Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
SOMESB
Sociedade Mantenedora de Educao Superior da Bahia S/C Ltda.
Presidente
Vice-Presidente
Superintendente Administrativo e Financeiro
Superintendente de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extenso
FTC - EaD
Faculdade de Tecnologia e Cincias - Ensino a Distncia
Waldeck Ornelas
Roberto Frederico Merhy
Reinaldo de Oliveira Borba
Ronaldo Costa
Jane Freire
Jean Carlo Nerone
Romulo Augusto Merhy
Osmane Chaves
Joo Jacomel
PRODUO ACADMICA
PRODUO TCNICA
FTC EaD
Sumrio
NVEIS DE LEITURA
09
10
11
1 3
1 3
14
14
23
23
16
18
20
22
07
A Leitura Crtica
A Inteno do Autor
A opinio do Leitor
Comparao Texto / Realidade
Atividades Complementares
Atividade Orientada
Glossrio
Textos complementares
Referncias
AVALIANDO O TEXTO
SISTEMATIZANDO AS INFORMAES
O LEITOR EFICIENTE
Compreenso Detalhada
Detalhes Importantes e Secundrios
Esquemas de Texto
Resumos de Texto
Atividades Complementares
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
34
35
41
42
49
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
Caro(a) Aluno(a),
Welcome to the world of English text reading!
Diz-se que quando lemos, as possibilidades de ampliar os nossos
horizontes se expandem. Podemos no s compreender melhor o nosso meio,
como tambm transform-lo, abrindo novos caminhos, despertando todas as
nossas faculdades mentais que ainda estejam latentes, pelo fato de estarmos
desvelando algo que era, por ns, desconhecido.
Portanto, nosso foco, nesta disciplina, ser a leitura e compreenso de
textos em lngua estrangeira como um processo ativo, com base no desenvolvimento
de estratgias globais de leitura, necessrias para que voc possa alcanar a
competncia que lhe permitir o acesso literatura acadmica, sugerida pelas
diversas disciplinas do seu curso.
O mdulo est dividido em dois grandes blocos temticos:
Fundamentos da Abordagem Instrumental e O Leitor Eficiente, cada bloco
ser trabalhado durante duas semanas e sero subdivididos em quatro temas:
Estratgias de Leitura, Nveis de Leitura, Sistematizando a Leitura e
Avaliando o Texto. Alm dos textos apresentados como exemplificaes das
estratgias, este mdulo apresenta uma seleo de textos complementares que
devero ser utilizados de acordo com o seu interesse e necessidade.
Esperamos que este material didtico promova a dedicao e o entusiasmo
necessrios ao seu aprendizado, bem como o seu aprimoramento pessoal e
profissional.
Desejo-lhe disposio, compromisso e muitas realizaes.
Lets go for it!
Apresentao da Disciplina
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
FUNDAMENTOS DA ABORGAGEM
INSTRUMENTAL
ESTRATGIAS DE LEITURA
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
Adapted from Strategies that Work by Stephanie Harvey
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
http://www.mtnbrook.k12.al.us/academy/5thgrade/tools/s
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
1234567
123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
What is a
Reading Strategy ?
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
10
Voc sabia ?
que, aproximadamente, metade do patrimnio
vocabular do ingls estimado em 750.000 palavras 3,
transparente para os falantes de lnguas latinas?
Lngua Inglesa
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
SKIMMING
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sintetize em, apenas, uma sentena o assunto desenvolvido no texto
12
Outro recurso que facilita a leitura de textos a identificao de keywords (palavraschave) palavras especficas e relacionadas a um assunto, ou repetidas com freqncia
em um determinado gnero textual que se constituem a chave para a sua compreenso.
Prediz-las e busc-las no texto pode agilizar a sua leitura.
Atividades
Complementares
1.
Embora no tenha lido o texto, apresentado a seguir, na ntegra, um amigo lhe informou
que este muito interessante. Na sua opinio, qual a estratgia de leitura utilizada por ele
para chegar a esta concluso? Explique de que forma ele pode t-la aplicado neste texto.
13
2.
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
NVEIS DE LEITURA
O que acontece quando voc est lendo um romance e surge uma palavra que voc
desconhece o significado? Voc corre at a estante, pega um dicionrio e procura o significado
para, em seguida, continuar a leitura?
Possivelmente, no esse o seu
procedimento, pelo menos na maioria das vezes.
Primeiro, porque quebra o prazer da leitura.
