Tranlating Relative Clauses

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper could not have been completed without the help, encouragement and support from a number of people who all deserve my sincerest gratitude and appreciation. First of all, I would like to thank Mr. Nguyn Vit Thng, my supervisor. Im indebted to his inspiration, scholarly supervision and intellectual support throughout the course of writing this graduation paper. His continual encouragement, careful reading, critical comments and patient guidance made my work more enjoyable and easier. Special words of thank also go to all my informants for their willling participation in the study. I greatly appreciate their generosity with their time and efforts in filling in the questionnaire. Without them this paper could not have been possible. Finally, my deepest gratitude and appreciation go to my family, my friends and my classmates. Their love, support and constant encouragement gave me a great deal of strength and determination that help me during the stressful time of writing this paper.
Nguyn Thanh Hng
Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements1
Chapter I: Introduction I.1. Definition of translation and its role in human communication..4 I.2.Relative pronouns and relative clauses in English and in Vietnamese.6
Chapter II: The findings of the survey II.1.Introduction..............................................................................................9 II.2. Students knowledge of relative clauses in English...12 II.3. Their translations of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese.....13
Chapter III: Theoretical Background III.1.Definition15 III.2.Classification..15 III.3. Some notes on relative clauses and other cases........18
Chapter IV: Common problems in translating relative clauses and some popular methods for the translation IV.1.Common problems21 IV.2.Som popular methods22
Chapter V: Analysis and suggestions for the translating relative clauses from English into Vietnamese V.1.Introduction28
V.2. Analysis and suggestions..29 Chapter VI: The treatment of relative clauses as a writing device and conclusion VI.1.Introduction.............36 VI.2. Examples and discussion37 VI.3. Conclusion..42 References..44 Appendix............46
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
I.1.
DEFINITION
OF
TRANSLATION
AND
ITS
ROLE
IN
HUMAN
COMMUNICATION First, lets share the following funny story : When the Evita Production Company came to Budapest, Madonna ( an American pop singer) had an interview with the Budapest newspaper Blikk. The questions were posed in Hungarian, then translated into English for Madonna, whose replies were then translated back into Hungarian for the papers exclusive. Soon after, at the request of USA Today, Madonnas comments were then retranslated from Hungarian back into English for the benefit of that papers readers. The end result is far from the original but much funnier. I am a woman and not a test- mouse! The translations have Madonna exclaim. (http://www.innocentenglish.com/Funny-Translations-Madonna-Interview.html) Do you find it curious and unbelievable? By the way, its a real story, if you are interested. Its a mistake made by accident by a careless translator and its consequence may be serious. Had Madonna been furious with the newspaper and decided to bring the case to court, a lot of people would have been in trouble. In daily life, there have been numerous similarities in which bad versions can cause problems, for instance: failures in business contracts, job fire, or political matters at international level, etc. As a result, accurate and successful translation plays a crucial role in effective communication through words between people an activity only exists in human being. Along with the interpretation, translation bridges the gaps between
people who live in different nations. In other words, translation helps remove the language barrier and make people closer to each other. In the discussion about mechanical translation, Voltaire (1694-1778), French writer and historian, said: Woe to the makers of literal translations, who by rendering every word weaken the meaning! It is indeed by doing so we can say the letter kills and the spirit gives life. (http://www.nonstopenglish.com/reading/quotations/k_Translation.asp) (Tht l tai ha khi nhng dch gi li dch mt cch my mc. Lm nh vy l lm gim i ngha ca cu ch. Lm nh vy chnh l hu dit i cuc sng m ch c ngha thc s mi em li c). Paul Goodman (1911- 1972), the American author, poet and critic runs another way. The problem of translation is to retreat to a simpler tenor of ones own style and creatively adjust this to ones author. (http://en.thinkexist.com/search/searchquotation.asp?search=translation&q=author%3A %22Paul+Goodman%22) (Vn ca dch thut l phi to ra mt bn dch d hiu hn bng mt phong cch ca chnh mnh v thay i mt cch sng to ph hp vi tc gi ca bn gc). According to Cervantes, Translation is the other side of a tapestry.
(http://www.nonstopenglish.com/reading/quotations/k_Translation.asp) (Bn dch l mt bn kia ca tm thm hoa.) Unlike such vivid sayings of famous figures, in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 7th edition, A S Hornby defines translation as the following:
Translation (is) the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. (Dch l mt qu trnh chuyn mt vn bn dng vit hoc ni t ngn ng ny sang ngn ng khc). Bi Tin Bo and ng Xun Thu in their Interpresting and Translation Course Book, (1997) pointed out another interesting way for the definition. Translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that the author intended in the text (Dch l vic chuyn mt vn bn vit t ngn ng ny sang ngn ng khc theo ng ca tc gi bn gc). In short, translation field is immense and requires a lot of studies and discussion. This paper only looks at one respect of it: translating relative clauses from English into Vietnamese and tackling problems relating to this process.
I.2. RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE In Vietnamese we dont have the concept of relative pronouns. Only the
definition of pronoun exists. According to inh Vn c in his Ng php Ting Vit ( p.199), i t l t loi ca cc t c chc nng thay th( pronoun is a kind of words having the function of replacement.) Bi (Basic English sentence patterns, 1980) presents that in Vietnamese grammar, relative pronouns are rarely seen. Sometimes we use m which is called connector or conjunction. (inh Vn c, Ng Php Ting Vit (T Loi), p.207.) E.g: The boy whom you see at the door is his brother. (a b m anh trng thy ca l em anh ta y.)
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( Bi , Basic English sentence patterns, 1980, p.111) Due to the complexity of words and parts of speech in Vietnamese, in this section we only take who as an example for the transformation of English relative pronouns into Vietnamse ones in terms of the name. Consider the following example and compare who and its equivalent in Vietnamese. E.g: They are talking about the pupil who often skips school. (H ang ni v mt cu hc sinh thng xuyn trn hc).
