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1AHL 105 891
PhysCalcLib.doc
Physical Calculations Library
Users Manual
We reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden. ABB Power Automation Ltd (CH) 2000
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Contents
Modules of the Physical Calculations Library................................................................................................ 3 Module Descriptions ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Calculation : Drum Level of Water, TC DRM_LVL.................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Attributes...................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Function ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3. Interface....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.4. Application.................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.5. Example: Drum Level.................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Calculation : Volume Flow for Gas, TC GAS_FLW ................................................................................. 7 2.2.1. Attributes...................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. Function ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3. Interface....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.4. Application.................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.5. ApplicExample 1 : Mass Flow ........................................................................................................ 9 2.2.6. ApplicExample 2 : Volume Flow SI................................................................................................. 9 2.2.7. Example 1: Fuel Gas Flow........................................................................................................... 10 2.2.8. Example 2: Nitrogen Gas Flow..................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Calculation : Steam Enthalpy, TC ST_ENTH ....................................................................................... 11 2.3.1. Attributes.................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2. Function ..................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3. Interface..................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4. Calculation : Mass Flow for Steam, TC STM_FLW ............................................................................... 12 2.4.1. Attributes.................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.2. Function ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.3. Calculation for steam................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.4. Calculation for saturated steam.................................................................................................... 13 2.4.5. Interface..................................................................................................................................... 14 2.4.6. Application.................................................................................................................................. 14 2.4.7. Example 1: Superheated Steam Flow........................................................................................... 15 2.4.8. Example 2: Saturated Steam Flow ............................................................................................... 15 2.5. Calculation : Saturated Steam Temperature, TC STM_T...................................................................... 16 2.5.1. Attributes.................................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.2. Function ..................................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.3. Interface..................................................................................................................................... 16 2.6. Calculation : Saturated Steam Temperature, TC STM_T6 .................................................................... 17 2.6.1. Attributes.................................................................................................................................... 17 2.6.2. Function ..................................................................................................................................... 17 2.6.3. Interface..................................................................................................................................... 17 2.7. Calculation : Mass Flow for Water, TC WTR_FLW ............................................................................... 18 2.7.1. Attributes.................................................................................................................................... 18 2.7.2. Function ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.7.3. Calculation for feedwater............................................................................................................. 19 2.7.4. Calculation for saturated water..................................................................................................... 19 2.7.5. Interface..................................................................................................................................... 20 2.7.6. Application.................................................................................................................................. 20 2.7.7. Example: Water Flow.................................................................................................................. 21 2.8. Calculation : Valve Physics for Compressible Fluid, TC VLV_GAS........................................................ 22 2.8.1. Attributes.................................................................................................................................... 22 2.8.2. Function ..................................................................................................................................... 22 2.8.3. Interface..................................................................................................................................... 23 2.8.4. Application.................................................................................................................................. 24 2.8.5. ApplicExample : ValveStroke(Flow_REF) ..................................................................................... 25 2.8.6. ApplicExample : ValveFlow(Strk_ACT)......................................................................................... 25 3. Revision Page.......................................................................................................................................... 26
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1. Modules of the Physical Calculations Library
DRuM_LeVeL GAS_FLoW STeam_ENTHalpy STeaM_FLoW STeaM_Temp STeaM_Temp6 WaTeR_FLoW
Drum Level of Water Volume Flow for Gas Steam Enthalpy Mass Flow for Steam Saturated Steam Temperature Saturated Steam Temperature Mass Flow for Water
GAS_VaLVe
Valve Physics for Compressible Fluid
Module
Description
applicable
Status/lastMod
DRM_LVL GAS_FLW ST_ENTH STM_FLW STM_T STM_T6 WTR_FLW
Drum Level of Water Volume Flow for Gas Steam Enthalpy Mass Flow for Steam Saturated Steam Temperature Saturated Steam Temperature Mass Flow for Water
AC450 AC450 AC450 AC450 AC450 AC450
AC160 AC160 AC160 AC160 AC160
00-03-28 00-06-30 99-01-10 00-03-28 00-03-28 00-03-28 00-03-28
GAS_VLV
Valve Physics for Compressible Fluid
AC450
AC160
Draft
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2. Module Descriptions
2.1.
2.1.1.
Calculation : Drum Level of Water, TC DRM_LVL