Depois, porque voc pode conseguir entender
a seqncia dos acontecimentos sem precisar
saber exatamente o que aquela palavra
desconhecida significa. Ademais, romances
possuem regionalismos que nem sempre so
encontrados em dicionrios. Nesses casos, o melhor a fazer prosseguir a leitura, buscando
compreender a mensagem do autor, desconsiderando ou adivinhando as palavras
desconhecidas.
Analisar o contexto tanto interno quanto externo ao texto para descobrir o
significado de palavras desconhecidas a forma mais sensata de agir. O conhecimento
prvio do assunto, a experincia na rea de atuao do texto e as dicas grficas e
contextuais que ele oferece podem ajudar nessa tarefa, tornando a leitura mais gil e
gratificante.
14
Este procedimento tambm pode ser aplicado quando voc se depara com palavras
opacas que no so transparentes ao ler textos em lnguas estrangeiras.
Experimente descobrir o significado das palavras destacadas no texto5 abaixo:
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
15
E lembre-se:
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
Uso do Dicionrio
O que fazer quando no for possvel inferir o significado de uma palavra
importante para a compreenso do texto?
Nesse caso, se a situao o permitir, o mais correto consultar um dicionrio. Mesmo
assim, voc sabe que vai precisar da anlise do contexto para selecionar, dentre as opes
apresentadas e as classes gramaticais possveis, aquela que melhor se adapta palavra
no texto.
Voc sa
be como usar um dicionrio?
sabe
Para a sua utilizao de uma maneira
rpida e eficiente, necessrio conhecer sua
organizao.
CLASSE
GRAMATICAL
SIGNIFICADOS
VOCBULO
VERBETE
SINNIMOS
DERIVADOS
16
COMPOSTO
What is a dictionary?
When I ask this in class, I often receive the answer A dictionary tells you the
meaning of a word. This is basically (essentially) correct; one of the main goals of
the dictionary is to let you know what words mean. However, the dictionary does
much more than this.
Here's a list of what a dictionary can help with:
1. The Meaning of words: as noted, this is one of the main tasks of the
dictionary. However, you will notice that sometimes words have more than
one definition (or denotation). When this is the case, dictionaries will list the
definitions, usually by number, with the first being the most widely accepted
use of the word. When reading, however, you will come across words that are
used for the second, third or even fourth definitions listed in the dictionary.
You will need to decide which definition fits the context of your reading.
2. Spelling: the dictionary indicates the correct spelling.
3. Syllables: each word has one or more syllables or parts of a word.
4. Pronunciation: the dictionary indicates how to pronounce (speak) each
word. This is indicated by accent marks and pronunciation syllables.
5. Derivation: this is where the word comes from or the history of the word.
English is composed of words from many languages, chiefly Latin and German.
Many English words also derive from Greek. Some words are built on roots
from Latin, German or Greek.
6. Part of speech: the dictionary will indicate the part or parts of speech or
how the word is used.
This is important because some words can be used differently, for example,
the same word may be used as either a noun or a verb, and you will need to
be able to distinguish its usage.
7. Usage example: dictionaries also provide an example of proper usage.
http://www.americanenglishexpress.com/
subpage203.html
17
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
Texto 1
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
Link UK - Nov/Dec-2004 / Jan/Feb-2005
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901
Digital inclusion helps change peoples lives. It can raise their selfesteem and even their employability. In the view of Kevin Harris, Information
Maganer at Community Development Foundation, such results are already
being achieved with the spread of new technologies.
Texto 2
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
The Young Scientists Companion, Souvenir Press, London, 1961
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345
18
Texto 3
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
Moore. 1980
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
It is well known that cats are more intelligent than dogs. For exmple
three out of every four motorists die of heart disease before they are fifty.
Another example is the commonly observed ability of dolphins to understand
human speech. In conclusion I should like to emphasize that whereas girls
learn mathematics equally quickly.
Af
inal, o que um parg
o?
Afinal,
pargrraf
afo?
O pargrafo uma unidade de composio constituda por um ou
mais perodos em que se desenvolve determinada idia central, ou nuclear,
a que se agragam outras, secundrias, intimamente relacionadas pelo
7
sentido e logicamente decorrentes dela.(Garcia, 1980:203)
Observe abaixo, porque o texto 1 se constitui um pargrafo:
Ponto pricipal:
O fato:
A incluso digital ajuda
a mudar a vida das
pessoas.
Tpico Frasal
Digital inclusion helps
change peoples lives.
Sentenas de Apoio
It can rise their selfesteem and even their
employability. In the view of
Kevin Harris, Information
Manager at Community
Development Foundation,
such results are already
being achieved with the
spread of new technologies.
