Chapter 9 Miscellaneous Problems

C09S0M.001: Given
dy
dx
= 2x + cos x, y(0) = 0:
y(x) = x
2
+ sinx + C;
0 = y(0) = C;
y(x) = x
2
+ sinx.
A Mathematica command for solving this initial value problem is
DSolve[ { y

[x] == 2x + Cos[x], y[0] == 0 }, y[x], x ]

and other computer algebra systems, such as Maple, Derive, and MATLAB, use similar commands.
C09S0M.002: Given
dy
dx
= 3x
1/2
+ x
1/2
, y(1) = 10:
y(x) = 2x
3/2
+ 2x
1/2
+ C;
10 = y(1) = 4 + C;
y(x) = 2x
3/2
+ 2x
1/2
+ 6.
C09S0M.003: Given:
dy
dx
= (y + 1)
2
.
dy
(y + 1)
2
= 1 dx;

1
y + 1
= x + C;
y + 1 =
1
x + C
;
y(x) = 1
1
x + C
.
C09S0M.004: Given:
dy
dx
= (y + 1)
1/2
.
(y + 1)
1/2
dy = 1 dx; 2(y + 1)
1/2
= x + C; y + 1 =
_
x + C
2
_
2
; y(x) = 1 +
_
x + C
2
_
2
.
C09S0M.005: Given:
dy
dx
= 3x
2
y
2
, y(0) = 1.
y
2
dy = 3x
2
dx; (y
1
) = x
3
+ C; y(x) =
1
x
3
+ C
.
But 1 = y(0) =
1
C
, and therefore y(x) =
1
1 x
3
.
C09S0M.006: Given:
dy
dx
= x
1/3
y
1/3
, y(1) = 1.
1
4y
1/3
dy = 4x
1/3
dx; 6y
2/3
= 3x
4/3
+ C; y(x) =
_
3x
4/3
+ C
6
_3/2
.
But 1 = y(1) =
_
3 + C
6
_
3/2
, so C = 3. Therefore y(x) =
_
x
4/3
+ 1
2
_3/2
.
A computer algebra system may return the solution in a quite dierent form. For example, the Mathe-
matica command
DSolve[ { y

[x] == (xy[x])(1/3), y[1] = 1 }, y[x], x ]

returns the particular solution
y(x) =

1 + 3x
4/3
+ 3x
8/3
+ x
4
2

2
.
C09S0M.007: Given: x
2
y
2
dy
dx
= 1.
3y
2
dy = 3x
2
dx; y
3
= 3x
1
+ C; y(x) =
_
C
3
x
_
1/3
.
C09S0M.008: Given: x
1/2
y
1/2
dy
dx
= 1.
3y
1/2
dy = 3x
1/2
dx; 2y
3/2
= 6x
1/2
+ 2C; y(x) =
_
3

x + C
_
2/3
.
C09S0M.009: Given:
dy
dx
= y
2
cos x, y(0) = 1.
y
2
dy = (cos x) dx; (y
1
) = C + sinx; y(x) =
1
C + sinx
.
But 1 = y(0) =
1
C
, so C = 1. Therefore y(x) =
1
1 sinx
.
C09S0M.010: Given:
dy
dx
= y
1/2
sinx, y(0) = 4.
y
1/2
dy = (sinx) dx; 2y
1/2
= C cos x; y(x) =
_
C cos x
2
_
2
.
Then we impose the condition y(0) = 4 on the second of the preceding equations:
2

4 = C cos 0; C 1 = 4; C = 5.
Therefore y(x) =
_
5 cos x
2
_
2
.
C09S0M.011: Given:
dy
dx
=
y
2
(1

x)
x
2
_
1

y
_.
2
1 y
1/2
y
2
dy =
1 x
1/2
x
2
dx;
(y
2
y
3/2
) dy = (x
2
x
3/2
) dx;
1
y

2

y
=
1
x

2

x
+ C.
You should leave the solution in this (implicitly dened) form because its troublesome to solve for y explicitly
as a function of x. Mathematica nds two solutions:
y(x) =
x 2x
3/2
+ 2x
2
+ Cx
2
2