= (H ang ni v mt cu hc sinh. Ci cu hc sinh y thng xuyn trn hc.)

So, who( relative pronoun) in English actually means Ci cu hc sinh y ( noun phrase) in Vietnamese. Nguyn Ti Cn ( Ng php Ting Vit, 1999, p.229) refers to Ci cu hc sinh y as danh ngor on ng c danh t lm trung tm. Similarly, mnh quan h is not popular in Vietnamese language. In fact, we only have the concept of clause ( mnh ). Also in Ng php Ting Vit ( p.148), Nguyn Ti Cn defines mnh as mt t hp gm hai trung tm ni lin vi nhau bng quan h tng thut( a group consisting of two parts connected by the description relation.) E.g: Cun sch ti va mua hm qua mnh ( clause) It depends on the context that mnh and mnh quan h are the same in Vietnamese, like in above example. To sum up, in spite of different names in two systems, English relative pronouns and relative clauses have the equivalent ones in Vietnamese. For that reason, people
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often find easy to translate English sentences with relative clauses into Vietnamese. However, in Vietnamse, relative clauses are not popular and typical, which is different from in English. As a result, Vietnamese students translations of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese often sound awkward. Moreover, their renderings may be correct and understandable but monotonous and gloomy and of course, these versions weaken the meaning, even ruin the stylistic purpose of English original text. This is also one of my big concerns since I took my first steps in learning English to date.
With the aim to improve the quality of translating relative clauses into Vietnamese as well as to help learners deal with matters concerned, I hope my paper is useful especially for: Students learning English at Hanoi University of Foreign Studies English learners in other academic subjects in other schools, colleges or universities People interested in translating
My paper is based on two procedures: The survey on students learning English at HUFS The findings of mistakes in some English grammar materials
So, the study will deal with common problems both in real learning process of our students and in the books readers might use. And you will see that knowing relative clauses in English is a matter, understanding and accurately translating them into Vietnamese is another one which is not as easy as some people might think.
CHAPTER II: FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY
II.1.INTRODUCTION Following is the findings of the questionnaire survey which is carried out with 100 students in all levels from junior to senior. The survey has 2 purposes: First, to test students knowledge of relative clauses in English (the first five questions). Second, to see how they translate relative clauses from English into Vietnamese (the next five questions). Lets see the results.
1. Do you encounter relative clauses during your study in English? Often (60%) Always (20%) Sometimes (20%) Rarely (0%)
2. What are the other names of relative clauses? Adverbial clause (40%) Adjective clause (30%) Appositive clause (20%) Attributive clause (30%)
3. Which ones are relative clauses in the following? Mr John, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments.(80%) I like the idea that students can become independent learners. (60%)
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The manufacturers soon stopped marketing the drug, which was found to have serious side effects. (60%) There wasnt one boy in the class but knew exactly what the teacher was referring to. (0%) They went to the same hotel as we always stay at. (10%) The news that the teacher is ill is not true. (30%)
4. Which ones are not relative clauses? He told his wife, who then passed on the information to a neighbour. (20%) He told the story to his wife, who is a great lover of gossip. (10%) I used to listen to the radio when I was young. (80%) He spoke of the time when he was a boy. (50%)
5. Which sentences follow can we omit relative pronouns? A woman whom my sister knows has just bought the house next door.(80%) Have you got anything that will clean this carpet? (10%) Im sorry for people who havent got a sense of humour.(10%) The doctor who treated me didnt know what he was doing.(0%)
6. Do you come up with problems in understanding and translating relative clauses from English into Vietnamese? Never (0%) Always (30%) Often (50%) Rarely (20%)
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How do you translate the following sentences ?
7. Bill has a son, who is a doctor. Bill c mt cu con trai lm ngh bc s.(60%) Bill c mt cu con trai v cu y l bc s.(10%) Trong s cc cu con trai ca Bill c mt cu lm bc s. (10%) Bill lm ngh bc s v c mt cu con trai.(20%)
8. The man dived fully into the river to save the boy, for which he later received a commendation for bravery. V lun c khen ngi l ngi dng cm ngi n ng chng ngn ngi c qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b.(15%) Ngi n ng nguyn qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b iu m v n ngay sau anh ta c ca ngi v s dng cm ca mnh.( 50%) Ngi n ng c mi ngi ca ngi v lng dng cm v nguyn qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b.(30%) Ngi n ng nguyn qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b v sau c mi ngi khen ngi v s dng cm ca mnh.(5%)
9. No one puts any faith in the Governments promises, which they have frequently gone back on in the past. Vic mi ngi khng ai tin vo nhng li ha ca chnh ph l iu thng ch xy ra trong qu kh.(30%) Chng ai cn tin vo nhng li ha hn ca chnh ph, nhng ngi thng xuyn tht ha trong qu kh.(25%)
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Do chnh ph thng xuyn tht ha trong qu kh nn gi y chng cn ai tin vo nhng li ha hn ca h na.(35%) Chnh ph khng cn tin vo nhng li ha ca nhng ngi thng xuyn tht ha trong qu kh.(10%)
10. Mr Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments. ng Jones, ngi m ti ang lm vic, rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi.(10%) ng Jones, ngi m ti ang lm vic cng, rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi.(10%) ng Jones, ngi m ti ang lm vic cho, rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi. (60%) ng ch Jones ca ti rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi.(20%).
II.2. STUDENTS KNOWLEDGE OF RELATIVE CLAUSES As you can see from the questionnaire, most of them often encounter relative clauses during their study, no one rarely does this but they there are 50% of the students have the wrong answer for the second question. Two other names of relative clauses are adjective and attributive clauses. Appositive clause looks a great deal like relative clause and 20% of the students made the mistake. Accordingly, there are only 37.5% give the right answer to the third question. Especially, only 10% think that "as we always stay that " is a relative clause and nobody believes " but knew exactly what the teacher was referring to" is used as a relative clause. Similarly, only 62.5% of respondents is good at realising relative clauses in the fourth question.( Readers
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will have a chance to understand more about relative clause and the difference between relative clause and appositive clause in the chapter III). However, 80% are right in the fifth one, which shows that most of them know when to omit relative pronouns in relative clauses.