Attributes DRM_LVL Drum Level of Water Advant Power, AC450 / AC160 CHPAU/NPA Approved 00-03-28
This function is based on CHAAP GIAM TN 00004
Required
Solution Designation Solution Title System Type Owner Status Last Modification
Information Only
Processes Projects Solution Layers Incl 2.1.2. Function CCPP Standard Control
The function calculates the drum level using the differential pressure between two measuring points on the drum. The drum pressure is required to calculate the densities of water and steam. The results are valid between 1 barA and 210 barA. The maximum error generally is less than 1.5 %. For low pressures (< 3 barA) and high level indications the maximum error is less than 4 %. The calculation is based on the fact that the drum contains saturated water and steam.
Level Indication Drum Water Leg
Lmax
ST W
O
Ltd La
0 mm
Lmin
p o = water density in water leg W = water density in drum ST = steam density in drum p = delta pressure DP = delta pressure Ltd = tap distance La = actual level L = actual level for indication Lmax = upper indication limit Lmin = lower indication limit p calculation : [kg/m] [kg/m] [kg/m] [Pa] [bar] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] o=f(pdrum ,Twetleg) W=f(pdrum ) ST=f(pdrum ) Pin DP Pin TAP_DIST Pin L Pin L_MAX = TAP_DIST L_0 Pin L_MIN = L_0
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p = o * g * L td - [W * g * L a + ST * g*( L td - L a )] La = [(o - ST) * L td - (p/g)] / [W - ST]

scaled to one and linearised to the upper and lower indication limit
therefore
L = L td * [(o - ST) - (DP * 105 / (g * L td))] / (W - ST) + Lmin

2.1.3. Interface
Terminal
Description
Location
I/O
Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs DP DP_ERR P P_ERR P_EQIV DP_MAX TRX_RIS P_ABS T_WETLEG TAP_DIST L_0 L_BACK Outputs L L_ERR L_DIST H_LIM L_LIM L_MAX L_MIN
Differential pressure Differential pressure disturbed Drum pressure Drum pressure disturbed Equivalent pressure value if P_ERR = 1 Maximum value of differential pressure Characteristic of differential pressure transmitter, 0 = falling 1 = rising ( -> application) Type of drum pressure transmitter 1 = absolute Temperature of reference water leg Tapping point distance Distance to zero of level output Equivalent level value if DP_ERR = 1 Level from L_MIN up to L_MAX Error from differential pressure Error from pressure transmitter Upper limit of level range reached Lower limit of level range reached Maximum value of level range Minimum value of level range
1 2 10 11 12 21 22 23 24 39 40 41 50 51 52 53 54 61 62
I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O O O
bar bar bar bar Cel m m m m m m
R B R B R R B B R R R R R B B B B R R
100 bar 0.1 bar 0 0 50 Cel 1m 0.5 m 0m
2.1.4. Application Note: The function contains no signal filtering. The following equation is assumed : DP_MAX / bar = TAP_DIST / m * 9.81/100
A falling transmitter characteristic means that the value zero at pin DP results in the highest possible level, and vice versa a rising transmitter characteristic means the value Dpmax at pin DP results in the highest possible level.
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Example: Drum Level
level indication 902 mm top tap 0 mm normal operating level -101 mm center line of drum
-1104 mm bottom tap
TAP_DIST L_0 P_EQIV DP_MAX TRX_RIS P_ABS T_WETLEG L_BACK
= 2.006 m = 1.104 m = 6 barG = 0.197 bar =0 =0 = 40 Cel = 1.1 m
= top tap bottom tap, means vertical distance of tapping points level above bottom tap for zero indication e. g. normal operating pressure or any reasonable value, same unit as pressure transmitter = TAP_DIST * 9.81 /100, measuring range of differential pressure transmitter falling - means with 4 mA = 0.1968 bar and 20mA = 0.0 bar gauge drum pressure transmitter expected approximate temperature of reference water leg level indication in case of disturbed differential pressure transmitter
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2.2.
2.2.1.
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Calculation : Volume Flow for Gas, TC GAS_FLW

Attributes GAS_FLW Volume Flow for Gas Advant Power, AC450 / AC160 CHPAU/NPA Draft 00-06-30
This function is based on <t.b.d.>
Required
Information Only
Processes Projects Solution Layers Incl CCPP Standard Control
2.2.2. Function The function calculates the volume flow of gas using the differential pressure over an orifice. For Equations and Formulae see ISO 5167, DIN 1952, or VDI/VDE 2040. Pressure and temperature of the gas are required to calculate its density. Pressure and temperature are measured after the orifice. All calculations are based on the theory of ideal gases. The results are valid with an acceptable deviation from its measured value. Typical errors are less than 1 %. The volume flow is calculated by the following formula :
FVOL (DP, PW , TW ) = A Cv
with
DP ZETA RHO
tw / K = TW / Cel + T0
Cv = 1 609 969 Cd = 100 000 R = 8 314.51 J/kmol/K T0 = 273.15 [K]
RHO = (M_N * PW * Cd) / (R * tw)