x
3
2x
7/2
+ x
4
+ Cx
4
1 4x
1/2
+ 4x + 2Cx 4Cx
3/2
+ C
2
x
2
.
C09S0M.012: Given:
dy
dx
=
y
1/2
(x + 1)
3
x
1/2
(y + 1)
3
.
(y + 1)
3
y
1/2
dy =
(x + 1)
3
x
1/2
dx;
(y
5/2
+ 3y
3/2
+ 3y
1/2
+ y
1/2
) dy = (x
5/2
+ 3x
3/2
+ 3x
1/2
+ x
1/2
) dx;
2
7
y
7/2
+
6
5
y
5/2
+ 2y
3/2
+ 2y
1/2
=
2
7
x
7/2
+
6
5
x
5/2
+ 2x
3/2
+ 2x
1/2
+ C.
C09S0M.013: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = Cx
3
+ x
3
lnx. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.014: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) =
x
3 Cx xlnx
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.015: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = C exp
_
1 x
x
3
_
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.016: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) =
x
1 + Cx + 2xlnx
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.017: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) =
C + lnx
x
2
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.018: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) = tan
_
C + x +
1
3
x
2
_
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.019: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = (x
3
+ C)e
3x
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.020: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) =
x
2
x
5
+ Cx
2
+ 1
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.021: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) = 2x
3/2
+ Cx
3
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.022: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) =
C + ln(x 1)
x + 1
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.023: The equation is separable, with solution y(x) =
x
1/2
6x
2
+ Cx
1/2
+ 2
. (C.H.E.)
3
C09S0M.024: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) =
x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + C
(x + 1)
2
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.025: Given:
dy
dx
= e
x
+ y; that is,
dy
dx
y = e
x
. (1)
This is a linear dierential equation with integrating factor (x) = e
x
. Multiplication of both sides of the
second equation in (1) by (x) yields
e
x
dy
dx
e
x
y = 1;
e
x
y = x + C;
y(x) = (x + C)e
x
.
C09S0M.026: The equation is linear, with solution y(x) =
e
2x
+ C
x
. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.027: As a separable equation:
1
y + 7
dy = 3x
2
dx; ln(y + 7) = x
3
+ C
1
;
y + 7 = exp
_
x
3
+ C
1
_
= C exp
_
x
3
_
; y(x) = 7 + C exp
_
x
3
_
.
As the linear equation
dy
dx
3x
2
y = 21x
2
:
Integrating factor: (x) = exp
__
(3x
2
) dx
_
= exp
_
x
3
_
.
Thus
y(x) exp
_
x
3
_
=
_
21x
2
exp
_
x
3
_
dx = 7 exp
_
x
3
_
+ C.
Therefore y(x) = 7 + C exp
_
x
3
_
.
C09S0M.028: As a separable equation:
1
y + 1
dy =
2x
x
2
+ 1
dx; ln(y + 1) = C
1
+ ln(x
2
+ 1);
y + 1 = exp
_
C
1
+ ln(x
2
+ 1)
_
= C(x
2
+ 1); y(x) = 1 + C(x
2
+ 1).
In standand linear form
dy
dx

2x
x
2
+ 1
y =
2x
x
2
+ 1
,
the equation has integrating factor
(x) = exp
__

2x
x
2
+ 1
dx
_
=
1
x
2
+ 1
.
4
Hence
1
x
2
+ 1
y =
_
2x
(x
2
+ 1)
2
dx =
1
x
2
+ 1
+ C.
Therefore y(x) = 1 + C(x
2
+ 1) = Ax
2
+ B.
C09S0M.029: First note that
1
x
2
+ 5x + 6
=
1
x + 2

1
x + 3
. So
_
1
x
2
+ 5x + 6
dx =
_
1 dt;
_ _
1
x + 2

1
x + 3
_
dx = t + C
1
;
ln
x + 2
x + 3
= t + C
1
;
x + 2
x + 3
= Ce
t
;
7
8
= Ce
0
= C; 8(x + 2) = 7(x + 3)e
t
;
(8 7e
t
)x = 21e
t
16; x(t) =
21e
t
16
8 7e
t
.
C09S0M.030: First note that
1
2x
2
+ x 15
=
1
11
_
2
2x 5