II.3. STUDENTS TRANSLATIONS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES In terms of translation, only 10% choose the best answer and 60% seems to pay little attention to the difference between defining and non-defining clause of relative clauses in the seventh question, which can cause misunderstanding to Vietnamese people. This is due to 50% of students often encounters difficulties in understanding and translating relative clauses from English into Vietnamese. Similarly, 50% translates mechanically the sentence in the eighth question. Even 15% of the respondents give the completely wrong rendering of the sentence, changes its entire meaning. (This is also the thing frequently happening in the process of translation of students in general). The same case occurs in the next question : 35% gives the most suitable answer, 25% gives the acceptable one and 40% absolutely does the wrong translation. To the last question, only 20% seems to be good at translation: they choose the fourth answer. This answer ensures both accuracy of the sentence and flexibility of word using. The third answer is acceptable but a little bit mechanical ( 60% of the students supports this way of translation) and according to the findings 20% gives the wrong answer, which shows that they both do the translation mechanically and have difficulty in finding the equivalent grammar structure in Vietnamese.
After conducting the survey, I find that translating relative clauses from English into Vietnamese is not "a piece of cake". Moreover, accurately translating is difficult,
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producing a good one is even more difficult. As a result, I hope the next chapters will help students and readers understand more about relative clauses and better their skills of this translation.
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CHAPTER III: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

III. 1. DEFINITION Relative clauses are subordinate clauses that attach to nouns. Because they add information to a noun, some grammarians call them adjective clauses (or attributive clauses). So among other kinds of clauses, how can you recognize a relative one? First, it will contain a subject and verb. Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that or which) or a relative adverb (when, where, or why). Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions: what kind? How many? Or which one? The relative clause will follow one of these patterns: Relative pronoun (or relative adverb) + subject + verb = incomplete thought Relative pronoun (functioning as subject) + verb = incomplete thought.
E.g: He is the sort of person who you can rely on.
III.2. CLASSIFICATION There are two types of relative clause: Defining clause (with other names in different books that you can encounter: restrictive clause (mnh quan h hn nh), essential clause (mnh quan h thit yu).
E.g : The boys who were interested in playing football were disappointed at the rain. (a)
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So, not all the boys were disappointed at the rain. The relative clause who were interested in playing football shows us the kind of boys they are and describes the characteristics of the boys and limit what kind of boys they are. Non- defining clause (mnh quan h khng hn nh hay mnh quan h b tc) (Other materials can refer this kind of clause as nonrestrictive clause or: + Parenthetical clause (mnh quan h chm) + Amplifying clause (mnh quan h gii thch) + Non- essential clause (mnh quan h khng thit yu)
E.g : The boys, who were interesting in playing football, were disappointed at the rain. (b) The relative clause who were interesting in playing football just adds extra information to the sentence. Without using it, the sentence can stand as independent structure and have its own meaning. As you can see, commas are used to separate relative clause from the main clause. And, in principle, that are not used in this type of clause.
E.g: The house, which was built in 1980, came tumbling down two days ago. Not : The house, that was built in 1980, came tumbling down two days ago. Note:Commas can change the meaning of the whole sentence. Lets analyze example (a) and (b). (a): means there are other boys who were not interested in playing football, and may be they were not disappointed at the rain.
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(b): demonstrates that all the boys mentioned are interested in playing football and all of them were disappointed at the rain. However, B.D Graver in Advanced English Practice (1997) notes that: Students will find many examples in modern English where commas are omitted before non- defining relative clause. The writers meaning may be perfectly unambiguous without the use of commas, or there may be stylistic reasons for omitting them. Nevertheless, students are advised to follow the rules of punctuation illustrated in the above examples, since observation of these patterns is less likely to lead to confusion.
III. 3. SOME NOTES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES AND OTHER CASES III.3.1.Difference between relative clause and appositive clause Many English learners often identify relative clause with appositive clause because appositive clause looks a great deal like relative clause. Lets look at following examples and see what kind of word is the clause attached to? And what is the original sentence that the clause was created from? E.g1: I like the idea that students can become independent learners. 1. The clause is attached to noun: the idea. 2. The underlying sentence : students can become independent learners. E.g2: Students who become independent learners can continue to learn after they leave our classes. 1. The clause is attached to a noun: students. 2. The underlying sentence : students become independent learners. So, based on that analysis, how are these two subordinate clause types different from each other?
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A relative clause includes in its internal structure the same noun that it attaches to. The relative pronoun means the same thing as the noun that the clause is attached to and it has a grammatical role that combines being a connector with a role in the syntax of its clause. An appositive clause does not include the noun that its attached to. Appositive clause is like a linking verb or an equal sign. The idea = the students can become independent learners. The connector that just connects the clause to a noun without playing any internal role in the clause. There are many similar cases of appositive clause. E.g: I agree with the old saying that absence makes the heart grow fonder. The news that the teacher is ill is not true. The idea that you can do this work without thinking is quite wrong. Or: Some structures such as: I believe that I know that... I feel that (http://www.2gsu.edu/vess/hpb/grammar/lecture_11/relative.html) So remember in appositive clauses, that is a conjunction, not a relative pronoun. However, according to B.D Graver (1997), not every clause introduced by a relative pronoun is a subordinate clause. Who may introduce a co- ordinate clause. E.g: He told his wife, who then passes on the information to a neighbour (= and she passed on the information). (B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.267)
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Graver also stresses that not every clause introduced by a relative pronoun is an adjectival clause. Non- defining clauses sometimes have an explanatory function. They may suggest an adverbial idea, implying the reason or cause of the fact presented in the main clause. Eg: The manufacturers soon stopped marketing the drug, which was found to have serious side-effects. (i.e because it was found to have serious side effects). (B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.267) -> Cc nh sn xut sm ngng tip th loi thuc v ngi ta chng minh c rng n c nhng tc dng ph nguy him.