Desenvolvimento:
Porque:
Aumenta a auto-estima
e a empregabilidade
19
20
Why Kids
Flunk
Kinder
gar
ten
Kinderg
arten
Too many kids are being
held back. Heres
whyand what you
can do about it.
By Jean Marzollo
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789
21
Atividades
Complementares
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
1.
Conversando com um amigo, por telefone, ele pede que voc lhe transmita os pontos
principais de um texto. Considerando a extenso do texto solicitado, qual o mais gil e
eficiente procedimento nesse caso?
2.
O LEITOR EFICIENTE
SISTEMATIZANDO AS INFORMAES
Compreenso Detalhada
Dependendo do gnero do
texto e do propsito da leitura, no
suficiente a compreenso dos
seus pontos principais. Assim, o
leitor poder sentir a necessidade
de aprofundar sua leitura,
incluindo o entendimento das
sentenas de apoio que os
desenvolvem.
Veja, ao lado, um exemplo
de gnero de texto, no qual os
pontos principais so destacados
em subttulos, o que torna a sua
identificao facilitada. Contudo,
apenas a compreenso desses
pontos no garante o propsito do
texto, que instruir o leitor com
relao execuo da tarefa.
23
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
Ser capaz de perceber a interligao entre as
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
informaes
constantes nas sentenas que compem o
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
pargrafo constitui-se o terceiro nvel de leitura.
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212
24
Tpico Frasal
Digital inclusion helps change
peoples lives
Detalhes Importantes
Sentenas de Apoio
Detalhes Secundrios
Aumenta a auto-estima e
a empregabilidade
Lembre-se!
O detalhe secundrio est para o detalhe
importante , assim como o detalhe importante est
para o tpico frasal ou ponto principal.
Esquemas de Texto
A esquematizao de um texto uma estratgia que visa a sistematizao da
compreenso detalhada de sua mensagem, bem como facilita a visualizao do leitor quanto
forma como as sentenas esto interligadas em um determinado texto, encorajando-o a
resumir as informaes principais nele contidas. Neste processo, faz-se uso somente dos
elementos necessrios para transmisso das idias principais (keywords), no sendo,
portanto, imprescindvel a utilizao de sentenas completas.
Observe, no exemplo de esquema a seguir como apenas as palavras-chave das
informaes mais importantes do pargrafo foram utilizadas:
25
Incluso Digital
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
Aumenta
Auto- estima
Empregabilidade
Resumos de Texto
Para sistematizar as informaes de um texto lido, o prximo passo, aps o esquema,
fazer um resumo.
Resumir significa distinguir o fundamental do secundrio, por isso, ao resumir, devese extrair, de cada pargrafo, as suas informaes mais importantes, ou seja, o ponto
principal, que est presente no tpico frasal, e os seus respectivos detalhes importantes.
Os detalhes secundrios no devero ser considerados.
Assim, poderamos resumir o pargrafo esquematizado em apenas uma sentena:
26
*
*
Faa uma primeira leitura (skimming) a fim de conhecer o texto como um todo.
Anote a idia central do mesmo;
Numa segunda leitura, mais devagar, mais atenta e mais analtica, procure
entender cada parte do texto, identificando e sublinhando os seus pontos
principais nas topic sentences;
*
*
*
*
Circule as palavras-chave;
Identifique as relaes entre os pargrafos;
Elabore o seu esquema;
A partir do esquema, elabore o seu resumo;
Atividades
Complementares
1.
2.
27
3.
Elabore um resumo do texto que poder ser distribudo, como um handout, entre os
participantes do seminrio.
28
AVALIANDO O TEXTO
A Leitura Crtica
Jean Piaget
29
A Inteno do Autor
Ler criticamente confere ao leitor uma viso do discurso, no qual um
Princpios da dado gnero textual est inserido. Analisar o discurso faz com que pensemos
Lngua Inglesa nos valores, crenas e concepes de mundo do escritor.
Assim, um dos primeiros aspectos a ser percebido pelo leitor eficiente
diz respeito intencionalidade do autor: qual o seu intuito ao escrever o texto,
quais so as suas intenes, o que ele pretende dizer.
A depender do gnero do texto (propaganda, carta, manual de instrues,
questionrio, receita, poema, etc), essa intencionalidade pode ser apresentada de modo
linear, no subttulo ou no pargrafo conclusivo, ou pode ficar subtendida ou implcita nas
entrelinhas do texto, a partir da anlise dos argumentos utilizados para afirmar ou negar as
informaes.
Responda: a partir dos recursos do texto abaixo, responda: Qual o ponto de vista
do autor com relao aos romances via internet?
We are going to
talk about it later.
30
We are going to
talk about it later.
