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(
(
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(
(
(
(5)
From (4) and (5), the -voltage components can be determined directly from the two measured
line voltages:
1
1
2 2
3
3
0
2
ab
bc
v v
v v
(
(
( (
( =
( (
(
(
(6)
Only two measurements of line currents are necessary, provided that
c a b
i i i = . In this case, the
-current components are given by
3
0
2 2
3
3
3
2
s
sa
s
sb
i
i
i
i
(
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(
(
(7)
The real and imaginary powers of the controlled transmission line are given by
s
s
v v i p
v v i q
( ( (
=
( ( (
(8)
These instantaneous powers are continuously compared with their references (real and imaginary
power order, P
REF
and Q
REF
respectively). The calculated error signals p and q serve as input
variables to PI controller that generate an imaginary control power signal q
c
and a real control
power signal p
c
, respectively.
The compensating voltage components on the axes are determined as
*
2 2 *
1 C C
C C
v v v p
v v q v v v
(
( (
= (
( (
+
(
(9)
The inverse Clarke transformation of (9) is given by
*
*
*
*
*
1 0
2 1 3
3 2 2
1 3
2 2
C
C
Ca
Cb
Cc
v
v
v
v
v
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(10)
The above set of equations constitutes the entire control algorithm of the controller for the series
converter of the UPFC. Next, the equation for the shunt converter is presented.
Instead of using direct calculation of power p
2
that is given by the product of v
c
and i
s
, a
measurement of the dc link voltage v
dc
is used to generate the compensating real power p
1
for the
shunt converter as shown in Fig.1(b). By doing so, an extra real power needed to supply losses in
the power circuit of the UPFC is conventionally included in control signal p
1
.
The compensating current components on the axes are determined as
*
1
2 2 *
1
1 C
C
i v v p
v v q v v i
(
( (
= (
( (
+
(
(11)
The inverse Clarke transformation gives the instantaneous reference currents as
*
*
*
*
*
1 0
2 1 3
3 2 2
1 3
2 2
Ca
C
Cb
C
Cc
i
i
i
i
i
(
(
(
(
( (
(
( ( =
(
( (
(
(
(
(
(12)
The above equations (10) and (12) show that the control algorithm of the series converter
provides instantaneous voltage reference values for the PWM control of the series converter,
whereas the control algorithm of the shunt converter provides instantaneous current reference
values, respectively.
References
[1] N.G.Hingorani and L.Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems, IEEE press, 2000.
[2] H.Akagi, Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning, IEEE press,2007
[3] Y.H.Song and A.T. Johns, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), U.K.1999
[4]E.F. Fuchs and Md.A.S. Masoum, Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines, Elsevier
press,2008.