FVOL DP PW TW A ZETA M_N = = = = volume flow differential pressure pressure after orifice temperature after orifice [m /h] [bar] [barG/A] [Cel] [m ] [1] [g/mol]
2 3
where
= area of orifice = orifice coefficient = molecular weight nominal
At an additional output the density is get :
RHO(PW, TW ) = RHO
RHO = density [kg/m] calculated depending from the values of PW and TW
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The molecular weight resp. the orifice coefficient may be built as follows :
M_N = RHOnom * (R * (TW nom + T0) / (PWnom * Cd))

resp.
< ideal gas > < ideal gas >
ZETA = (A * Cv / FVOL maxN)2 * DPmaxN / RHOnom

RHOnom FVOLmaxN FVOLnom
= density at the nominal conditions PWnom and TW nom = value of volume flow at the conditions DP maxN and RHOnom [ or alternatively = value of volume flow at nominal conditions DP nom and RHOnom ]
2.2.3.
Interface
Terminal
Description
Location
I/O Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs DP DP_ERR PW PW_ERR PW_N TW TW_ERR TW_N DP_MAX A ZETA M_N RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK Outputs FVOL F_ERR F_DIST RHO D_3600 Symbol P0
Differential pressure 1 Differential pressure disturbed 2 Gas pressure after orifice 10 Gas pressure disturbed 11 1 Nominal pressure , value if P_ERR = 1 12 Gas temperature after orifice 20 Gas temperature disturbed 21 1 Nominal temperature , value if T_ERR = 1 22 Maximum value of differential pressure 23 Area of orifice 26 Orifice coefficient 27 Molecular weight of gas at nominal conditions 28 Differential pressure transmitter makes 29 square rooting ( -> application) Type of pressure transmitter 1 = absolute 0 = gauge 30 Indication limit for flow ( -> application) 40 Equivalent flow, value if DP_ERR = 1 41 Volume flow Error from differential pressure Error from pressure or temperature transmitter Density of gas Denominator for mass flow calculation Ambient pressure, active only if P_ABS = 0 50 51 52 60 61 -
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O
bar bar bar Cel Cel bar m2 g/mol m3/h m3/h m3/h kg/m3 -
R B R B R R B R R R R R B B R R R B B R R R
10 bar
100 Cel 0.02 m2 5 28 g/mol 0 0 0 m3/h 0 m3/h
(3600 s) 1 bar
S bar
Nominal value corresponds to equivalent value

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2.2.4. Application Note: The function contains no signal filtering. From a square rooting DP transmitter the true real value is assumed at pin DP in unit bar 01.5 bar the resulting value range is 01.2247 .
1/2
, e. g. for a given DP
Output value of FVOL is set to zero if falling below the value 0.5 * F_ZERO and reanimated above the value F_ZERO (hysteresis = 0.5 * F_ZERO).
2.2.5.
ApplicExample 1 : Mass Flow
F / kg/s = FVOL / m3/h * RHO / kg/m3 / D_3600

F = mass flow D_3600= 3 600 [kg/s] [s]
Note: Use PC element DIV-MR(2,1)
2.2.6.
ApplicExample 2 : Volume Flow SI
FVOL SI / kg/s = FVOL / m3/h / D_3600