We are going to
talk about it later.
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
Ento...
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789
Opinio do Leitor
Considerando que a construo do significado no feita, simplesmente, a partir do
texto como um processo de extrao, mas a partir do leitor, que no extrai do texto, mas
atribui ao texto um significado, no devemos esquecer que o leitor pode ter uma perspectiva
diferente em relao s formas de compreender um texto, mesmo porque cada leitor tem a
sua viso de mundo. Assim sendo, ele pode fazer mltiplas leituras de um nico texto.
Reflita sobre este assunto lendo o texto abaixo.
31
Agora, reflita:
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
ComparaoTexto/Realidade
Quando lemos um texto, provocamos uma mudana em ns mesmos e essa mudana,
por sua vez, provoca uma mudana no mundo. Por essa razo, a leitura considerada
como um processo interativo, onde vrios elementos se relacionam: leitor e texto, leitor e
autor, fontes de conhecimento envolvidas na leitura existentes na mente do leitor, como
conhecimento de mundo e conhecimento lingstico ou, ainda, leitor e outros leitores. No
momento em que cada um desses elementos se relaciona com o outro, no processo de
interao, ele se modifica em funo desse outro.
Portanto, a leitura deve constituir-se tambm de uma avaliao das informaes lidas,
a fim de se determinar onde se encaixam dentro do prprio sistema de crenas do leitor e,
conseqentemente, de uma tomada de deciso com relao aos pensamentos ou
comportamentos modificados com a leitura, buscando, enfim, contextualizar os
conhecimentos apreendidos para que, dessa forma, adquiram significado.
O leitor estar, assim, estabelecendo uma relao entre as informaes e a sua
realidade, o que, segundo Morin10 (1993:17) essencial para o desenvolvimento da
inteligncia:
O desenvolvimento da inteligncia est ligado ao sentido da
contextualizao e da globalizao. preciso ser capaz de inserir os
conhecimentos adquiridos no seu contexto, no seu global.
Dentro dessa perspectiva, verifique a relao existente entre o texto a seguir e a sua
realidade.
10
32
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012
standard
achievement
tests.
Nevertheless, the girls, apparently
sharing their parents perceptions,
believed that they were less competent
in math.
Reporting in Child Development
(Vol. 53, No. 2), Eccles says that parents
and school counselors allow more girls
than boys to drop out of mathematics
and science courses, thus excluding
them from a wide range of potential
careers.
John P. Murray
33
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
Resumindo
...
esumindo...
Atividades
Complementares
1.
34
2.
Atividade
Orientada
Etapa
35
Etapa
Princpios da
SIM
NO
Reflita:
Voc j se considera preparado para participar do frum?
A compreenso dos pontos principais suficiente para garantir
a compreenso do texto?
36
Not so similar:
Identical twins
Perhaps
the
superficial details of the
Springers parallel lives
were just a coincidence,
but scientists who study
twins like them say they
have discovered fundamental personality traits
that are the same no
matter how the twins
were reared.
37
Etapa
Pargrafo Introdutrio
Ponto principal:
Detalhes importantes:
Pargrafos de Desenvolvimento
Ponto principal:
Ponto principal:
Ponto principal:
Ponto principal:
Detalhes Importantes:
Detalhes Importantes:
Detalhes Importantes:
Detalhes Importantes:
Pargrafo Conclusivo
Ponto principal:
Detalhes importantes:
38
Concluindo, escreva o seu resumo no espao abaixo, com base nas informaes
apresentadas no esquema.
39
Lngua Inglesa
Suppose
the day comes when
scientists can clone humans. The
copies will be identical, but will the
people be the same? Probably not.
For a century, scientists have
been trying to figure out which factors
play the most important role in the
development of the human
personality. Is it nature or nurture,
heredity or environment? The best
information so far has come from the
study of identical twins reared apart.
Like the embryo clones of the future,
their genes are identical because they
come from the same egg and sperm.
The fertilized egg splits in half shortly
after conception, forming two
identical embryos. (Fraternal twins
come from two separate eggs and
sperms and are no closer genetically
than ordinary siblings.)
Raised together, twins often
are unusually close, sometimes
developing their own private
language. But even when they are
reared apart, twins show amazing
similarities as adults. Twins Jim
Springer and Jim Lewis, separated
at birth in 1939, were reunited 39
years later in a study of twins at the
University of Minnesota. Both had
married and divorced women named
Linda, married second wives
named Betty and named their oldest
sons James Allan and James Alan.
More coincidences: both drove the
same model of blue Chevrolet,
enjoyed woodworking, vacationed
on the same Florida beach and had
dogs named Toy.