1
x + 3
_
. Then
1
11
_ _
2
2x 5

1
x + 3
_
dx =
_
1 dt; ln
2x 5
x + 3
= 11t + C
1
;
2x 5
x + 3
= Ce
11t
; C =
15
13
;
2x 5
x + 3
=
15
13
e
11t
; 26x 65 = (15x + 45)e
11t
;
26x 15e
11t
x = 45e
11t
+ 65; x(t) =
45e
11t
+ 65
26 15e
11t
.
C09S0M.031: Let denote the half-life of potassium, so that is approximately 1.28 10
9
. Measure
time t also in years, with t = 0 corresponding to the time when the rock contained only potassium, and with
t = T corresponding to the present. Then at time t = 0, the amount of potassium was Q(0) and no argon
was present. At present, the amount of potassium is Q(T) and the amount of argon is A(T), where A(t) is
the amount of argon in the rock at time t. Now
Q(t) = Q
0
e
(t ln 2)/
, so that A(t) =
1
9
(Q
0
Q(t)) .
We also are given the observation that A(T) = Q(T). Thus
Q
0
Q(t) = 9Q(T), and so Q(T) = (0.1)Q
0
= Q
0
e
(T ln 2)/
.
Therefore
ln10 =
T

ln2 and thus T =

ln10
ln2
(1.28 10
9
) 4.2521 10
9
.
Thus the rock is approximately 4.25 10
9
years old.
5
C09S0M.032: Let T(t) denote the temperature of the buttermilk (in degrees Celsius) at time t (in minutes);
let A denote the temperature on the front porch. Assume that the buttermilk is placed on the porch at time
t = 0. Then Newtons law of cooling takes the form
dT
dt
= k(T A),
but in this special case we have A = 0, so that the temperature undergoes natural decay, much like
radioactive decay. Thus, as in the derivation of Eq. (5), we have T(t) = T
0
e
kt
, although k < 0 in this
problem. We know that T
0
= T(0) = 0, so that T(t) = 25e
kt
; moreover, the information that T(20) = 15
yields
25e
20k
= 15, so that k =
1
20
ln
_
3
5
_
.
Finally, we solve T(t) = 5:
25e
5k
= 5; e
kt
= 5; t =
ln5
k
=
20 ln5
ln
_
3
5
_ 63.01.
Answer: The buttermilk will be at 5

C about 1 hour and 3 minutes after placing it on the porch.

C09S0M.033: First,
dA
dt
= kA, so A(t) = A
0
e
kt
.
3
4
A
0
= A
0
e
k
, so k = ln
4
3
.
Also
1
2
A
0
= A
0
e
kT
where T is the time required for half the sugar to dissolve. So
ln2
k
= T =
ln2
ln(
4
3
)
2.40942 (minutes),
so half of the sugar is dissolved in about 2 minutes and 25 seconds.
C09S0M.034:
dI
dx
= (1.4)I, so I(x) = I
0
e
(1.4)x
.
(a) I(x) =
1
2
I
0
: I
0
e
(1.4)x
=
1
2
I
0
; e
(1.4)x
= 2; x =
ln2
1.4
0.495 (meters).
(b) I(10) = I
0
e
(1.4)(10)
(0.000000832) I
0
; that is, about
1
1202600
I
0
.
(c) I(x) = (0.01)I
0
: As in part (a), x =
ln100
1.4
3.29 (meters).
C09S0M.035: We begin with the equation p(x) = (29.92)e
x/5
.
(a) p
_
10000
5280
_
20.486 (inches); p
_
30000
5280
_
9.604 (inches).
(b) If x is the altitude in question, then we must solve
15 = (29.92)e
x/5
, and thus x = 5 ln
_
29.92
15
_
3.4524 (miles),
6
approximately 18230 feet.
(c) According to Trails Illustrated Topo Map 322 Denali National Park and Preserve (Trails Illus-
trated, Evergreen, CO, 1990, 1993) and other sources, the summit of Mt. McKinley is 20320 ft above sea
level. We evaluate
p
_
20320
5280
_
= (29.92) exp
_
20320
5 5280
_
13.8575
to nd that the atmospheric pressure at the summit is about 13.86 inches of mercury. For an engrossing
story of an ascent of this peak, see Ruth Anne Kocours Facing the Extreme (with Michael Hodgson, New
York: St. Martins Press, 1998).
C09S0M.036: The dierential equation and initial condition are
dA
dt
= kA; A(0) = A
0
= 10S
with time t measured in days. We solve the dierential equation:
1
A