FVOLSI = volume flow D_3600= 3 600 Note: Use PC element DIV(R) [m /s] [s]
3
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Example 1: Fuel Gas Flow Pnom = 15.2 barG A= 2 2.0 m Tnom = 300 Cel FVOLnom = 3 363 000 m /h FVOLmaxN = 3 500 000 m /h RHOnom = 3 10.200 3 kg/m DP_MAX = 1.2 bar
Name plate data of flow nozzle DP nom = 0.184 5 bar DP maxN = 0.35 bar
Taking the values above you get the values for molecular weight M_N resp. for orifice coefficient ZETA, thus M_N = RHOnom * (R * (TW nom + T0) / (PWnom * Cd)) = R = 8 314.51, T0 = 273.15, Cd = 100 000 29.981 118 g/mol 2 Cv = 1 609 969 ZETA = (A * Cv / FVOLmaxN) * DPmaxN / RHOnom = 1.423 PW_N TW_N DP_MAX RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK Aopt < P0 > = = = = = = = = = 15.2 barG 300 Cel 1.2 bar 0 0 3 10 000 m /h 3 500 m /h 2 1.999 988 m 1.013 25 bar same unit as pressure transmitter from measuring range of the differential pressure transmitter differential pressure transmitter does not square root gauge pressure transmitter output FVOL is not zero if FVOL > F_ZERO or zero if FVOL < 0.5 * F_ZERO indication in case of disturbed differential pressure transmitter see note below medium ambient pressure
3
Note: With Aopt an better value for the volume flow is get, i. e. volume flow changes to 500 000.000 m /h exactly. error_typical < 0.32 % ( e.g. err_max < 0.05 % at DP = 0.003 172 bar, PWmax = 20 barG, TWmax = 400 Cel, PWmin = 5 barG, and Twmin = 100 Cel ) .
2.2.8.
Example 2: Nitrogen Gas Flow Pnom = 3.94 barA A= 2 0.02 m Tnom = 15 Cel FVOLnom = 3 1 100 m /h FVOLmaxN = 3 2 000 m /h RHOnom = 3 4.626 8 kg/m DP_MAX = 0.22 bar
Name plate data of flow nozzle DP nom = 0.030 25 bar DP maxN = 0.1 bar
Taking the values above you get the values for molecular weight M_N resp. for orifice coefficient ZETA, thus M_N = RHOnom * (R * (TW nom + T0) / (PWnom * Cd)) = R = 8 314.51, T0 = 273.15, Cd = 100 000 28.134 5 g/mol [ 28.087 g/mol if 2.94 barG ] 2 Cv = 1 609 969 ZETA = (A * Cv / FVOLmaxN) * DPmaxN / RHOnom = 5.602 PW_N TW_N DP_MAX RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK Aopt [ < P0 > = 3.94 barA same unit as pressure transmitter = 15 Cel = 0.22 bar from measuring range of the differential pressure transmitter =0 differential pressure transmitter does not square root =1 absolute pressure transmitter 3 = 200 m /h output FVOL is not zero if FVOL > F_ZERO or zero if FVOL < 0.5 * F_ZERO 3 = 10 m /h indication in case of disturbed differential pressure transmitter 2 = 0.020 033 3 m see note below = 1.006 675 bar medium ambient pressure - usefull only if PW is gauge ]
3
Note: With Aopt an better value for the volume flow is get, i. e. volume flow changes to 2 000.000 m /h exactly. error_typical < 0.24 % ( e.g. err_max < 0.34 % at DP = 0.209 991 bar, PWmin = 1 barG (!), TWmax = 35 Cel, PWmax = 5 barG (!), and TWmin = 5 Cel ) .
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2.3.
2.3.1.
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Calculation : Steam Enthalpy, TC ST_ENTH

Attributes ST_ENTH Steam Enthalpy Advant Power, AC450 / AC160 CHPAU/NPA Approved 99-01-10
This function is based on KWGA TN 1 99004
Required
Information Only
2.3.2. Function Many functions in the water/steam cycle are based on an enthalpy calculation. Inputs are temperature and absolute pressure. This module calculates an approximation of the steam table values based on polynomials. The results are valid between 1 barA and 200 barA, resp. 100 Cel and 600 Cel and all enthalpies higher than 2950 kJ/kg. The maximum error in this range is less than 10 kJ/kg.
ENTH = f(TEMP, PRESS)
2.3.3.
Interface
Terminal
Description
Location I/O Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs TEMP PRESS Outputs ENTH
Temperature Pressure Enthalpy
2 3 10
I I
Cel barA
R R R
O kJ/kg
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2.4.
2.4.1.
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Calculation : Mass Flow for Steam, TC STM_FLW

Attributes STM_FLW Mass Flow for Steam Advant Power, AC450 CHPAU/NPA Approved 00-03-28
Required
Information Only
2.4.2. Function The function calculates the mass flow of steam using the differential pressure over an orifice according DIN 1952. Pressure and temperature of the medium are required to calculate the density of the steam. The results are valid between 1 barA and 400 barA, resp. between 0 Cel and 700 Cel. The maximum error is less than 1 % in the range 1 barA and 310 barA, resp. between 0 Cel and 620 Cel excluding values too close to the critical state of steam. For all temperatures below the saturation temperature T_SAT is used in the calculation. The mass flow is calculated by the following formula :
m?= ORI * SQRT(2 * DP * ) RHO = (P, T)

m? = mass flow DP = differential pressure = density ORI = orifice parameter [kg/s] [bar] [kg/m] [m ]
2
and
Pin F Pin DP internal calculated depending from P and T Pin ORI
The orifice parameter may be built as follows :
ORI = F nom / SQRT(2 * DPnom * RHOnom)

