 V Q2
C B Equivalent Model E B C
180 k
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
Figure 17.35 (a)
270 k
-12 V Figure 17.35 (b)
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IC 0.7 V 0V E
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V -0.7 V tail current 270 k E IT IE = 2
41.852 A 0.021 mA 2
-12 V Figure 17.35 (c) According to ohms Law -0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A or negligible IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC
VEE 0.7 IT = RE
12 V 0.7 V 41.852 A 270 k VC = 12 (0.021 mA)(180 k) VC = 12 (0.021 10-3)(180 10+3) VC = 12 3.78 10-3+3 VC = 12 3.78 100 VC = 12 3.78 1 VC = 8.22 Volts Q#17.3: What are the ideal currents and voltages in figure 17.36 (a)? Solution:
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+15 V
200 k Vout C B Q1 E IE IE 200 k 2IE -15 V Figure 17.36 (a) 200 k E Q2 E IC Q1 Q2 IC C Equivalent Model B B C Vout C B Equivalent Model 200 k
-15 V Figure 17.36 (b)
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+ 200 k Equivalent Model Vout B C C B IE = IC 2IE = Equivalent Model
RE VEE RE VEE 2RE
IC
Q1
Q2 IC IE = IT 0V 2
75 A 0.037 mA 2
-15 V Figure 17.36 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 15 V 75 A 200 k
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.037 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0.037 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 7.4 10-3+3 VC = 15 7.4 100 VC = 15 7.4 VC = 7.6 Volts Q#17.4: Repeat problem 17.3 using the second approximation. Solution:
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+15 V
200 k Vout C B Q1 E IE IE 200 k 2IE -15 V Figure 17.37 (a) E E IC Q1 Q2 IC Q2 E B C B Equivalent Model C C Equivalent Model B 200 k
200 k
-15 V Figure 17.37 (b)
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+ 200 k Equivalent Model VC B C C B IE = IC 2IE = Equivalent Model
IC 0.7 V 0V E
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V -0.7 V tail current 200 k E IT IE = 2
71.5 A 0.036 mA 2
-15 V Figure 17.37 (c) According to ohms Law -0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A or negligible IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC
VEE 0.7 IT = RE
15 V 0.7 V 71.5 A 200 k VC = 15 (0.036 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0.036 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 7.2 10-3+3 VC = 15 7.2 100 VC = 15 7.2 1 VC = 7.8 Volts
AC ANALYSIS OF A DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
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Q#17.5: In figure 17.38 (a), what is the ac output voltage? If = 275, what is the input impedance of the differential amplifier? Use the ideal approximation to get the tail current. Solution: +20 V
+20 V
47 k 47 k Vout Q1 Q2 IC Q1 47 k Equivalent Model + B C -
47 k + C Equivalent Model B
Q2 IC
2.5 mV E 68 k 68 k Figure 17.38 (a)