III.3.2 As and but used as relative pronouns Sometimes but is used as a relative pronoun. Lets look at some example: E.g1: There wasnt one boy in the class but knew (= that didnt know) exactly what the teacher was referring to. (B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p. 186). ( Trong lp khng c ai hiu c chnh xc thy gio ang ni n iu g.) Graver (1997) states that as may introduce a defining relative clause, commonly after the same or such. E.g2: They went to the same hotel as we always stay at (= They went to the hotel that we always stay at.) (B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p. 133) E.g3: The student wasnt working hard enough, and such work as he had done was very poor.
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(= The student wasnt working hard enough and the work that he had done was very poor).(B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p. 133).
As may also introduce a non-defining (co-ordinate) clause. Such clauses differ from all other relative clauses, however, in that way they can precede the main clause, as well as interrupting or following it. As he later admitted, it was a stupid thing to do. It was, as he later admitted, a stupid thing to do. It was a stupid thing to do, as he later admitted. (B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p. 133)
E.g:
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CHAPTER IV: COMMON PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATING RELATIVE CLAUSES AND SOME POPULAR METHODS FOR THE TRANSLATION
IV.1.SOME COMMON PROBLEMS As mentioned in the Introduction, relative clauses are not typical in Vietnamese. Accordingly, Vietnamese students often encounter difficulties in translating English relative clauses into Vietnamese. You can get this idea through the findings of the survey presented in the chapter II. Their renderings may be correct but not smooth. In general, relative pronouns and adverbs are translated through formulaic expressions. E.g: Who That Why : ngi (m) : ngi (), ci () : ti sao, l l do ca Whose : (ci) ca (ngi, vt) Whom : ngi (m) When : khi (m) Where : ni (m)
Which : ci (m)
These words are repeatedly used and become clichs. As a consequence, translation involving in these clichs would be monotonous and gloomy.
For example: 1. That lawn mover, which is broken, is in the garage. -> Ci my ct c, ci m b gy, ang trong ga ra t. 2. John, whose father is a boss, is a real play boy.
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-> John, m b ca anh ta l mt ng ch, l mt tay chi th thit. 3. Madona, whom I like the most, is a real talent. -> Madonna, ngi m ti thch nht, l mt ti nng thc s.
So what are the solutions ?
IV.2. POPULAR METHODS FOR THIS TRANSLATION In fact, in written texts, there are some popular ways for this kind of translating:
IV.2.1. Splitting (tch cu) E.g: Foreigners often take some time to get used to English breakfast, which is often quite a substantial meal. ( B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.125& 291) -> Ngi nc ngoi thng phi mt mt khong thi gian quen vi ba sng ca ngi Anh. Ba n ny thng kh quan trng. This method is often put into use in case the sentence comprises more than two relative clauses. Monika also helps in the bar, the Happy Skier which is run by Erwin, whose uncle Enrich runs a hotel, in partnership with Klauss brother Paul, whose wife Christiane was a national ice-dancing champion in her younger days. (Swan M. and Walter C., How English Works, p.344). This kind of relative clause seems to be very effective in transmitting information while still capable of identifying the relation between different subjects in one sentence.
E.g:
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It also expresses the stylistic purpose of the author. However, a Vietnamese will not understand or will feel confused if you translate the sentence this way: Monika cng gip vic trong qun ba Happy Skier ny, c Erwin iu hnh m ch ca cu ta s hu mt khch sn cng vi Paul, anh trai ca Klaus, m v ca cu ta l Christiane trc kia tng l mt nh v ch quc gia mn khiu v trn bng. This awkwardness can be removed through the sentence splitting: Monika cng gip vic cho Erwin qun ba Happy Skier. Ch ca Erwin s hu mt khch sn cng vi Paul, anh trai ca Klaus. V Christine, v ca Klaus th trc kia tng l qun qun cp quc gia mn khiu v trn bng.
IV.2.2. Changing into compound sentence Sometimes, English sentences with relative clauses are treated as compound sentences in the translation into Vietnamese. The translation into the target language would be smoother and easier to understand. Lets take an example in Advanced English Practice (B.D Graver,1997 p. 271) for illustration. E.g: He was taken to the police station, where he proceeded to make a full
confession. (1) Hn b dn n n cnh st v hn khai tut lut. = He was taken to the police station and he proceed to make a full confession there. (2)
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Pay attention to the fact that the changing (1) into (2) would partly destroy the relative clauses stylistic purpose which is very typical of English language. However, in Vietnamese there exists no so-called equivalent structure. As a result of it, that transformation might be a solution. In other cases, we have to depend on the meaning of the sentence to use the connectors accurately. For instance, v( as shown in above example), nhng, v, mc d, cho nn, song E.g. The London Team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. (Nguyn Khu, Ng php Ting Anh, p.32) i bng Lun n ma trc rt xut sc nhng ma ny li chi rt d. The following cases are different. E.g1: The man dived fully clothed into the river to save the boy, for which he later received a commendation for bravery. ( B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.186 & 303). Ngi n ng c mi ngi ca ngi v lng dng cm v nguyn qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b. E.g2: No one puts any faith in the Governments promises, which they have frequently gone back on in the past.( B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.127. ) Do chnh ph thng xuyn tht ha trong qu kh, gi y chng cn ai tin vo nhng li ha hn ca h na.
IV.2.3. Using parenthesis ( ) or hyphen for explanation. Lets look at the following example.