or
ORI = * * (d * /4) * 316.228

d = flow coefficient = expansion coefficient = diameter orifice [1] [1] [m] Fnom = flow at nominal conditions DP nom = differential pressure at nominal conditions RHOnom = density nominal at the conditions Pnom and Tnom
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Calculation for steam
The calculation of the steam density is based on special functions. The diagram below only shows the principle ranges of the density.
Density of Steam as Function of Pressure and Temperature DENSITY OF WATER/STEAM AS FUNCTION OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATUR
1000.0
800.0
600.0 DENSITY [kg/m3]
Steam
400.0
200.0
150 bar 0.0 0 20 50 80 110 140 190 220 260 90 bar 300 30 bar 340 380 420 460 500 540 580 620 0 bar 660 PRESSURE [barg]
TEMPERATURE [C]
2.4.4.
Calculation for saturated steam
For the calculation of saturated steam only the differential pressure across an orifice and the steam pressure are necessary.
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Terminal
Description
Location
I/O Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs DP DP_ERR P P_ERR P_EQIV T T_ERR T_EQIV DP_MAX ORI RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK Outputs F F_ERR F_DIST RHO SAT_LIN
Differential pressure Differential pressure disturbed Medium pressure Medium pressure disturbed Equivalent pressure value if P_ERR = 1 Medium temperature Medium temperature disturbed Equivalent temperature value if T_ERR = 1 Maximum value of differential pressure Orifice parameter defined at nominal conditions Differential pressure transmitter makes square rooting ( -> application) Type of pressure transmitter 1 = absolute Indication limit for flow ( -> application) Equivalent flow value if DP_ERR = 1 Flow Error from differential pressure Error from pressure or temperature transmitter Density of medium Temperature is given by the internal calculated Tsat (P)
1 2 10 11 12 20 21 22 25 26 28 29 40 41 50 51 52 60 61
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O
bar bar bar Cel Cel bar m2 kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/m3 -
R B R B R R B R R R B B R R R B B R B
100 bar
500 Cel
0 0 0 kg/s 0 kg/s
2.4.6. Application Note: The function contains no signal filtering. From a square rooting DP transmitter the true real value is assumed at pin DP in unit bar 01.5 bar the resulting value range is 01.2247 .
1/2
Output values are set to zero if falling below the value 0.5 * F_ZERO and reanimated above the value F_ZERO (hysteresis = 0.5 * F_ZERO).
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Example 1: Superheated Steam Flow DP nom 0.381 bar Pnom 6.9 barG
3
Name plate data of flow nozzle
Tnom Fnom 326.1 Cel 13.77 kg/s
You get out of steam table RHOnom (P nom, Tnom ) = 2.904 kg/m Thus ORI = 2 9.257 m P_EQIV T_EQIV DP_MAX RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK Fnom / SQRT(2 * DP nom * RHOnom )
= 7 barG = 326 Cel = 0.5 bar =0 =0 = 1 kg/s = 0 kg/s
or any reasonable value, same unit as pressure transmitter or any reasonable value is measuring range of differential pressure transmitter differential pressure transmitter does not square root gauge pressure transmitter output F is not zero if F > F_ZERO or zero if F < 0.5 * F_ZERO indication in case of disturbed differential pressure transmitter
2.4.8.
Example 2: Saturated Steam Flow DP nom 0.27 bar Pnom 6.1 barA
3
Tnom sat
Fnom 12.54 kg/s
You get out of steam table RHOnom (P nom , Tsat (P nom )) = 3.218 kg/m thus ORI = 2 9.513 m P_EQIV T T_EQIV DP_MAX RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK Fnom / SQRT(2 * DP nom * RHOnom )
= 6 barG = 7 Cel = 7 Cel = 0.4 bar =0 =1 = 1.5 kg/s =F
or any reasonable value, same unit as pressure transmitter below saturation at all operating conditions or any reasonable value is measuring range of differential pressure transmitter differential pressure transmitter does not square root absolute pressure transmitter output F is not zero if F > F_ZERO or zero if F < 0.5 * F_ZERO feedbacked from output F means last undisturbed value of differential pressure transmitter is frozen in case of disturbed differential pressure transmitter
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2.5.
2.5.1.
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Calculation : Saturated Steam Temperature, TC STM_T