IDEAL APPROXIMATION
0V
-20 V -20 V
Figure 17.38 (b) According to ohms Law 0 (-20) IT = 68 k 20 IT = 68 k
IT = 0.295 mA
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re 47 k 47 k
RE ic ib ic ib RE re 2.5 mV re ie re ie RE >> re RE re RE = re 68 k RE + re 17.38 (d)
17.38 (c)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 0.295 mA 0.147 mA
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47 k
47 k
ic ib
2.5 mV
re ie
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV re = IE 25 mV re = 0.147 mA re re = 170.068 Voltage gain of non-inverting input and differential output
17.38 (e) Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE
Vout V1
RC re
47 k 276.36 170.068
The ac output voltage is: Vout = 276.36 (V1) Vout = 276.36 (2.5 mV) Vout = 691 mV Input impedance of non-inverting input and differential output Zin = 2re
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Zin = 2(275) (170.068 )
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+20 V Zin = 93.537 k Q#17.6: In figure 17.39 (a), what is the ac output voltage? If = 275, what is the input impedance of the differential amplifier? Use the second approximation to get the tail current. Solution: +20 V Equivalent Model VC B 47 k Vout Q1 Q2 47 k + 0V E -0.7 V tail current 68 k -20 V Figure 17.39 (a)
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
+ 47 k 47 k C C IC Equivalent Model B
IC 0.7 V
Q1
Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V E
2.5 mV
68 k
-20 V According to ohms Law -0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE 0.7 IT = RE 68 k 20 0.7 0.284 mA
Figure 17.39 (b)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 -0.7 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IE = RE VEE 0.7 IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 0.284 mA 0.142 mA
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47 k
47 k
ic ib
ic ib
2.5 mV
re ie
re ie
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV re = IE 25 mV re = 0.142 mA re = 176.057 Voltage gain of Non-inverting input and differential output Vout V1 RC re 47 k 267 176.057
68 k
17.39 (c)
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re 47 k 47 k
RE ic 17.39 (d) RE re RE + re RE >> re RE re RE = re re 2.5 mV re ie ib
17.39 (e) The ac output voltage is: Vout = 267 (V1) Vout = 267 (2.5 mV) Vout = 667.5 mV Input impedance of non-inverting input and differential output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(275) (176.057 ) Zin = 96.831 k
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Q#17.7: Repeat problem 17.40 by grounding the non-inverting input and using an input of V2 = 1 mV. Solution: +20 V
47 k VC1 Vout
47 k + VC2 Equivalent Model 47 k 47 k Equivalent Model C C B
Q1
Q2
one stage
IC 68 k V2 = 1 mV
Q1
Q2 IC
E -20 V Figure 17.40 (a) 68 k
-20 V Figure 17.40 (b)
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RE VEE RE VEE 2RE
IC
Q1
Q2 IC IE = IT 0V 2 0.295 mA 0.147 mA 2
-20 V Figure 17.40 (c) According to ohms Law
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV re = IE 25 mV re =
0 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 20 V 0.295 mA 68 k
0.147 mA re = 170.068 Voltage gain of non-inverting input and differential output 47 k 276.36 V2 re 170.068
Vout
RC
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 The ac output voltage is: Vout = 276.36 (-V2) Vout = 276.36 (-1 mV) Vout = -276.36 mV Input impedance of non-inverting input and differential output Zin = 2re Zin = 2(275) (170.068 )
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+18 V
51 k VC1 Vout
51 k + VC2
Zin = 93.537 k
SECTION 17.4 INPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OP-AMP
10 k Q1
Q2
one stage
Q#17.8: The differential amplifier of Figure 17.41 (a) has A = 360, Iin(bias) = 600 nA, Iin(off) = 100 nA, Vin(off) = 1 mV. What is the output error voltage? Solution:
5 mV 51 k
-18 V Figure 17.41 (a)
V1error = (RB1 RB2) Iin(bias) Here RB1 = 10 k V1error = (10 k 0)(600 nA) V1error = (10 10+3)(600 10-9) V1error = 6000 103-9 V1error = 6000 10-6 V1error = 6 mV V2error = 0.5 (RB1 + RB2)Iin(off) V2error = 0.5 (10 k + 0)(100 nA) V2error = 0.5 (10 10+3)(100 10-9) V2error = 500 103-9 V2error = 500 10-6 V2error = 0.5 mV V3error = Vin (off)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V1error = (10 10+3)(1 10-6) V1error = 10 103-6 V1error = 10 10-3 V1error = 10 mV