dA
dt
= k;
lnA = kt + C;
A(t) = e
kt+C
= e
C
e
kt
= C
1
e
kt
where C
1
= e
C
is a constant. Next, A(0) = 10S = C
1
, and therefore
A(t) = 10Se
kt
.
To nd k, we use the information that A(100) = 7S:
10Se
100k
= 7S; e
100k
=
10
7
; k =
1
100
ln
10
7
.
To nd when it is safe to return to the contaminated area, we solve A(T) = S:
10Se
kT
= S; e
kT
= 10; T =
1
k
ln10 =
100 ln10
ln
_
10
7
_ 646.
It will be safe to return to the contaminated area 646 days after the accident.
C09S0M.037: The decay constant k satises the equation 140k = ln2, and so k = (ln2)/140. Measuring
radioactivity as a multiple of the safe level 1, it is then P(t) = 5e
kt
with t measured in days. When we
solve P(t) = 1, we nd that t 325.07, so the room should be safe to enter in a little over 325 days.
C09S0M.038: The projected revenues are r(t) = (1.85)e
(0.03)t
and the projected budget is b(t) = 2e
kt
for
some constant k (values of both functions are in billions of dollars; remember that in the U.S., a billion is a
thousand million). To have a balanced budget in seven years, we solve r(7) = b(7):
(1.85)e
0.21
= 2e
7k
; 7k = ln
_
(0.925)e
0.21
_
= 0.21 + ln(0.925); k =
0.21 + ln(0.925)
7
0.01886264.
So the annual budget increase should be approximately 1.886%.
7
C09S0M.039: The characteristic equation
6r
2
19r + 15 = (2r 3)(3r 5) = 0
has the real distinct roots r
1
=
3
2
and r
2
=
5
3
. Hence the general solution of the dierential equation is
y(x) = Ae
3x/2
+ Be
5x/3
, for which
y

(x) =
3
2
Ae
3x/2
+
5
3
Be
5x/3
.
The initial conditions yield
13 = y(0) = A + B and
21 = y

(0) =
3
2
A +
5
3
B,
and it quickly follows that A = 4 and B = 9. Hence y(x) = 4e
3x/2
+ 9e
5x/3
.
C09S0M.040: Alternatives to the manual methods demonstrated in the previous solution include use of a
computer algebra system such as Mathematica 3.0:
Solve[ 50r2 5r 28 == 0, r ]
{{ r
7
10
}, { r
4
5
}}
y[x ] := aExp[ 4x/5 ] + bExp[ 7x/10 ]
Solve[ { y[0] == 25, y

[0] == 10 }, { a, b } ]
{{ a 5 }, { b 20 }}
Therefore the solution of the given initial value problem is y(x) = 5e
4x/5
+ 20e
7x/10
. For an even shorter
solution, execute the command
DSolve[ { 50y

[x] - 5y

[x] - 28y[x] == 0, y[0] == 25, y

[0] == 10 }, y[x], x ]
which returns the solution in the form y(x) = e
7x/10
(20 + 5e
3x/2
).
C09S0M.041: The characteristic equation
121r
2
+ 154r + 49 = (11r + 7)
2
= 0
has the repeated root r
1
= r
2
=
7
11
, and thus the given equation has general solution
y(x) = (Ax + B)e
7x/11
, for which
y

(x) =
_
A
7
11
Ax
7
11
B
_
e
7x/11
.
The initial conditions then yield A = 17 and B = 11, and hence the solution of the given initial value
problem is y(x) = (17x + 11)e
7x/11
.
C09S0M.042: The characteristic equation
8
169r
2
130r + 25 = (13r 5)
2
= 0
has the repeated roots r
1
= r
2
=
5
13
. Thus the given equation has general solution
y(x) = (Ax + B)e
5x/13
, for which
y