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E.g:
The Victoria Line, which was opened in March 1969, was Londons first complete new tube for the last 6o years.( B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.122 ) In Vietnamese we often say this way. The Victoria Line ( it was opened in March 1969) was Londons first complete
new tube for the last 60 years. ng xe la Victoria ( c a vo hot ng vo thng 3 nm 1969) l tuyn xe la mi hon thin u tin th Lun n trong vng 60 nm qua. The relative clause which was opened in March, 1969 are represented by an independent clause in parenthesis. In this case it is clearly seen as incidental information, mentioned by the way ( Graver, 1997). Such non-defining relative clauses have another way to be demonstrated in translation. It is now known that water, which is essential to life, does not exist on the moon. (B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.125& 291)
E.g:
Gi y ngi ta bit rng nc - mt yu t thit yu ca s sng, khng tn

ti trn mt trng.
IV.2.4. Treating relative clauses as adjectives The function of relative clause is to describe the characteristics of its antecedent (so, another name of relative clause is adjective/ attributive subordinate clause.) Accordingly, in translation they are reflected to as adjectives.
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E.g:
Spring flowers, which grow in a variety of wonderful colour, are a delight to the eye. ( B.D Graver, Advanced English Practice, p.124 & 291).
Tht thch mt khi ngm nhn nhng bng hoa ma xun y mu sc rc r.
E.g:
Graduates who possess a strong academic background as well as good communication skills are favoured by employers. (http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/eap/2004/u6/relativeclauses.htm#a1)
Nhng sinh vin tt nghip ra trng c thnh tch hc tp tt v gii cc k

nng giao tip s c cc nh tuyn dng u tin.
IV.2.5. Other flexible ways for translating It depends on each context and situation that we can decide what way to translate. E.g1: .The revolution, which brought about the downfall of aristocracy, was a turning point in French history. (http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/wr/wr_se_pa_pro_rel.html)
Cuc cch mng lt tng lp qu tc l mt bc ngot trong lch s Php.

E.g2: This is Peter Taylor, who works with my sister. (Swan M. and Walter C., How English works, p.276).
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y l Peter Taylor, ng nghip ca ch ti.

E.g3: John, whose father is a boss, is a real playboy.
John, con ca mt ng ch, l mt tay chi thc th.

E.g4: We bought a used car which belonged to an old couple who used the car once in a blue moon.
Chng ti mua li mt ci xe hi dng ri thuc v mt i v chng gi

ch ha hon lm mi dng n ci t . (Xun B, Cm nang s dng cc th ting Anh, p.117)
Note: The kind of relative clause sentence whose purpose is explanation can be literally translated. It does not require the structure change. A university is a place where people pursue advanced knowledge in specific academic disciplines. (http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/eap/2004/u6/relativeclauses.htm)
E.g:
Trng i hc l ni mi ngi theo hc nhng mn chuyn ngnh nht nh

mt trnh cao.
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CHAPTER V: ANALYSIS AND SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR TRANSLATING RELATIVE CLAUSES FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE
V.1. INTRODUCTION On a translation blog with the title of discussion comment on guest blogger at the webpage: http://www.nakedtranslations.com/cgi-bin/mt/mtcomments.cgi?entry_id=409 Bathrobe- a linguistics, who is very interested in issues of translation offers a persuasive comment on translating relative clauses from English into another language. In translating into languages that do not use relative clause in quite the same way as English, it is imperative that the translator should grasp this stylistic fact and not mechanically transfer the hypotactic syntactic structure into the foreign language when a paratactic structure might be more suitable. In other words, an effective translation requires ones understanding of the source language and then finding suitable structure in target language to do the job. If the translator just mechanically transforms a relative clause from English into another, that translation will be far from being successful. Not only students in the survey I have carried out make mistakes in the translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese but also English grammar learning books contain those errors too. Lets see the following examples to see the fact.
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V.2. ANALYSIS AND SUGGESTIONS
E.g1: The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it. The translation: Ngi n ng m ti mua n bo ti phi tra du n i.
( H Vn Hip- Ninh Hng, Vn phm Anh ng thc hnh, Nh xut bn thng k,
2004, p.103) Analysis: A first look of anyone can see the grammatical mistake in the translation. Ngi n ng m ti mua n should be replaced by Ngi n ng m ti mua n t anh ta. However, in Vietnamese we dont use this way of saying. So, the suggested version should be: Ngi n ng bn n cho ti bo ti phi tra du n i. E.g2: The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. Translation: Cun phim ni v mt thm t m ngi v phn bi ng ta.
( H Vn Hip- Ninh Hng, Vn phm Anh ng thc hnh, Nh xut bn thng k,
2004, p.103) Analysis: Similarly, m ngi v phn bi ng ta. is a mechanically translated phrase from whose wife betrays him. This clauses voice should be changed into passive in Vietnamese. Cun phim ni v mt thm t b v phn bi.
E.g3: Mr Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments.
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Translation: ng Jones, ngi m ti ang lm vic, rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi. ( H Vn Hip- Ninh Hng, Vn phm Anh ng thc hnh, Nh xut bn thng k, 2004, p.108) Analysis: This example is similar to the first one. The translator seems to pay little attention to the Vietnamese grammar. Ngi m ti ang lm vic means a person I was targeting at or dealing with. In this context, this should be ngi m ti ang lm vic cho. Nevertheless, there is another way of expression that is more preferable and understandable to Vietnamese.
ng ch Jones ca ti rt ho phng v vic tr lng lm thm ngoi gi.
E.g4: Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sundays, was fitter than me. Translation: Peter, ngi cng ti chi tennis vo nhng ngy ch nht ,th sung sc hn ti. ( H Vn Hip- Ninh Hng, Vn phm Anh ng thc hnh, Nh xut bn thng k, 2004, p.108) Analysis: The relative pronoun whom has a formulaic translation in Vietnamese named ngi and so, ngi is repeatedly used in rendering this word from English into Vietnamese. Although this translation is correct, it sounds monotonous. Ngi cng ti chi tennis vo nhng ngy ch nht should be changed into Bn chi tennis ca ti vo nhng ngy ch nht.