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V3error = 1 mV The output error voltage is Verror = 360 (V1error + V2error + V3error) Verror = 360 (6 mV + 0.5 mV + 1 mV) Verror = 360 (7.5 mV) Verror = 2700 mV Q#17.9: The differential amplifier of Figure 17.42 (a) has A = 250, Iin(bias) = 1 A, Iin(off) = 200 nA, Vin(off) = 5 mV. What is the output error voltage? Solution:
V2error = 0.5 (RB1 + RB2)Iin(off) V2error = 0.5 (10 k + 0)(200 nA) V2error = 0.5 (10 10+3)(200 10-9) V2error = 1000 103-9 V2error = 1000 10-6 V2error = 1 mV V3error = Vin (off) V3error = 5 mV
+18 V The output error voltage is Verror = 250 (V1error + V2error + V3error) Verror = 250 (10 mV + 1 mV + 5 mV) Verror = 250 (16 mV) VC2 Verror = 4000 mV SECTION 17.5: Q1 Q2 one stage
COMMON-MODE GAIN
51 k VC1 10 k Vout
51 k +
5 mV 51 k
Q#17.10: What is the common mode voltage gain of figure 17.42 (a)? If a common mode voltage of 20 V exists on both bases, what is the common-mode output voltage? Solution:
-18 V Figure 17.41 (a)
V1error = (RB1 RB2) Iin(bias) Here RB1 = 10 k V1error = (10 k 0)(1 A)
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500 k
500 k Vout
Vout + Q1 20 V 500 k -15 V Figure 17.42 (a) VOLTAGE GAIN a.c. equivalent circuit 1000 k 1000 k 20 V re ie Q2 ic ib ic ib
re ie 20 V
17.42 (b) AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop Vin(CM) = iere + 2ieRE Vin(CM) = ie(re + 2RE) AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = icRC i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout = ieRC Dividing Vout by Vin(CM) gives voltage gain:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout Vin(CM) Vout Vin(CM) ieRC ie(re + 2RE) RC re + 2RE 500 k 0.5 Vin(CM) 2RE 1000 k
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500 k Vout
Vout
RC
ic Vout = ACMVin(CM) Vout = 0.5(20 V) Vout = 0.01 mV Q#17.11: In Figure 17.43 (a), Vin = 2 mV and Vin(CM) = 5 mV. What is the ac output voltage? Solution: +15 V 1000 k 500 k 5 mV re ie ib
ic ib
re ie 5 mV
1000 k
17.43 (b) Vout + Q1 Q2 AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop Vin(CM) = iere + 2ieRE Vin(CM) = ie(re + 2RE) 5 mV 500 k -15 V Figure 17.43 (a) VOLTAGE GAIN a.c. equivalent circuit AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = icRC i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout = ieRC Dividing Vout by Vin(CM) gives voltage gain:
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Vout Vin(CM) Vout Vin(CM) ieRC ie(re + 2RE) RC re + 2RE 500 k 0.5 Vin(CM) 2RE 1000 k
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500 k Vout
Vout
RC
ic Vout = ACMVin(CM) Vout = 0.5(5 mV) Vout = 2.5 mV +15 V 2 mV re ie ib
ic ib
re ie
500 k 1000 k Vout + Q1 Q2 1000 k
2 mV 500 k -15 V Figure 17.44 (a) VOLTAGE GAIN a.c. equivalent circuit AC Input Voltage According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop Vin = 2iere + 4ieRE Vin = 2ie(re + 2RE) AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = icRC i e = ib + ic 17.44 (b)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout = ieRC Dividing Vout by Vin(CM) gives voltage gain: ieRC Vout Vin Vout Vin 2ie(re + 2RE) 0.5 RC re + 2RE 0.25 (500 k) 0.25 Vin RE 500 k
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 The common-mode output is = 158.115 V
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Q#17.13: If the supply voltages are reduced to +10 V and -10 V, what is the common mode rejection ratio of figure 17.45 (a)? Express the answer in decibels. Solution: +10 V
500 k
Vout
0.25 RC
Vout + Q1 Q2
Vout = AVin Vout = 0.25(2 mV) 2 mV Vout = 0.5 mV 500 k Q#17.12: A 741C is an op amp with A = 100,000 and a minimum CMRRdB = 70 dB. What is the common mode voltage gain? If a desired and common mode signal each has a value of 5 V, what is the output voltage? Solution: CMRRdB = 20 Log CMRR = 70 dB CMRR = antilog (3.5) = 3162.278 A ACM CMRR 100,000 ACM 3162.278 ACM = 31.623 The desired output component is = A (Vin) The desired output component is = 100,000 (5 V) The desired output component is = 0.5 V The common-mode output is = ACM (Vin) The common-mode output is = 31.623 (5 V) -10 V Figure 17.45 (a) A CMRR ACM 0.5 0.25
CMRR = 0.5 CMRRdB = 20 Log CMRR CMRRdB = 20 Log (0.5) CMRRdB = -6.02 dB Q#17.14: The data sheet of an op amp gives A = 150,000 and CMRR = 85 dB. What is the common mode voltage gain? Solution: CMRRdB = 20 Log CMRR = 85 dB CMRR = antilog (4.25) = 17782.794