Perhaps the superficial
details of the Springers parallel lives
were just a coincidence, but scientists
who study twins like them say they
40
Not so similar:
Identical twins
Glossrio
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE - Conhecimento prvio ou conhecimento de mundo.
O conhecimento de mundo visto como uma espcie de dicionrio enciclopdico do mundo
e da cultura arquivado na memria. Os autores classificam o conhecimento de duas formas:
o conhecimento enciclopdico e o ativado. O conhecimento enciclopdico diz respeito a
tudo que conhecemos e est arquivado na nossa memria. E o ativado o conhecimento
que trazemos para a nossa memria no momento presente.
COGNATO - Palavra que tem raiz comum com outra, que tem a mesma origem.
GNERO TEXTUAL - Segundo o dicionarista Aurlio Buarque, a palavra gnero
vem do Latim genus, eris e um dos seus significados um conjunto de espcies que
apresentam certos nmeros de caracteres comuns convencionalmente estabelecidos. Como
gnero textual, considera-se a estrutura que caracteriza cada tipo de texto e os aspectos
formais de carter lingstico prprios de cada tipo.
HANDOUT - Apostila, impressos distrtibudos em seminrios.
KEYWORD - Palavra-chave. Por apresentarem uma carga semntica significativa,
constituem-se a chave para a compreenso do texto.
LAYOUT - Traado ou disposio visual do texto.
LEITURA - Processo ativo em que o leitor participa interagindo com o autor, utilizandose no apenas de recursos visuais, mas de toda a sua experincia como um ser
comunicativo.
LEXICAL GUESSING - Inferncia do significado de palavras desconhecidas em
um texto. Para realizar essa tarefa, todo o conhecimento prvio referente ao assunto deve
ser acionado, juntamente com uma precisa anlise do contexto onde a palavra est inserida.
PALAVRA TRANSPARENTE - Toda palavra de significado conhecido para o leitor.
PREDICTION - Predio das informaes do texto a partir dos recursos nolineares - ttulo, subttulo, layout, ilustraes, fotos, legendas, grficos, tabelas, bibliografia,
gnero, etc.
SCANNING - Leitura rpida de um texto em busca de uma informao especfica.
SKIMMIMG - Leitura superficial para atingir a compreenso geral do texto, atravs
dos recursos no-lineares e lineares, tais como as palavras transparentes, as palavras
repetidas, os recursos tipogrficos, etc.
41
Textos Complementares:
Texto 1
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
Distance education is any learning experience that occurs when learner and instructor
are separated by time and space. Most learning already occurs at a distance. As we read
books, observe art, listen to music, view a play, movie or television program we are learning from a remote
author, actress, composer, or artist. We do not consider this learning experience in the same manner in
which we think of traditional institutional learning with an instructor, students, and a classroom. It is the later
that is under pressure for change and the former that offers a solution.
An explosion of technology, research, information, and a global economy with global intellectual
competition place ever increasing demands on our institutional learning model. Concurrently purchasers of
learning, parents, taxpayers, and industry and governmental leaders, demand greater efficiency and higher
standards of achievement. An additional demand is to produce a graduate who will become an intellectual
worker in tomorrows economy. A worker who is a, self-directed, independent life-long learner capable of
critical thinking and independent action is desired.
Technology, which is a major source of demands placed on institutional learning, offers solutions to
its problems. Technology enhanced learning environments will become common place for both traditional and
distant students. Technology enhanced distance education places a student in an environment similar to their
future habitat as an intellectual worker in the 21st century. They learn to use technology to seek, structure,
interpret, and assimilate information. Information is presented in all forms including direct lecture, media
enhanced lecture, conferencing, books, papers, videos, and simulations. In short, technology enhanced
distance education can use all forms of media and information transfer methods.
Distance education can provide far more students with an opportunity for quality education. Likewise
authors, instructors, media specialists, publishers, and institutions that provide these opportunities will have
greater recognition, increased stature, and financial rewards.
Within a context of rapid technological change and shifting market conditions, the American education
system is challenged with providing increased educational opportunities without increased budgets. Many
educational institutions are answering this challenge by developing distance education programs. At its most
basic level, distance education takes place when a teacher and student(s) are physically separated and
technology (i.e., voice, video, data, communications, and print is used to bridge the instructional gap. These
types of programs can provide adults with a second chance at a college education, reach those disadvantaged
by limited time, distance or physical disability, and update the knowledge base of workers at their places of
employment, their homes, or libraries.