(x) =
_
A +
5
13
Ax +
5
13
B
_
e
5x/13
.
It follows from the initial conditions that A = 29 and B = 26. Hence the solution of the original initial value
problem is y(x) = (29x + 26)e
5x/13
.
C09S0M.043: First we solve the characteristic equation:
100r
2
+ 20r + 10001 = 0; 100r
2
+ 20r + 1 = 10000;
(10r + 1)
2
= (100i)
2
; 10r + 1 = 100i;
r =
1
10
10i.
So the general solution of the dierential equation may be expressed in the form
y(x) = e
x/10
(Acos 10x + B sin10x), for which
y

(x) = e
x/10
_
10B cos 10x 10Asin10x
1
10
Acos 10x
1
10
B sin10x
_
.
Then the initial conditions yield A = 10 and B = 1, so the solution of the given initial value problem is
y(x) = e
x/10
(10 cos 10x + sin10x)
.
C09S0M.044: First we solve the characteristic equation:
100r
2
+ 2000r + 10001 = 0; (10r + 100)
2
= 1;
10r + 100 = i; r = 10
1
10
i.
Therefore the given dierential equation has general solution
y(x) = e
10x
_
Acos
x
10
+ B sin
x
10
_
, for which
y

(x) = e
10x
_
1
10
B cos
x
10

1
10
Asin
x
10
10Acos
x
10
10B sin
x
10
_
.
The initial conditions yield A = 1 and B = 10. Hence the solution of the original initial value problem may
be written in the form
y(x) = e
10x
_
cos
x
10
+ 10 sin
x
10
_
.
9
The solutions of Problems 43 and 44 demonstrate vividly some of the eects on an underdamped system of
increasing the damping coecientquicker damping, increased pseudoperiod.
C09S0M.045: Part (a): With N in thousands (of transistors) and t in years, we have N(t) = 29e
rt
.
Part (b): In 1993 we have t = 14. So
31000 = N(14) = 29e
14r
; 14r = ln
31000
29
; r =
1
14
ln
31000
29
0.498174761.
Expressed as a percentage, the annual growth rate is about 49.8%. Part (c): Let denote the doubling
time and let N
0
= N(0). Then from the equation N() = 2N
0
= N
0
e
r
we nd that
=
ln2
r
=
14 ln2
ln
31000
29
1.39137354
years. Thus the doubling time is 12 , about 16.7 months. Part (d): In the year 2001 we have t = 22, so
in that year the typical microcomputer would be expected to contain
N(22) = 29e
22r
1,668,007.855
thousand transistors; that is, about 1668 million transistors. In American English, thats about 1.668 billion
transistors; in British English, its about 1.668 thousand million transistors (a British billion is a million
millions).
C09S0M.046: An atom of
14
C weighs about w = 2.338 10
23
grams. If we take the half-life of
14
C to be
= 5700 years, then at least 70,000,000/ half-lives have elapsed since the demise of the dinosaur. Working
backwards from today, 5700 years ago we would expect to nd two atoms of
14
C, 2 5700 years ago there
would be four such atoms, and so on. So the weight of the
14
C in the living dinosaur would be at least
2
12000
w 5.3554 10
3589
grams. By comparison, the earth weighs about 5.988 10
27
grams. So even if no other elements were
present in the dinosaurs body, it would have weighed well over 10
3560
times as much as the earth. In fact,
its weight would have been an extremely large multiple of the total mass of the universe!
C09S0M.047: The dierential equation leads to
P
1/2
dP = k dt; 2P
1/2
= C kt; P
1/2
=
C kt
2
;
30 = [P(0)]
1/2
=
C
2
; C = 60; P
1/2
=
60 kt
2
.
Then the information that P(6) = 441 yields
21 = [P(6)]
1/2
= 30 3k; k = 3; P(t) =
_
60 3t
2
_
2
.
Because we have measured time t in weeks, the answer is that all the sh will die at the end of 20 weeks.
C09S0M.048: Proof: Suppose that P(t) =
_
1
2
kt +

P
0
_
2
. Then P(0) =
_
P
0
_
2
= P
0
and
dP
dt
= 2
_
1
2
kt +
_
P
0
_

1
2
k
10
and
k
_
P(t) = k
_
1
2
kt +
_
P
0
_
.
Therefore P(t) =
_
1
2
kt +

P
0
_
2
is a solution of the initial value problem given here. Moreover, if P is
dierentiable and satises the given initial value problem, then
P
1/2
dP = k dt; 2P
1/2
= C + kt; P
1/2
=
C + kt
2
;
_
P
0
= [P(0)]
1/2
=
C
2
; C = 2
_
P
0
; P
1/2
=
kt + 2