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A ACM CMRR 150,000 ACM 17782.794 ACM = 8.435
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IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+18 V
SECTION 17.8 THE LOADED DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER Q#17.15: A load resistance of 27 k is connected across the differential output of figure 17.46 (a). What is the load voltage? Solution: Equivalent Model 10 k B C
51 k
51 k Equivalent Model RL = 27 k C B
+18 V
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
E 51 k VC1 10 k Q1 Q2 one stage -18 V 51 k VC2 51 k - 27 k +
Figure 17.46 (b)
5 mV 51 k
-18 V Figure 17.46 (a)
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+18 V
51 k Equivalent Model 10 k B C RL = 27 k Q1
VEE 2IE = RE VEE C B IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 0.353 mA 0.176 mA
s.c. IC
Q2 IC
s.c.
51 k
-18 V Figure 17.46 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-18) IT = 51 k
re IE 25 mV re 0.176 mA RC 51 k 359.041 re 142.045 (unloaded voltage gain) 142.045
18 IT = 51 k
The thevenin or unloaded output voltage is: VTH = AV1 VTH = 359.041 (0.005) = 1.795 Volt
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51 k RTH
51 k
51 k RTH
51 k
10 k
ic ib
ic 10 k ib s.c. ie re ie ic ib
ic
ib
5 mV
re ie
re
re ie
s.c.
51 k
51 k
17.46 (e) 17.46 (d)
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+18 V
51 k RTH
51 k
51 k VC1 17.46 (f) -
51 k + VC2
RTH = 51 k + 51 k RTH = 102 k RTH = 102 k
10 k Q1 Q2 one stage
5 mV 1.795 V RL = 27 k 51 k
17.46 (g) According to voltage divider rule: RL VL = RL + RTH 27 k VL = 27 k + 102 k VL = 0.376 Volt Q#17.16: What is the load current in figure 17.47 (a) if an ammeter is across the output? Solution: 1.795 V 1.795 V
-18 V Figure 17.47 (a)
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+18 V +18 V
51 k Equivalent Model 10 k B C
51 k Equivalent Model Equivalent Model C B s.c. IC IC E 10 k B C
51 k
IC
Q1
Q2
Q1
Q2 IC
s.c.
E 51 k
51 k -18 V -18 V Figure 17.47 (b) According to ohms Law 0 (-18) IT = 51 k 18 IT = 51 k
Figure 17.47 (c)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 0.353 mA 0.176 mA
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51 k RTH
51 k
10 k
ic ib
ic ib
5 mV Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V 25 mV re IE 25 mV re 0.176 mA RC A re 142.045 51 k 359.041 (unloaded voltage gain) 142.045
re ie
re ie
51 k
17.47 (d)
The thevenin or unloaded output voltage is: VTH = AV1 VTH = 359.041 (0.005) = 1.795 Volt
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51 k RTH
51 k
51 k RTH
51 k
17.47 (f) RTH = 51 k + 51 k 10 k ic ib ic RTH = 102 k RTH = 102 k ib Ammeter s.c. re ie re ie 17.47 (g) According to ohms Law: 1.795 V IL = 102 k 1.795 V s.c.
51 k
IL = 0.017 mA TROUBLESHOOTING 17.47 (e) Q#17.17: Somebody builds the differential amplifier of figure 17.48 (a) without a ground on the inverting input. What does the output voltage equal? Based on your preceding answer, what does any differential amplifier or operational amplifier need to work properly? Solution:
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IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+20 V +20 V
47 k Vout Q1
47 k + Equivalent Model Q2 B C 47 k 47 k + C Equivalent Model B
2.5 mV 68 k
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
E -20 V Figure 17.48 (a) +20 V
0V
68 k
-20 V Figure 17.48 (c) 47 k Vout Q1 2.5 mV IT = 0.295 mA 68 k Q2 IT = 47 k + According to ohms Law 0 (-20) IT = 68 k 20 68 k
-20 V Figure 17.48 (b)
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Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction 47 k 47 k 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = ic ib ic ib 2IE = RE VEE IE = ie IE = 2 2 2RE IT 0.295 mA 0.147 mA RE VEE
2.5 mV
re ie
re
68 k
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 17.48 (d) 25 mV re = IE 25 mV re = 0.147 mA re = 170.068 Voltage gain of non-inverting input and differential output AC Input Voltage
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 According to KVL Sum of all the voltage rise = sum of all the voltage drop V1 = iere + ieRE V1 = ie(re + RE) B/C RE >> re V1 = ieRE AC Output Voltage According to ohms Law: Vout = icRC i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout = ieRC Dividing Vout by Vin gives voltage gain: Vout Vin Vout Vin ieRC ieRE RC RE 47 k 0.691 Vin RE 68 k