42
43
For example:
Interactive audio or video conferencing can provide real time face-to-face (or voiceto-voice) interaction. This is also an excellent to incorporate guests speakers and content
Princpios da experts. Electronic whiteboards used with computer conferencing can provide a means of
illustrating concepts and brainstorming sessions.
Lngua Inglesa
A strong print component can provide much of the basic instructional content in
the form of a course text, as well as readings, the syllabus, and day-to-day schedule. This print component
can be posted to a course web site (or placed onto a CD). The web URL is emailed to students who view and
print the documents.
Computer conferencing or electronic mail can be used to send messages, assignment feedback,
and other target communication to one or more class members. It can also be used to increase interaction
among students. List serves and newsgroups can be used to send messages to all students,
Pre-recorded videotapes or CD can be used to present class lectures and visually oriented content.
This is also an excellent and cost-effective way to incorporate guest speakers and experts.
Fax or Electronic Mail can be used to distribute assignments, last minute announcements, to
receive student assignments, and to provide timely feedback.
Computer Based Testing and quizzes with pre and posttests can provide students with feedback on
learning progress and provide measurement of meeting course objectives.
Student Tracking and Course Management systems can be used to facilitate the process, ease
the grading and paperwork burden, email grades to students, and free up more time to communicate with
students.
Using this integrated approach, the educators task is to carefully select among the technological options.
The goal is to build a mix of instructional media, meeting the needs of the learner in a manner that is
instructionally effective, economically prudent, and widely available to the majority of students. The resulting
course will be better than traditional and competitive course offerings.
http://www.collegecourse.com/sou/distance/whatis.html
Texto 2
WHAT IS STRATEGIC READING?
Reading is a process of constructing meaning by interacting with text; as individuals
read, they use their prior knowledge along with clues from the text to construct meaning.
Research indicates that effective or expert readers are strategic (Baker & Brown, 1984a, 1984b).
This means that they have purposes for their reading and adjust their reading to each purpose
and for each reading task. Strategic readers use a variety of strategies and skills as they
construct meaning (Paris, Wasik, & Turner, 1991).
A strategy is a plan selected deliberately by the reader to accomplish a particular goal
or to complete a given task (Paris, Lipson, & Wixson, 1983; Paris, Wasik, & Turner, 1991).
When students are able to select and use a strategy automatically, they have achieved
independence in using the strategy. Along with the strategies that expert readers use, they
also use a number of comprehension and study skills. It is clear from research that readers
develop the use of strategies and skills by reading and writing and being given the support
they need to grow in these processes (Wells, 1990).
44
The goal of all reading instruction is to help students become expert readers so that
they can achieve independence and can use literacy for lifelong learning and enjoyment.
Learning to use strategies effectively is essential to constructing meaning. Readers who are
not strategic often encounter difficulties in their reading (Paris, Wasik, & Turner, 1991). These
early difficulties in reading may influence the way readers learn throughout the rest of their
lives (Anderson, Hiebert, Scott, & Wilkinson, 1985).
http://www.eduplace.com/rdg/res/literacy/st_read0.html
Texto 3
BRAZIL - LITERATURE
The transfer, in 1808, of the Portuguese royal family to Brazil brought with it the spirit of the
incipient European Romantic Movement. Brazilian writers began to emphasize individual freedom,
subjectivism, and a concern for social issues. Following Brazil's Independence from Portugal,
Romantic literature expanded to exalt the uniqueness of Brazil's tropics and its Indians, concern
for the African slaves, and to descriptions of urban activities. Some of the best known literature
figures of the Romantic Period were poets, such as Castro Alves (1847-1871) who wrote about
African slaves and Gonalves Dias (1823-1864) who wrote about Indians. Manuel Antnio de Almeida
(1831-1861) is credited with initiating picaresque literature in Brazil. Jos de Alencar (18291877)wrote a number of popular novels including Iracema about Indians, O Guarani, a historical
novel, and novels on regional, social, and urban affairs. Among the novelists of the Romantic
Period two are still widely read in Brazil today: Joaquim Manuelde Macedo (1820-1882), who wrote
A Moreninha, a popular story, and Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay (1843-1899), the author of Inocncia.
The Parnassian school of poetry was, in Brazil as in France, a reaction to the excesses of
the Romantics. The so-called "ParnassianTriad" of Brazilian poets - Olavo Bilac (1865-1918),
Raimundo Correa (1860-1911), and Alberto de Oliveira (1859-1937) - wrote refined poetry in which
the poet's personality and interest in social issues were obliterated.