E.g5: The 8.15 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. Translation: Chuyn xe la 8 gi 15, m n thng rt ng gi, tr hm nay.
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( H Vn Hip- Ninh Hng, Vn phm Anh ng thc hnh, Nh xut bn thng k, 2004, p.109) Analysis: The translator imitates the original structure, which results in an awkward rendering. Compare it with the suggested version. Chuyn xe la thng khi hnh vo lc 8 gi 15 pht hng ngy hm nay ti tr. The structure in the suggested version is rearranged so that it runs smoothly. E.g 6: I met a girl whose eyes were blue. Translation: Ti gp mt thiu n m i mt ca c ta th xanh. ( Nguyn Khu, Ng php Ting Anh, Nh xut bn i hc S phm, 2003, p.345) Analysis: The translation is like coming from a foreigner who knows a little of Vietnamese because no Vietnamese would choose this way to express his idea in stead of Ti gp mt thiu n c i mt mu xanh or Ti gp mt thiu n c i mt xanh bic, for instance. E.g 7: Shakespeare, who wrote Romeo and Juliet, died in 1616. Translation: Shakespeare, ngi vit v Rmo v Juliet, cht nm 1616. ( Nguyn Khu, Ng php Ting Anh, Nh xut bn i hc S phm, 2003, p.346). Analysis: Who wrote (writes) something = the author of something. So, ngi vit should be replaced by tc gi ca. Moreover, tc gi sounds more solemn than ngi vit which is also ridiculous because Shakespeare is a very famous writer and so, Shakespeare cant be translated as ngi vit. In this case, the translator appears
31
to be a little bit careless. He/ she just pays attention to the words and literally translates the sentence. In short, the sentence should be transformed into Vietnamese as follows. Shakespeare, tc gi Rmo v Juliet, mt nm 1616.
E.g 8: That block, which cost 5 million to build, has been empty for years. Translation: Khi nh , tn 5 triu bng Anh xy, b trng nhiu nm. ( H Vn Hip- Ninh Hng, Vn phm Anh ng thc hnh, Nh xut bn thng k, 2004, p.109). Analysis: This translation traces the same road as previous examples, which is not popular in the language using of Vietnamese. We should translate it this way: To nh vi chi ph xy dng l 5 triu bng Anh b b trng nhiu nm. Eight examples mentioned above come from 2 English grammar books which have many translation mistakes. The translators just concentrate on grammar points and pay little attention to the translation. Compilers should note this fact so that English learning books quality would be improved. Particularly to people who specializing is translation, the ability to grasp the message and then analyse the structure to find the most suitable solution for this doing is very important and necessary. Without vivid and successful versions of translation, classical works such as Gone With The Wind (Margaret Mitchel), The God Father (Marit Puzio), Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte), Wuthering Heights (Emily Bronte), The Thorn Birds (Colleen McCullough), etc. cant reach readers in countries all over the world and cant stand the test of time like that. As a result, an exact translation is good, but a vivid one ensuring the accuracy is better, especially in art fields such as literature, motion picture, film and so on. Reading or listening to a monotonous book or speech is so boring
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and tiring. In contrast, the sense of human being, which is very sensitive itself, would be strongly struck if an interesting one is enjoyed. Walter Benjamin (1892-1940), a German critic and philosopher stated that: Any translation which intends to performs a transmitting function cannot transmit anything but information - hence, something inessential. This is the hallmark of bad translations. (http://www.nonstopenglish.com/reading/quotations/k_Translation.asp). Lets analyse another example to see the stylistic effect brought about by good translation.
E.g:
Albert Einstein, who put forward the theory of relativity, is considered by many as the most intelligent person in human history.
(http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/eap/2004/u6/relativeclauses.htm). Analysis: To put forward something means to propose or suggest something ( xut, a ra ci g). So, an inexperienced person will mechanically translate the sentence as: Anbt Anhxtanh, ngi a ra thuyt tng i, c nhiu ngi cng nhn l ngi thng minh nht trong lch s loi ngi. This example is similar to another example previously mentioned.
Shakespeare, who wrote Romeo and Juliet, died in 1616. It means that ngi a ra thuyt tng i is not suitable in this context. This way of using words make people identify Albert Einstein as a normal person. In other words, he is like an anonymous one, who isnt different from a farmer who can also suggest an idea in terms of farming. However, we cant use tc gi (author) like the case of
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Shakespeare example for the reason that tc gi often refers to a person who specilises in literature writing. Accordingly, tc gi cant do a good job here.
Compare the difference: E.g: Albert Einstein, who put forward the theory of relativity, is considered by many as the most intelligent person in human history. Translation 1: Anbt ngi. (a) Anbt Anhxtanh- cha ca thuyt tng i, c nhiu ngi cng nhn l ngi thng minh nht trong lch s loi ngi. (b) Or: Nhiu ngi cho rng Anbt Anhxtanh, cha ca thuyt tng i, l ngi thng minh nht trong lch s loi ngi. (c) (b) shows a good command of word choice. The number of words used is less but the stylistic effect is obviouly stronger. Cha fully expresses the meaning of the hidden message and the solemn atmosphere of the sentence. In other words, (b) and (c) are 2 examples of successful translation. It depends on whether you want to stress on the subject Albert Einstein or not that you can choose (b) ( passive voice) or (c) ( active voice). In summary, it seems that there are no common rules for the translation of this kind of clause. The ability to analyse the structure and the flexibility in word choice
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Anhxtanh,
ngi a ra
thuyt tng i, c
nhiu ngi cng nhn l ngi thng minh nht trong lch s loi
Translation 2:
would help this process a lot. The examples and analysis mentioned above are some typical ones which are aimed to assist students in dealing with problems in translating relative clauses from English into Vietnamese. Students and people in general who are interested in the subject in question would be attracted by the final chapter of this paper: relative clauses using in English literatureHarry Potter. Harry Potter is one of the most favourite books for children, which becomes an indispenable part of book shelves of millions of homes in the world. It is also the book that makes its author, K. Rowling world-famous and widely loved by lots of readers in many countries. Also readers would have a chance to enjoy part of the successful version in Vietnamese (by L Lan), which is highly appreciated by many experts in literature.