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IDEAL APPROXIMATION
+15 V
20 k Vout C B Q1 E IE IE 200 k 2IE -15 V Figure 17.49 (a) Q2 E C B
Vout
RC
The ac output voltage is: Vout = 0.691 (V1) Vout = 0.691 (2.5 mV) Vout = 1.727 mV Should be properly biased. Q#17.18: In figure 17.49 (a), 20 k is mistakenly used for the upper 200 k. What does the output voltage equal? Solution:
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+15 V
+15 V
+ 20 k Equivalent Model Vout B C C B B C Equivalent Model Equivalent Model Vout C B 20 k IC Equivalent Model
IC
Q1
Q2 IC 0V
IC
Q1
Q2 IC 0V
0V tail current
200 k
200 k
-15 V Figure 17.49 (b) According to ohms Law 0 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 15 V 75 A 200 k
-15 V Figure 17.49 (c)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 (a) Upper 200 k shorted
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0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE 200 k VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 75 A 0.037 mA 200 k 2IE -15 V Figure 17.50 (a) E IE IE E B Q1 Q2 C C B Vout short circuit +15 V
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.037 mA)(20 k) VC = 15 (0.037 10-3)(20 10+3) VC = 15 0.74 10-3+3 VC = 15 0.74 100 VC = 15 0.74 VC = 14.26 Volts = output voltage Q#17.19: In figure 17.50 (a), Vout is almost zero. The input bias current is 80 nA. Which of the following is the trouble? Solution:
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+15 V
+15 V
IC Equivalent Model Vout B C C B B C Equivalent Model Equivalent Model Vout C B Equivalent Model
IC
Q1
Q2 IC 0V
IC
Q1
Q2 IC 0V
0V tail current
200 k
200 k
-15 V Figure 17.50 (b) According to ohms Law 0 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE IT = RE 15 V 75 A 200 k
-15 V Figure 17.50 (c)
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0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE
+15 V
200 k Vout
VEE 2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 75 A 0.037 mA B
C B Q1 Q2 E IE IE
-15 V Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is NO VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.037 mA)(0 k) VC = 15 (0.037 10-3)(0 10+3) VC = 15 Volts NO (b) Lower 200 k opens Hence proved. (c) Left base open Hence proved. Figure 17.51 (a) IE = IC = 0 mA B/C IT = 0 mA
The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 Volts
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+15 V
200 k Vout C B Q1 E IE IE 200 k 2IE -15 V Figure 17.52 (a) E Q2 E IC Q1 C Equivalent Model B B C
200 k
Equivalent Model Vout C B
Q2 IC
200 k
-15 V Figure 17.52 (b)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE
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200 k
IC 2IE = Equivalent Model Vout B C C B IE = Equivalent Model
VEE RE VEE 2RE
IC
Q1
Q2 IC IE = IT 0V 2
75 A 0.037 mA 2
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.037 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0.037 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 7.6 Volts
NO (d)
Hence proved. Both inputs shorted together
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+15 V
+15 V
200 k Vout C B Q1 E IE IE 200 k 2IE -15 V Figure 17.53 (a) IC Q1 Q2 B E C C B Equivalent Model
200 k
Equivalent Model Vout C B
Q2 IC
0V
200 k
-15 V
Figure 17.53 (b)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 VEE
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+15 V
2IE = RE VEE IE = 2RE IT IC IE = 2 2 0 A 0 mA
200 k
Equivalent Model Vout B C C
Equivalent Model B Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 Volts Critical thinking Q#17.20: In Figure 17.54 (a), the transistors are identical with dc = 200. What is the output voltage? Solution:
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
0V tail current 200 k
-15 V Figure 17.53 (c) IT = 0 A Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction 0 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 2IC = RE
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+15 V
-15 V Figure 17.54 (b)
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RE VEE RE VEE 2RE
IC
Q1
Q2 IC IE = IT 0V 2
75 A 0.037 mA 2