Machado de Assis (1839-1908) , widely acclaimed as the greatest Brazilian writer of the
19th century and beyond, was unique because of the universality of his novels and essays. Today,
Machado de Assis remains one the most important and influential writers of fiction in Brazil. His
works encompassed both the Romantic styleand Realism as exemplified in Europe by Emile Zola
and the Portuguese novelist, Ea de Queiroz. The prose of Euclides da Cunha(1866-1908), was
committed to a Brazilian literature portraying social realities. His famous work, Os Sertes (Rebellion
in the Backlands), about a revolt in the northeast led by a religious fanatic, was published in 1902.
At the turn of the century the Brazilian literary imagination was drawn to Symbolism,
represented by poets Cruz e Souza (1861-1893) and Alphonsus de Guimares (1870-1921). The
Symbolists were interested in mysticism and used metaphor and allegory to express their ideas.
Beginning in the 20th century, an innovative state of mind imbued Brazilian artists, culminating
in the celebration of the Week of Modern Art in So Paulo. This new way of thinking propelled an
artistic revolution what appealed to feelings of pride fornational folklore, history, and ancestry.
Participants in the Week of Modern Art resorted to experiments in writing and in finearts known
elsewhere as Futurism, Cubism, and Dadaism. Poet Menotti del Pichia summarized the aims of
the new artistic movement with these words: "We want light, air, ventilators, airplanes, workers'
demands, idealism, motors, factory smokestacks, blood, speed, dream in our Art." The most
important leader of the literary phase of this movement was Mrio de Andrade (1893-1945)who
wrote poetry, essays on literature, art, music, and Brazilian folklore, and Macunama, which he
called"a rhapsody, not a novel". Oswald de Andrade (1890-1953)wrote a collection of poems entitled
Pau-Brasil (Brazilwood) which evaluated Brazilian culture, superstitions, and family life in simple
language, economically, and, for the first time in Brazilian poetry, with humor.
45
Texto 4
What is a Good Teacher?
By Catherine Taylor, Lagos
What is a good teacher? Depending on ones perspective, this question has many valid
answers. A child might say that a good teacher makes learning fun, is fair, and assigns no homework.
A parent might say that a good teacher is organized, has good control of the class, and challenges
students. Administrators might say that a good teacher follows district guidelines, presents district
curriculum effectively, and contributes to the school community. The school building manager
might say a good teacher is tidy, has students clean up after themselves, and makes reasonable
46
demands on his/her time. In short, it would be difficult to describe a good teacher without
acknowledging all the people a teacher touches in the course of doing her* job as well as the varied
needs and expectations these people hold.
(* I use the feminine pronouns she and her to simplify. This in no way dismisses or
diminishes the many men who are good teachers.)
Good teachers come in a variety of sizes, shapes, colors, genders, and backgrounds.
Some are old, some young, some serious, some funny. Despite this broad range of individuals,
there are some characteristics common, some might say essential, for all good teachers.
A good teacher, first and foremost, sees each student as an individual with hopes, dreams,
strengths, and vulnerabilities. In her classroom, each student is treated as an invaluable, essential
member of the class, a person capable of success, a person with something important to contribute.
A good teacher works to create a classroom atmosphere in which every student sees every other
student in this light an atmosphere in which respect for each other is the guiding principle, an
atmosphere in which every student feels safe enough to share their thoughts and feelings, an
atmosphere in which making a mistake is seen as an opportunity to learn rather than an opportunity
to feel like a failure.
A good teacher knows her students on many levels. She learns all she can about their
academic strengths and needs, but even more about their interests, fears, hopes, and worries.
She helps her students learn these things about themselves. She helps her students to learn
some of these things about each other, especially the strengths and hopes!
A good teacher helps her students to develop, achieve, and maintain strong self-esteem.
She helps each student feel they are special, unique, and very, very wonderful. She looks beneath
a defeated, sassy, comedic, defiant, weird, or compliant attitude to find the real person inside the
behavior. She understands and accepts every childs need to try on a variety of identities and
doesnt allow clothes, hair, or other eccentricities to get in the way. She sees diversity as an
enhancing spice in the classroom and welcomes differences as a way to expand each class
members world.
A good teacher allows her students to see and get to know her real self. Rather than
hiding within her role, or maintaining an adult distance, she lets her hopes, dreams, fears, and
vulnerabilities show (when appropriate, of course) and lets her students in. If students see their
teacher as a person willing to be open and honest, they will be much more likely to be open and
honest with her. She makes herself available to her students, both her attention and her time.
A good teacher remembers that each of her students is somebodys precious child. She
knows that every parent has high hopes, valid concerns, and great expectations for that child. She
works to help the parents understand her goals, become comfortable with her style, and to develop
their confidence. She sees parents as an integral and vital part of the childs education not
intrusive, annoying impediments. She recognizes how much influence she has in a childs life
and how difficult it can be for a parent to trust their child to her.