P
0
2
;
P(t) =
_
1
2
kt +
_
P
0
_
2
.
Therefore P(t) =
_
1
2
kt +

P
0
_
2
is the [unique] solution of the given initial value problem.
C09S0M.049: Given (in eect): P(t) =
_
1
2
kt +
_
P
0
_
2
, P
0
= 100 (we take t = 0 [years] in 1970 and
measure population in thousands), and P(10) = 121. Thus
P(t) =
_
1
2
kt + 10
_
2
,
and therefore 121 = P(10) = (5k + 10)
2
, so that 5k + 10 = 11. Because k > 0, we see that k =
1
5
, and
hence
P(t) =
_
1
10
t + 10
_
2
.
Thus in the year 2000 the population will be P(30) = 169 (thousand). The population will be 200 (thousand)
when P(T) = 200:
_
1
10
T + 10
_
= 200;
1
10
T + 10 = 10

2; T = 100
_

2 1
_
41.4.
Thus the population will reach 200000 in the year 1970 + 41.4 = 2011.4; that is, about May 26, 2011.
C09S0M.050: Given:
dP
dt
= kP
2
, P(0) = P
0
where k > 0. Then

1
P
2
dP = k dt;
1
P
= C kt; P(t) =
1
C kt
;
P
0
= P(0) =
1
C
; C =
1
P
0
; P(t) =
P
0
1 kP
0
t
.
C09S0M.051: If P
0
= 2 and P(3) = 4 (time t is measured in months), then
P(t) =
2
1 2kt
; 4 = P(3) =
2
1 6k
; 1 6k =
1
2
;
k =
1
12
; P(t) =
2
1
1
6
t
=
12
6 t
.
Answer: lim
t6

P(t) = +.
11
C09S0M.052: We are given
dv
dt
= kv
2
, v
0
= v(0) = 40
where k is a positive constant. Thus (part(a))

1
v
2
dv = k dt;
1
v
= C + kt; v(t) =
1
C + kt
;
40 = v(0) =
1
C
; C =
1
40
; v(t) =
40
1 + 40kt
for t 0. For part (b), we have
20 = v(10) =
40
1 + 400k
; 1 + 400k = 2; k =
1
400
;
v(t) =
40
1 +
1
10
t
=
400
10 + t
.
Hence v(T) = 5 when
400
10 + T
= 5; 10 + T = 80; T = 70.
Answer: After 70 s the boat will slow to a speed of 5 ft/s.
C09S0M.053: First we solve the initial value problem
dP
dt
= 3P
1/2
, P(0) = 900, with t measured in
weeks:
_
P
1/2
dP = 3 dt; 2P
1/2
= C 3t; 2 30 = C 3 0;
2P
1/2
= 60 3t; P(t) =
9
4
(20 t)
2
.
So all the sh will die after 20 weeks.
C09S0M.054: Let x(t) denote the position of the race car at time t (the units are meters and seconds)
and let v(t) = x

(t) denote its velocity then. First we solve the initial value problem
dv
dt
= kv, v(0) = v
0
where v
0
denotes the initial velocity of the race car and k is a positive constant. By Theorem 1 of Section
7.5 the solution is v(t) = v
0
e
kt
. Moreover, v