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.037 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0.037 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 7.4 10-3+3 VC = 15 7.4 100 VC = 15 7.4 VC = 7.6 Volts Q#17.21: What are base voltages in Figure 17.55 (a), if each transistor has dc = 300? Solution:
IDEAL APPROXIMATION
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+15 V
-15 V Figure 17.55 (b)
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RE VEE RE VEE 2RE
IC
Q1
Q2 IC IE = IT 0V 2
75 A 0.037 mA 2
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.037 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0.037 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 7.4 10-3+3 VC = 15 7.4 100 VC = 15 7.4 VC = 7.6 Volts Base voltage = 0 V.
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Figure 17.56 (b) shows the ideal approximation of a transistor. B dcIB C
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Q#17.22: In Figure 17.56 (a), transistors Q3 and Q5 are connected to act like compensating diodes for Q4 and Q6. What is the tail current? The current through the active load? Solution: +15 V
Ideal Q5
E Figure 17.56 (b)
Q6
V1 Q1 15 k Q2
V2
Q4
Q3
-15 V Figure 17.56 (a)
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+15 V
+15 V
Q6
Q6
V1 Q1 15 k Q2
V2
V1 Q1 15 k Q2
V2
Q4
Q4
-15 V Figure 17.56 (c) The current through the compensating diode is: 15 V (-15 V) - VBE IR R Here VBE = 0 V R = 15 k
-15 V Figure 17.56 (d)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 IR = 2 mA
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+15 V
Because of the current mirror, the tail current has the same value. Q#17.23: The 15 k of figure 17.57 (a), is changed to get a tail current of 15 A. What is the new value of resistance? Solution: +15 V Q6 Q5
Q6
V1 Q1 15 k Q2
V2
V1 Q1 15 k Q2
V2
Q4
Q4 -15 V Q3 Figure 17.57 (b)
-15 V Figure 17.57 (a)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 15 A 15 V (-15 V) - VBE R 15 V (-15 V) 0 V R 15 A R = 2 M
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+15 V
Q6
Q#17.24: At room temperature, the output voltage of figure 17.58 has a value of 7.5 V. As the temperature increases, the VBE of each emitter diode decreases. If the left VBE decreases 2 mV per degree and the right VBE decreases 2.1 mV per degree, what is the output voltage at 750C? Solution: V2 +15 V
V1 Q1 15 k Q2
200 k B Q4 B Q1 E IE E -15 V Figure 17.57 (c) The current through the compensating diode is: 15 V (-15 V) - VBE IR R Here VBE = 0 V IR = 15 A IE 200 k 2IE -15 V Figure 17.58 (a) Q2 E C Vout C B
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+15 V
+ 200 k Equivalent Model Equivalent Model B C C Equivalent Model B B IC IC Q1 Q2 IC 0V E E E -0.7 V tail current 200 k 200 k E 0.7 V Q1 Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V C VC C B 200 k IC Equivalent Model
-15 V Figure 17.58 (b) According to ohms Law -0.7 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE 0.7 IT = RE 15 V 0.7 V
-15 V Figure 17.58 (c)
71.5 A 200 k
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 -0.7 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IC = RE VEE 0.7 2IE = RE
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Left VBE after 750C = 0.6 V Right VBE decreases 2.1 mV per degree Right VBE after 750C = 0.6 V +15 V
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+ VEE 0.7 IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 IC 0.6 V 0V E -0.6 V tail current 200 k E Q1 Q2 IC 0.6 V 0V 71.5 A 0.036 mA B Equivalent Model VC C C B Equivalent Model 200 k IC
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.7 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.7 V) VBE = 0.7 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A or negligible IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.036 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0.036 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 7.2 10-3+3 VC = 15 7.2 100 VC = 15 7.2 1 VC = 7.8 Volts At room temperature Left VBE decreases 2 mV per degree
-15 V Figure 17.58 (d) According to ohms Law -0.6 (-VEE) IT = RE VEE 0.6 IT = RE 15 V 0.6 V 200 k 72 A
Applying KCL at node labeled -0.6 V According to KCL
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The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction -0.6 (-VEE) IC + IC = RE VEE 0.6 2IC = RE VEE 0.6 2IE = RE VEE 0.6 IE = 2RE IT IE = 2 2 72 A 0.036 mA