A good teacher tries to see things through her students eyes as well as her own. She
works hard to be fair, empathetic, and encouraging. She strives to maintain high expectations for
each and every child to challenge them to reach for their best and aim for the stars. She is
strong, firm, and determined. She shows her students that learning and doing ones best are the
goals and that grades are not.
A good teacher is not afraid to try new things, to look a little silly, to show a little sadness,
to be a little angry, to get mighty excited, or to act really happy. Shes not afraid to play with her
students. Shes not afraid to say shes made a mistake, to apologize, or to change her mind. Shes
not afraid to bend a rule or to make a new rule. Shes not afraid to have standards, values, and
47
manners and to help her students see why those things are important and why
they should have them themselves, as well as why they must live up to hers.
A good teacher makes learning exciting. She helps each student find areas
Princpios da of interest to explore and master. She helps her students see that goals which are
Lngua Inglesa
at first difficult may eventually become easy, and are often the most satisfying to
achieve. She helps her students to see new things as stimulating challenges rather
than dreaded obstacles. She shows them that perfection is not only unrealistic, but
undesirable as well.
A good teacher knows that no one can be a good teacher to every student every day, but
she continues to try knowing that if she can be a good teacher to every student many days that
she has been successful. A good teacher forgives herself for becoming discouraged or frustrated,
encourages herself to keep trying, pats herself on the back when she knows it worked, and allows
herself to feel proud when she sees a child grow, because she knows she was part of that growth.
A good teacher shares what she has learned about being a good teacher with other
teachers, for a good teacher wants all children, not just the ones in her class, to have the best
possible experience in school. She knows that teachers as well as students can always learn
from each other.
A good teacher becomes attached to her students, knowing it will be hard to say good-bye
at the end of the school year, hoping those students will come back to visit, realizing that even if
she never sees them again, they will carry her in their futures and remember her with their
successes.
48
Referncias
Bibliogrficas
ANDRADE, Maria Margarida de & MEDEIRO, Joo Bosco. Comunicao em Lngua
Portuguesa: para os curso de jornalismo, propaganda e Letras. So Paulo: Atlas,2000.
BOFF, Leonardo. A guia e a galinha: uma metfora de condio humana. Petrpolis:
Vozes,1997.
BROOKS, S. and N.,The C.V. Mostly Company. London.
CEREJA, William Roberto & MAGALHES, Thereza Cochar. Texto e Interao: uma
proposta de produo textual a partir de gneros e projetos.So Paulo: Atual,2000.
______ Gramtica Reflexiva: Texto, Semntica e Interao, So Paulo: Atual, 1999.
FREIRE, Paulo. A importncia do ato de ler. 12. Ed. So Paulo: Cortez, 1986.
FREITAG, B. Aspectos filosficos e Scio-Antropolgicos do Construtivismo PsPiagetiano - I Construtivismo Ps Piagetiano. Petrpolis: Vozes, 1993.
GARCIA, Othon M. Comunicao em Prosa Moderna: aprender a escrever, aprendendo
a pensar. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro:FGV, 1973.
ICARO VARIG INFLIGHT MAGAZINE
INFANTE, Ulisses. Do Texto ao Texto. So Paulo Scipione, 1996
KATO, Mary. O Aprendizado da Leitura. So Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1995.
KLEIMAN, ngela. Oficina de leitura: teoria & prtica. Campinas, Pontes, 1998
KOCH, Ingedore Grunfeld Villaa & TRAVAGLIA, Luiz Carlos. Texto e Coerncia. So Paulo:
Cortez, 2003.
______. A coerncia textual: repensando a lngua portuguesa.11 ed. So Paulo: Contexto,
2001.
LIMA, Denise. UFScar. In Revista Nova Escola, Junho 1996.
Link UK Nov/Dec-2004 / Jan/Feb-2005
MORIN, E. A construo da sociedade democrtica e o papel da educao e do
conhecimento para a formao do imaginrio do futuro. Construtivismo Ps-Piagetiano.
Petrpolis: Vozes, 1993.
NEWSWEEK MAGAZINE NOVEMBER 8, 1993
OLIVEIRA,S.R.DE F. Estratgias de Leitura para Ingls Instrumental.UnB.Braslia,1994.
49
Lngua Inglesa
50
Anotaes
51
Princpios da
Lngua Inglesa
FTC - EaD
Faculdade de Tecnologia e Cincias - Educao a Distncia
Democratizando a Educao.
www.ftc.br/ead
52