(0) = 2, and thus 2 = kv

0
, so that k = 2/v
0
. Next,
x(t) = C
v
0
k
e
kt
= C
1
2
v
2
0
e
2t/v0
and 0 = x(0) = C
1
2
v
2
0
, so that x(t) =
1
2
v
2
0
_
1 e
2t/v0
_
. Next, v(t) 0 as t +, so that
1800 = lim
t
x(t) =
1
2
v
2
0
,
and this implies that v
0
= 60 (meters per second), a little over 134 mi/h.
12
C09S0M.055: Problem 33 in Section 9.3 is to derive the initial value problem
dP
dt
= rP c, P(0) = P
0
where P(t) is the balance owed at time t (in months), where r is the monthly interest rate (compounded
continuously) and c is the monthly payment (assumed made continuously). First we need to solve this initial
value problem:
_
r dP
rP c
=
_
r dt; ln(rP c) = C + rt; rP c = Ae
rt
;
P(t) =
1
r
_
c + Ae
rt
_
; P
0
= P(0) =
1
r
(c + A) ; P(t) =
c + (rP
0
c) e
rt
r
.
In this problem, the loan is to be paid o in 25 12 = 300 months, and thus P(300) = 0. We use this
information to solve for the monthly payment c:
c + (rP
0
c)e
300r
r
= 0;
c
_
1 e
300r
_
+ rP
0
e
300r
= 0;
c =
rP
0
e
300r
e
300r
1
.
With P
0
= 120000 and r = 0.08/12, we nd that c = $925.21. With r = 0.12/12 we nd that c = $1262.87.
In the latter case the total of all 300 monthly payments is $378862.45.
C09S0M.056: First we solve the initial value problem 1000
dv
dt
= 5000 100v, v(0) = 0:
10
dv
dt
= 50 v;
_
dv
50 v
=
_
1
10
dt; ln(50 v) =
1
10
t C;
ln(50 v) = C
1
10
t; 50 v = Ae
t/10
; v(t) = 50 Ae
t/10
;
0 = v(0) = 50 A; v(t) = 50
_
1 e
t/10
_
.
Because v(t) 50 as t +, the powerboat can attain any speed up to 50 ft/s. (Technically, there is no
maximum speed, but the boat can reach speeds arbitrarily close to 50 ft/s.)
C09S0M.057: Let h(t) denote the temperature within the freezer (in degrees Celsius) at time t (in hours),
with t = 0 corresponding to the time the power goes o. By Newtons law of cooling, there is a positive
constant k such that
dh
dt
= k(20 h);
_
dh
20 h
=
_
k dt; ln(20 h) = kt C;
ln(20 h) = C kt; 20 h = Ae
kt
; h(t) = 20 Ae
kt
;
16 = h(0) = 20 A; h(t) = 20 36e
kt
; h(7) = 10;
20 36e
7k
= 10; 36e
7k
= 30; k =
1
7
ln
6
5
.
13
Finally we solve h(T) = 0 for
T =
7 ln
9
5
ln
6
5
22.5673076.
So the critical temperature will be reached about 22 hours and 34 minutes after the power goes o; that is,
at 9:34 p.m. on the following day. The data given here were drawn from a real incident.
C09S0M.058: By Theorem 1 of Section 9.1, the solution of the dierential equation given in this problem
is A(t) = A
0
e
t/400
. For part (a), we compute
A(25)
A
0
= e
1/16
0.9394130628,
and the answer is 93.94%. For part (b), we solve A(T) =
1
2
A
0
for T = 400 ln2 277.2588722240, so the
answer is about 277 years.
C09S0M.059: The dierential equation we need to solve is
dv
dt
= a v with initial condition v(0) = 0:
_

a v
dv =
_
() dt; ln(a v) = C t; a v = Ae
t
;
a 0 = A; a v = ae
t
; v = a
_
1 e
t
_
;
v(t) =
a

_
1 e
t
_
.
If a = 17.6 and = 0.1, then
v(10) = 176
_
1
1
e
_
111.2532183538
feet per second, about 75.854 mi/h. Also v(t) 176 as t +, so the limiting velocity is 176 ft/s, exactly
120 mi/h.
C09S0M.060: If the safe limit of radioactivity is S, then the radiation level at time t (months) will be
r(t) = 10Se
kt
where k is a positive constant. We solve r(6) = 9S for k =
1
6
ln
10
9
, and with this value of k
we solve r(T) = S:
10Se
kT
= S; e
kT
= 10; T =
ln10
k
=
6 ln10
ln
10
9
131.126072.
We divide by 12 to convert this answer in months to 10.927173 years. It will take just under 11 years for
the levels of radiation to drop to the safe limit.
C09S0M.061: Given: S(t) = 30e
(0.05)t
(t is in years; t = 0 corresponds to age 30).
(a) A = A(t + t) A(t) (0.06)A(t) t + (0.12)S(t) t.
dA
dt
= lim
t0
A
t
= (0.06)A(t) + (0.12)S(t);
dA
dt
+ (0.06)A(t) = (3.6)e
(0.05)t
.
14
(b) The last equation is a linear rst-order dierential equation. Our earlier methods yield the solution
A(t) =
3.6
0.01
_
e
(0.05)t
e
(0.06)t
_
, so that
A(t) = 360
_
e
(0.06)t
e
(0.05)t
_
.
Now A(40) = 360
_
e
2.4
e
2
_
1308.28330. Because the units in this problem are in thousands of dollars,
the answer is that the retirement money available will be $1,308,283.30.
C09S0M.062: Given:
dP
dt
=
0
e
t
P, P(0) = P
0
. Then
1
P
dP =
0
e
t
dt; lnP = C