Q#17.25: The dc resistance of each signals source in figure 17.59 (a) is zero. What is the re of each transistor? If the ac output voltage is between the collectors, what is the voltage gain? Solution: +15 V
2 k C B Q1 E IE1 IT C 5 k 10 k E IE Vout +
2 k
C B Q2 E IE2
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = 0 V VE = -0.6 V Therefore, VBE = 0 V (-0.6 V) VBE = 0.6 V IE = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A or negligible IE = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (0.036 mA)(200 k) VC = 15 (0.036 10-3)(200 10+3) VC = 15 7.2 10-3+3 VC = 15 7.2 100 VC = 15 7.2 1 VC = 7.8 Volts
2 k
-15 V Figure 17.59 (a) IDEAL APPROXIMATION VBE = 0 V
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2 k C B Q1 E IE1 IT C 5 k 10 k Vout +
2 k
2 k C B B Q1 E E IE1 IT C 5 k 10 k C Vout +
2 k
C B Q2 E IE2
Q2 IE2
short circuit
E 2 k
E 2 k
-15 V Figure 17.59 (b) Parallel combination 2 k 10 k 2k + 10 k 1.667 k
-15 V Figure 17.59 (c)
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 -11.249 V (-15 V) IE 1.667 k IE 2.250 mA
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2 k C B Q1 E IE1 IT Vout +
2 k
IE IC IT C B IE1 = IE2 = IE IT IE 2 E 2 2.250 mA 1.125 mA
Q2 IE2
Now, we can calculate the ac emitter resistance 25 mV re = IE 25 mV
C 5 k
re = 1.125 mA re = 22.223 E IE 1.667 k Voltage gain of differential input differential output RC A re 22.223 2 k 89.997
-15 V Figure 17.59 (d) 5k VE VE VB 5 k + 1.667 k -11.249 V -15 V
Q#17.26: If the transistors are identical in figure 17.60 (a), what is the tail current? The voltage between the left collector and ground? Between the right collector and ground? Solution:
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5 k 20 k C B Q1 E 10 k Vout +
5 k 20 k C B Q2
20 k
20 k
5 k Equivalent Model B C Vout
IE1 5 k IT
IE2
E 10 k IC Q1 Q2 IC
E Figure 17.60 (a) According to Voltage divider rule: 10 k VB 10 k + 20 k VB 10 Volts 30 V 10 k 5 k
10 k
Figure 17.60 (b)
Using ideal approximation
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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 10 V 2IC = 5k
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20 k
20 k
2IE = 2 mA IE = 1 mA
5 k Equivalent Model B C Vout
IC
Q1
Q2 IC
Hint: VBE = VB - VE Here VB = VE = 0 Therefore, VBE = 0 V I E = IB + IC Here IB = 0 A (VBE = 0 V) I E = IC The dc collector voltage on either side is VC = VCC - ICRC VC = 15 (1 mA)(5 k) VC = 15 (1 10-3)(5 10+3) VC = 15 5 10-3+3 VC = 15 5 100 VC = 15 5 VC = 10 Volts between the Left collector and ground Between the right collector and ground
10 V IT
10 k
5 k
10 k
Figure 17.60 (c) According to ohms Law 10 0 V IT = 5k IT = 2 mA IT = tail current Applying KCL at node labeled 0 V According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction 10 V 0 V IC + IC = 5k Q#17.27: In figure 17.61 (a), predict the response of each dependent variable. Solution:
Up-Down Circuit Analysis
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+15 V +15 V RE = 1 M RE = 1 M
+VB1 +
+VB2
RB1 = 100 k
RC = 1 M
Vout +VB1 +VB2
Vin
-15 V RB1 = 100 k RB2 = 100 k Vin RC = 1 M Vout
Figure 17.61 (a) Using ideal approximation -15 V
RB2 = 100 k
Figure 17.61 (b)
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+15 V RE = 1 M
+15 V RE = 1 M
+VB1
+VB2
+VB1
+VB2
RB1 = 100 k Vin RC = 1 M
Vout
RB1 = 100 k -
-15 V
RB2 = 100 k
RB2 = 100 k
Figure 17.61 (c)
Figure 17.61 (d)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Series combination According to Voltage divider rule: RB1 VB1 RB1 + RE 100 k VB1 100 k + 100 k 15 V 15 V
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+15 V RE = 1 M IT IE1 IE2
VB1
7.5 Volts
According to Voltage divider rule: +VB1 = 7.5 V 100 k VB2 100 k + 100 k 15 V +VB2 = 7.5 V
VB2
7.5 Volts
RB1 = 100 k Vin RC = 1 M
Vout
-15 V
RB2 = 100 k
Figure 17.61 (e)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 RE = VB1 100 k IT According to ohms Law +15 V VB1 IT 100 k +15 V 7.5 V IT 100 k IT 0.075 mA
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+15 V
IE1 = IE2 = IE IT IE 2 0.075 mA IE 2 IE 0.037 mA
IE IC Vout = VCC - ICRC Vout = 15 V (0.037 mA)(100 k) Vout = 15 V (0.037 10-3)(100 10+3) Vout = 15 V 3.7 10-3+3 Vout = 15 V 3.7 100 Vout = 15 V 3.7 Vout = 11.3 V From Figure 17.61 (a) Vin = VB1 VB2 Vin = 7.5 V 7.5 V Vin = 0 V