Attributes STM_T Saturated Steam Temperature Advant Power, AC450 CHPAU/NPA Approved 00-03-28
Required
Information Only
2.5.2. Function Many functions in the water/steam cycle are based on a saturation temperature calculation. This module calculates an approximation of the saturated steam temperature. The variable of the function is an absolute pressure. The results are valid between 0.01 barA and 220 barA. The maximum error in this range is less than 2.2 K. The maximum error is less than 0.6 K between 0.08 barA and 170 barA.
T_SAT = f(P + P_AMB)
2.5.3.
Interface
Terminal
Description
Location
I/O
Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs P P_AMB Outputs T_SAT Pressure Ambient pressure Saturation temperature 1 2 3 I I O bar barA Cel R R R 1.013 barA
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2.6.
2.6.1.
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Calculation : Saturated Steam Temperature, TC STM_T6

Attributes STM_T6 Saturated Steam Temperature Advant Power, AC160 CHPAU/NPA Approved 00-03-28
Required
Information Only
2.6.2. Function Many functions in the water/steam cycle are based on a saturation temperature calculation. This module calculates an approximation of the saturated steam temperature. The variable of the function is an absolute pressure. The results are valid between 0.1 barA and 221.5 barA. The maximum error in this range is less than 0.3 K.
T_SAT = f(P + P_AMB)
2.6.3.
Interface
Terminal
Description
Location
I/O
Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs P P_AMB Outputs T_SAT Pressure Ambient pressure Saturation temperature 1 2 3 I I O bar barA Cel R R R 1.013 barA
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2.7.
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Calculation : Mass Flow for Water, TC WTR_FLW

Attributes WTR_FLW Mass Flow for Water Advant Power, AC450 / AC160 CHPAU/NPA Approved 00-03-28
Required
Information Only
2.7.2. Function The function calculates the mass flow of water using the differential pressure over an orifice according DIN 1952. Pressure and temperature of the medium are required to calculate the density of the water. The results are valid between 0.1 barA and 370 barA, resp. between 0 Cel and 310 Cel. The maximum error is less than 1 % in the range 0.1 barA and 310 barA, resp. between 10 Cel and 300 Cel. For all temperatures above the saturation temperature T_SAT is used in the calculation. The mass flow is calculated by the following formula :
m?= ORI * SQRT(2 * DP * ) RHO = (P, T)

m? = mass flow DP = differential pressure = density ORI = orifice parameter [kg/s] [bar] [kg/m] [m ]
2
and
Pin F Pin DP internal calculated depending from P and T Pin ORI
The orifice parameter may be built as follows :
ORI = F nom / SQRT(2 * DPnom * RHOnom) ORI = * * (d * /4) * 316.228

d = flow coefficient = expansion coefficient = diameter orifice [1] [1] [m] Fnom = flow at nominal conditions DP nom = differential pressure at nominal conditions RHOnom = density nominal at the conditions Pnom and Tnom
or
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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2.7.3.
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Calculation for feedwater
The calculation of the feedwater density is based on special functions. The diagram below only shows the principle ranges of the density.
Density of Water as Function of Pressure and Temperature

DENSITY OF WATER/STEAM AS FUNCTION OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATUR
Feedwater
1000.0
800.0
600.0 DENSITY [kg/m3]
400.0
200.0
150 bar 0.0 0 20 50 80 110 140 190 220 260 90 bar 300 30 bar 340 380 420 460 500 540 580 620 0 bar 660 PRESSURE [barg]
TEMPERATURE [C]
2.7.4.
Calculation for saturated water
For the calculation of saturated water only the differential pressure across an orifice and the water pressure are necessary.
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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2.7.5. Interface
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Terminal
Description
Location
I/O Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs DP DP_ERR P P_ERR P_EQIV T T_ERR T_EQIV DP_MAX ORI RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK Outputs F F_ERR F_DIST RHO SAT_LIN
Differential pressure Differential pressure disturbed Medium pressure Medium pressure disturbed Equivalent pressure value if P_ERR = 1 Medium temperature Medium temperature disturbed Equivalent temperature value if T_ERR = 1 Maximum value of differential pressure Orifice parameter defined at nominal conditions Differential pressure transmitter makes square rooting ( -> application) Type of pressure transmitter 1 = absolute Indication limit for flow ( -> application) Equivalent flow value if DP_ERR = 1 Flow Error from differential pressure Error from pressure or temperature transmitter Density of medium Temperature is given by the internal calculated Tsat (P)
1 2 10 11 12 20 21 22 25 26 28 29 40 41 50 51 52 60 61
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O O
bar bar bar Cel Cel bar m2 kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/m3 -
R B R B R R B R R R B B R R R B B R B
100 bar
100 Cel
0 0 0 kg/s 0 kg/s
2.7.6.
Application
Note: The function contains no signal filtering. From a square rooting DP transmitter the true real value is assumed at pin DP in unit bar 01.5 bar the resulting value range is 01.2247 .
1/2
Output values are set to zero if falling below the value 0.5 * F_ZERO and reanimated above the value F_ZERO (hysteresis = 0.5 * F_ZERO).
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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Example: Water Flow Tnom 48.9 Cel Fnom 90.42 kg/s
DP nom Pnom 0.7119 bar 11.5 barG 3 You get out of steam table RHOnom (P nom, Tnom ) = 989.02 kg/m thus ORI = Fnom / SQRT(2 * DP nom * RHOnom ) 2 2.41 m P_EQIV T_EQIV DP_MAX RAD_DP P_ABS F_ZERO F_BACK = = = = = = = 12 barG 49 Cel 1.1 bar 0 0 5 kg/s 0 kg/s
or any reasonable value, same unit as pressure transmitter or any reasonable value is measuring range of differential pressure transmitter differential pressure transmitter does not square root gauge pressure transmitter output F is not zero if F > F_ZERO or zero if F < 0.5 * F_ZERO indication in case of disturbed differential pressure transmitter
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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2.8.
2.8.1.
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Calculation : Valve Physics for Compressible Fluid, TC VLV_GAS