0

e
t
.
lnP
0
= C

0

: C =

0

+ lnP
0
.
P(t) = exp
_

+ lnP
0

e
t
_
= P
0
exp
_

_
1 e
t

_
.
C09S0M.063: If we substitute P(0) = 10
6
and P

(0) = 3 10
5
into the dierential equation
P

(t) =
0
e
t
P(t),
we nd that
0
= 0.3. Hence the solution given in Problem 62 is
P(t) = P
0
exp
_
0.3

_
1 e
t

_
.
The fact that P(6) = 2P
0
now yields the equation
f() = (0.3)
_
1 e
6
_
ln2 = 0
for . We apply the iterative formula of Newtons method,

n+1
=
n

f(
n
)
f

(
n
)
,
with f

() = (1.8)e
6
ln2 and initial guess
0
= 1. Thereby we nd that
1
0.5381,
2
0.3926,
. . . , and
6
0.39148754. Therefore the limiting cell population as t + is
P
0
exp
_

_
(10
6
) exp
_
0.3
0.39148754
_
2.152 10
6
.
Therefore the tumor does not grow much further after six months. (C.H.E.)
C09S0M.064: The characteristic equation has the repeated roots r
1
= r
2
= 1. Hence the dierential
equation has general solution
x
1
(t) = (At + B)e
t
, for which
x

1
(t) = (AAt B)e
t
.
15
It follows that A = 1 and B = 0, and thus that x
1
(t) = te
t
.
C09S0M.065: If k = 1 10
2n
where (without loss of generality) n is a positive integer, then the
characteristic equation has distinct real roots
r
1
= 1 10
n
and r
2
= 1 + 10
n
.
Thus the dierential equation has general solution
x
2
(t) = Ae
r1t
+ Be
r2t
, so that
x

2
(t) = r
1
Ae
r1t
+ r
2
Be
r2t
.
The initial conditions yield the simultaneous equations
A + B = 0,
r
1
A + r
2
B = 1,
and it follows that
x
2
(t) =
1
r
2
r
1
_
e
r2t
e
r1t
_
=
e
t
2 10
n
_
exp
_
10
n
t
_
exp
_
10
n
t
_
= 10
n
e
t
sinh
_
10
n
t
_
.
C09S0M.066: If k = 1 + 10
2n
where (without loss of generality) n is a positive integer, then the
characteristic equation has complex conjugate roots
r
1
, r
2
= 1 10
n
i.
Accordingly, the general solution of the dierential equation is
x
3
(t) = e
t
_
Acos 10
n
t + B sin10
n
t
_
, for which
x

3
(t) = e
t
_
10
n
B cos 10
n
t 10
n
Asin10
n
t Acos 10
n
t B sin10
n
t
_
.
The initial conditions yield A = 0 and B = 10
n
, and hence
x
3
(t) = 10
n
e
t
sin
_
10
n
t
_
.
C09S0M.067: If t > 0 is xed, thenby lH opitals rule (with w = 10
n
as the variable)
lim
n
x
2
(t) = lim
n
10
n
e
t
sinh
_
10
n
t
_
= lim
w0
+
e
t
sinhwt
w
= lim
w0
+
te
t
cosh wt = te
t
= x
1
(t).
Similarly,
16
lim
n
x
3
(t) = lim
n
10
n
e
t
sin
_
10
n
t
_
= lim
w0
+
e
t
sinwt
w
= lim
w0
+
te
t
cos wt = te
t
= x
1
(t).
17