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CHAPTER VI: THE TREATMENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSES AS A WRITING DEVICE AND CONCLUSION
VI.1. INTRODUCTION
In previous chapters, we see how relative clauses are used in English through a grammatical point. This chapter will deal with the case in which they are exploited from another angle: stylistic function. Readers will have a chance to see how relative clauses are actually used in English literature and what dramatic effects brought about by such using, then the success of the Vietnamese translation (by L Lan) of one of the most favourite books for children ever: Harry Potter. Till now, Harry Potter includes 6 books. Each book is a school year of Harry Potter and his friends with exciting adventures due to the amazing and impressive way of telling story of K. Rowling. What a mistake if we dont mention the stylistic devices used by the author, which play a major part in the books success. The following examples are extracted from Harry Potter book 2 entitled: Harry Potter and the philosophy stone. The three examples are all about Basilisk, a gigantic snake, which can harm any one. It only gives in to the crowing of the rooster. It is extremely dangerous and deadly and the description of the Basilisk is one of the most exciting pages. One outstanding feature of this writing is the heavy use of relative clauses (clauses using which or that). Through in-depth reading the passages involving such using by Rowling you will see that the grammatical explanations are almost useless in analysing how relative clauses are used in writing. Lets enjoy the following examples.
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VI.2. EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSION
E.g1: (Restrictive relative clause) Of the many fearsome beasts and monsters that roam our land, there is none more curious or more deadly than the Basilisk. We shall not look at this example from the grammatical angles which are mentioned a lot in grammar books. We would introspect deeper into the way how it is really used and the effects created by this stylistic device. The obligatory relative clause in this example is actually an occasion to add a dramatic flourish. Rather than write Of the many beasts and monsters that are hanging around our place or whatever else comes to mind, Rowling writes Of the many beasts and monsters that roam our land. The relative is used to impart the alarming information that many beasts and monsters are roaming our land. A point of grammar thus becomes a point of style. Moreover, Of the many beasts and monsters that roam our land is not simply a phrase containing a restrictive relative clause. It provides a dramatic backdrop to the description of the Basilisk. See the difference between what Rowling writes and a more straightforward version. Rowling: Of the many fearsome beasts and monsters that roam our land, there is none more curious or more deadly than the Basilisk.
A straightforward version: None of the many fearsome beasts and monsters that roam our land is more curious or deadly than the Basilisk. Lets see how L Lan, the Vietnamese writer and translator handles this sentence.
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Trong s nhng c th v qui vt i lang thang trn mnh t ca chng ta, khng c con no l lng hn v nguy him hn Basilisk. ( Among the terrible wild beasts and monsters that wander through our land, there is none that is stranger or more dangerous than the Basilisk.) The Vietnamese version follows so close to the original text while still keeping the stylistic purpose of the author. That is due to L Lans excellent ability to grasp how the construction is exploited by writer like Rowling. As a consequence, the translation version sounds so smooth and natural. A person who doesnt know English at all can easily enjoy the Vietnamese version without any obstacles in dealing with words and structure used. Thats the art of translation. E.g2: (Non-restrictive relative clause) This snake, which may reach gigantic size, and live many hundreds of years, is born from a chickens egg, hatched beneath a toad. Through the first glimpse of anyone, this case looks like a normal type of a nonrestrictive relative clause tacking on additional information. However, this could not be further from the truth. In fact, the information that the Basilisk may reach gigantic size and live many hundreds of years is no less important than the information that it is born from a chickens egg, hatched beneath a toad. There is no reason why Rowling could not have written: This snake, which is born from a chickens egg, hatched beneath a toad, may reach gigantic size and live many hundreds of years.
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So, here the writers use of a nonrestrictive relative clause has one purpose: to add stylistic variety to the sentence. It is a much more interesting alternative to the straightforward and monotonous way as follows: This snake may reach a gigantic size, and live many hundreds of years. It is born from a chickens egg, hatched beneath a toad. As a result, in translating this sentence, it is important to recognize the stylistic function, not merely the grammatical. See how L Lan deals with this sentence: Con rn ny c th sng n nhiu trm nm, v t ti kch thc ln kinh hn. N c phi thai trong mt ci trng g, nhng c mt con cc p n ra. ( This snake can live for hundreds of years, and reach amazingly large dimensions. It is conceived in a hens egg but is hatched by a toad.) If in English, using relative clauses is very popular and gradually it becomes a stylistic device in writing, the same case doesnt exist in Vietnamese. The way L Lan makes use of in translating is mentioned in chapter III of this paper. It is a method combined the splitting ( tch cu) and changing into compound sentence (chuyn thnh cu ghp). Specifically, Which may reach gigantic size, and live many hundreds of years is transformed into one independent sentence. This snake is born from a chickens egg, hatched beneath a toad is in fact a sentence omitted which. The full sentence may be This snake is born from a chickens egg, which hatched beneath a toad. However, which is also used previously in the sentence. So, the second clause is reduced to a V-ed form. In Vietnamese version, L Lan tactfully adds the conjunctions v (and) , nhng ( but) and commas. This demonstrates her in-depth knowledge in both languages because in the source language, two pieces of information are equally
39
important, so the splitting the original sentence into 2 independent ones is very logical and suitable. E.g3: ( Non-restrictive relative clause) This non-restrictive relative clause is perhaps the most interesting of the lot.