Attributes VLV_GAS Valve Physics for Compressible Fluid Advant Power, AC450 / AC160 CHPAU/NPA Draft 00-05-2.
This function is based on KWGA TN HTCT 427 814
Required
Information Only
2.8.2. Function This function calculates the characteristic values for the following tasks : Mass Flow depending from valve stroke , differential pressure, as well as pressure and temperature before valve. Valve Stroke depending from flow reference , differential pressure, as well as pressure and temperature before valve. The function calculates the valve factor using the differential pressure across the valve, the pressure before the valve and the temperature before the valve (European Standard 60 534). Based on the valve factor both values, i. e. valve stroke and mass flow can be built. The solutions can be found in chapter application below.
The output values are calculated by the following formulas :
VLV ( DP, P, T ) =
Cvlv 1 Zt P 1 PHI x M x
with
x(DP,P) = MIN(DP / P, DPP_C)

and
==
DPP_L
t(T) / K = T / Cel + T0
and
PHI = 1 / (3 * DPP_C)
and
DPP_C = XT * GAM_GAS / gam_air

VLV DP P T = = = = valve factor differential pressure pressure temperature = = = = [m3/kg/3600] [bar] [barA] [Cel] [1] [1] [1] [g/mol]
T0 = 273.15 CVLV = 32.826 2 (J/kmol/K)

0.5
Z XT GAM_GAS M
real gas factor critical normalised pressure drop specific heat ratio of medium molecular weight
gam_air = 1.4 (specific heat ratio of air)
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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DPP(DP,P) = DP / P DPP_L(DP,P) = MIN(DPP, DPP_C)

DPP = normalized pressure drop DPP_L = limited DPP [1] [1]
CHOCKED := DPP > DPP_C

CHOCKED = sonic flow
To get the mass flow resp. valve stroke see the formulas in chapter application below.
2.8.3.
Interface
Terminal
Description
Location
I/O Unit
DtaTpe
DefltVal
Usage
Inputs DP P T XT GAM_GAS Z M Outputs VLV DPP DPP_L CHOCKED
Differential pressure across valve Pressure before valve Temperature before valve Critical normalized pressure drop Specific heat ratio of the medium Real gas factor of the medium Molecular weight of the medium Valve factor Normalized pressure drop Limited DPP Chocked flow DPP > DPP_L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 21
I I I I I I I O O O O
bar barA Cel g/mol m3/kg/3600 -
R R R R R R R R R R B
0.804 1.306 0.03055 18.5 g/mol
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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2.8.4. Application The mass flow is calculated by using the valve factor, the non-linear valve characteristic, and the actual valve stroke.
m? (y,DP,P,T) = f(y) / VLV(DP,P,T) { * KV_CORR }

m? = mass flow calculated f(y) = valve characteristic y = valve stroke actual [kg/s] [m3/h] [%] KV_CORR = 1.0 (valve flow capacity) KV_CORR may be a function of DPP_L
The valve stroke is calculated by using the valve factor, the inverted non-linear valve characteristic, and the actual flow reference.
y(m? ref,DP,P,T) = y(F)

with
F = m? ref * VLV(DP,P,T) { / KV_CORR }

y = valve stroke calculated y(F) = inverted valve characteristic m? ref = flow reference [%] [%] [kg/s] KV_CORR see above
C_VLV = 3 600 / 10 000 * SQRT( R)