Analysis of Differential Amplifiers by Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) )

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Analysis of Differential Amplifiers by Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) )

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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Analysis of Differential Amplifier

-VEE Figure 17.1 (a)

-VEE Figure 17.1 (b)

-VEE Figure 17.3 (b)

-VEE Figure 17.4 (a)

E Figure 17.5 (b)

Figure 17.5 (f)

-VEE Figure 17.5 (i)

C B Q1 E IE IE 7.5 k 2IE -15 V Q2

Ideal Reverse biased Forward biased Figure 17.6 (b)

+ 5 k Equivalent Model VC B C C B IE = 5 k IC 2IE = Equivalent Model

RE VEE RE VEE 2RE

0V E 0V tail current 7.5 k E

-15 V Figure 17.6 (c) According to ohms Law 0 (-15) IT =

C B Q1 E IE IE 7.5 k 2IE -15 V Q2

C RC B Equivalent Model E B C C Equivalent Model B RC

Figure 17.6 (a)

-VEE Figure 17.7 (a) Equivalent circuit for second approximation

0.7 V Reverse biased

0.7 V Forward biased Figure 17.7 (b)

+ RC Equivalent Model VC B C C B IE = RC IC 2IE = Equivalent Model

RE VEE 0.7 RE VEE 0.7 2RE

+ 3 k Equivalent Model VC B C C B IC Equivalent Model

0V E -0.7 V tail current 5 k E

Vout Q1 Q2 one stage

-VEE Figure 17.8 (a)

ib RC Vout re ie 17.8 (b) AC Equivalent circuit ib ib ic ic

ic 17.8 (d) RE re RE + re V1 RE >> re RE re RE = re Simplified Equivalent Circuit ie re re ie

-VEE Figure 17.9 (a)

i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout V1 2icRC 2icre RC re

Voltage gain of inverting input and differential output V1 re ie +VCC

-VEE Figure 18.9 (a)

ic re ib ie 18.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit re ie

i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout V2 Vout V2 2icRC 2icre RC re

re ie 18.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit +VCC

Voltage gain of differential input and differential output

-VEE Figure 19.1 (a)

re V1 ie RC VC1 Vout RE ic ib ic ib I1 2ie + VC2 RC

RC VC1 Vout + VC2

i e = ib + ic Here ib = 0 A or negligible i e = ic Vout V1 - V2 Vout V1 - V2 2icRC 2icre

Input impedance of a differential amplifier

RC VC1 Vout ic ib ic ib RE re RE + re re ie re ie V2 RE re RE = re RE Simplified Equivalent Circuit RE >> re 19.9 (d) + VC2 RE

-VEE Figure 20.9 (a)

ic RC VC1 ib Vout ic ib + VC2 RC

ic re ib ie 20.9 (b) AC Equivalent circuit V1 re ie

20.9 (c) AC Input Voltage

Input Impedance of Noninverting input and differential output

Vin Zin ib RC VC2

Input Impedance of Noninverting input and single ended output

ib RC Vout re ie 22.8 (b) AC Equivalent circuit ib ib ic ic

ic 22.8 (d) RE re RE + re V1 RE >> re RE re RE = re Simplified Equivalent Circuit ie re re ie

-15 V Figure 17.11 (a)

DC Analysis Ideal Approximation:

+ 5 k Equivalent Model B C C 5 k Equivalent Model B B Equivalent Model VC C C B 5 k 5 k IC Equivalent Model

-15 V Figure 17.11 (c)

-15V Figure 17.11 (d)

The ac output voltage is:

Q2 IC 0.7 V 0V -0.7 V tail current 7.5 k E IT IE = 2 2 1.907 mA 0.953 mA

-15 V Figure 17.11 (e) According to ohms Law

5 k VC1 Vout Q1 SECOND 1.907 mA 0.953 mA 26.233 190.6 190.6 mV 15.74 k