with
R = 8 314.51 J/kmol/K
The critical normalized pressure drop XT is a function of the valve geometry. For a given valve design it should not be used to calibrate the medium mass flow calculation. The real gas factor Z, the gas molecular weight M, and the gas specific heat ratio GAM_GAS are all medium specific inputs and must be set accordingly. Both the real gas factor and the gas molecular weight are standard outputs of the medium composition analysis.
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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2.8.5.
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ApplicExample : ValveStroke(Flow_REF)
2.8.6.
ApplicExample : ValveFlow(Strk_ACT)
Note: MEAS4 STRK_X STRK_Y
means means means
opt. valve flow capacity KV_CORR corr. volume flow points of valve characteristic corr. valve position points of valve characteristic
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)
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3. Revision Page
Rev. A Page (p.) Chapt. (c.) c. 2.2 Description Addition of TC GAS_FLW Date Dept. - Name 00-06-30, ly
1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)

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1KHZ 100 131

1AHL 105 891

Physical Calculations Library

1KHZ 100 131

1KHZ 100 131

1. Modules of the Physical Calculations Library

DRuM_LeVeL GAS_FLoW STeam_ENTHalpy STeaM_FLoW STeaM_Temp STeaM_Temp6 WaTeR_FLoW

Valve Physics for Compressible Fluid

DRM_LVL GAS_FLW ST_ENTH STM_FLW STM_T STM_T6 WTR_FLW

AC450 AC450 AC450 AC450 AC450 AC450

AC160 AC160 AC160 AC160 AC160

00-03-28 00-06-30 99-01-10 00-03-28 00-03-28 00-03-28 00-03-28

Valve Physics for Compressible Fluid

1KHZ 100 131

Calculation : Drum Level of Water, TC DRM_LVL

This function is based on CHAAP GIAM TN 00004

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p = o * g * L td - [W * g * L a + ST * g*( L td - L a )] La = [(o - ST) * L td - (p/g)] / [W - ST]

L = L td * [(o - ST) - (DP * 105 / (g * L td))] / (W - ST) + Lmin

bar bar bar bar Cel m m m m m m

100 bar 0.1 bar 0 0 50 Cel 1m 0.5 m 0m

1KHZ 100 131

Example: Drum Level

-1104 mm bottom tap

TAP_DIST L_0 P_EQIV DP_MAX TRX_RIS P_ABS T_WETLEG L_BACK

= 2.006 m = 1.104 m = 6 barG = 0.197 bar =0 =0 = 40 Cel = 1.1 m

1KHZ 100 131

Calculation : Volume Flow for Gas, TC GAS_FLW

This function is based on <t.b.d.>

RHO = (M_N * PW * Cd) / (R * tw)

= area of orifice = orifice coefficient = molecular weight nominal

At an additional output the density is get :

1KHZ 100 131

M_N = RHOnom * (R * (TW nom + T0) / (PWnom * Cd))

< ideal gas > < ideal gas >

ZETA = (A * Cv / FVOL maxN)2 * DPmaxN / RHOnom

100 Cel 0.02 m2 5 28 g/mol 0 0 0 m3/h 0 m3/h

Nominal value corresponds to equivalent value

1AHQ 490010 Rev. -- / 96-09-27 / KWGQ (KW 200 600 P4)

1KHZ 100 131

ApplicExample 1 : Mass Flow

F / kg/s = FVOL / m3/h * RHO / kg/m3 / D_3600

Note: Use PC element DIV-MR(2,1)

ApplicExample 2 : Volume Flow SI

FVOL SI / kg/s = FVOL / m3/h / D_3600

1KHZ 100 131

1KHZ 100 131

Calculation : Steam Enthalpy, TC ST_ENTH

This function is based on KWGA TN 1 99004

ENTH = f(TEMP, PRESS)

Location I/O Unit

Inputs TEMP PRESS Outputs ENTH

Temperature Pressure Enthalpy

1KHZ 100 131

Calculation : Mass Flow for Steam, TC STM_FLW

This function is based on CHAAP GIAM TN 00004

m?= ORI * SQRT(2 * DP * ) RHO = (P, T)

Pin F Pin DP internal calculated depending from P and T Pin ORI

The orifice parameter may be built as follows :

ORI = F nom / SQRT(2 * DPnom * RHOnom)

ORI = * * (d * /4) * 316.228

p = o * g * L td - [W * g * L a + ST * g( L td - L a )] La = [(o - ST) L td - (p/g)] / [W - ST]