Spiders flee before the Basilisk, for it is their mortal enemy, and the Basilisk flees only from the crowing of the rooster, which is fatal to it. This is a good example of how writers use grammatical structures in ways that trancend the purely grammatical. Although it takes the form of a relative clause, almost casually attached to the end, the final clause which is fatal to it performs a similar function to the clause for it is their mortal enemy earlier in the sentence. The information is an explanation for the behaviour of the Basilisk, not a casual observation. The author could just as well have written: The Basilisk flees from the crowing of the rooster, for this is fatal to it. However, for in for it is their mortal enemy is previously in the sentence, so which is fatal to it is a reasonable replacement in terms of structure. At first sight readers are striken by special arrangement of words. Compare the two structure:
The original: Spiders flee before the Basilisk, for it is their mortal enemy, and the Basilisk flees only from the crowing of the rooster, which is fatal to it.
A straightforward version: Spiders flee before the Basilisk because it is their mortal enemy. And the Basilisk flees only from the crowing of the rooster because the crowing of the rooster is fatal to it.
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It is obvious that no one wants to read such wordy and gloomy sentences like in the straightforward version. And there is no doubt that Harry Potter couldnt so be interesting if such stylistic devices are kept out of the text. Although in Vietnamese version, this dramatic effect cant be directly demonstrated, translator L Lan did a good job: Nhn nhn thng trn chy trc khi T X xut hin, bi v l k t th ca chng. V T X th ch b chy khi nghe ting gy ca g trng, ting g trng gy l tai ho ch t i vi T X. ( Spiders often flee before the Death Snake appears because it is their deadly enemy. And the Death Snake will only flee when it hears the crowing of the rooster. The sound of the rooster crowing is a fatal calamity for the Death Snake.) The translation used a roundabout way to express the idea. Accordingly, the version is successful owing to two reasons. First, it displays full information of the original text in the way that the author intended. Second, to Vietnamese it is easy to understand. It also sounds smooth to the ears. It is a good one because any translation should be considered to be successful if readers identify it as an original text, not a translation. Summing up These three examples of relative clauses found in the Harry Potter book 2 exemplify the crucial difference between grammatical function and stylistic function. The first relative clause adds to the impressive introduction to the Basilisk. The second is a stylistic device used to tack variety onto what would otherwise be a straightforward string of sentences. The third is used to give a reason or cause for the
41
preceding statement. It is important to note that in translation it is essential to grasp the difference between the relative clause as a grammatical device and what it is being used for. A purely literal transposition of the English device into the target language will not necessarily achieve the same effect as the original. The success of the translation is due to the reason that the Vietnamese translator, writer L Lan has grasped the function of the relative clause in each context and reflected it in her translation in the right way. If you are interested in this subject, you can visit the following webpage to have more information about Harry Potter and the stylistic devices used in it by Rowling.http://www.cjvlang.com/Hpotter/unicode/basilisrelcl.html
VI.3. CONCLUSION.
As far as I know, using relative clauses often causes considerable concern for non-native speakers of English so much that they are often avoided completely. And during my preparation for this paper, many students asked me: Why are relative clauses used in English? And why do they encounter awkwardness in translating some clauses which look like a piece of cake on the surface? Well, the answer is: relative clauses exist for an important reason. In English, you cannot premodify nouns very much. It means that you cannot place complex modifications before the noun. You have to put such modifications after the noun - and that is what relative clauses are for. For this reason, avoiding the use of relative clauses in writing will limit you to simple structures which are unlikely to be adequate to express complex ideas and which will detract from the overall style of your writing. Besides, it also makes you unfamiliar with relative clauses and inexperienced when handling with the translation of this subordinate clause. Try using relative clauses (as you can see like I do in this study ) naturally and you would discover many interesting
42
things. Certainly, you should care about your using and avoid the redundancies caused by the abuse of relative pronouns and clauses. According to Bathrobe, Translation is not an academic exercise. It is a serious matter of producing an acceptable text of a high standard. (http://www.nakedtranslations.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=409) Hence, translating process is not as easy as the sipping champagne on a yatch at all. It requires you a lot of efforts and practice everyday. In order to get good results in translation in general and translation of relative clauses in particular, you have to consider the following: Reading comprehension ability Good command of languages ( both mother tongue and foreign language) Flexibility in transforming the source language into target language This paper is aimed at helping students approach relative clauses in a more comprehensive way in which you see obviously two aspects of them: grammatical function and stylistic function. Whether you do the translation for your learning or for your career in literature fields, for instance, being good at English grammar first, then much reading, observation and practice would be a big help for you because there are no common rules for this job at all. Luckily, however, due to no formula for every case, translating in general and the translating being discussed are challenging but very exciting and worth your trying. I do hope that my small study will be beneficial to students and readers who are interested in translating, especially those encounter obstacles in dealing with relative clauses. Let this paper come to an end with Mark Twains saying: The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work.
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References
A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of current English, Seventh edition, Oxford University Press, 2005. B. D Graver, Advanced English Practice, Oxford University Press, 1997. Bi Tin Bo-ng Xun Thu, Interpreting and Translation Course Book, Nh xut bn Gio dc. Bi , Nhng mu cu c bn Ting Anh, Nh xut bn Gio Dc, 1980. inh Vn c, Ng php Ting Vit( T loi), Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2001. H Vn Hip-Ninh Hng, Vn phm Anh ng thc hnh, Nh xut bn Thng k, 2004. Michael Swan and Catherine Walter, How English works, Oxford University Press. Nguyn Khu, Ng php Ting Anh, Nh xut bn i hc S phm, 2003. Nguyn Ti Cn, Ng php Ting Vit, Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia H Ni, 1999. Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, A University Grammar of English, Longman Group Limited, 1987. Xun B, Cm nang s dng cc th Ting Anh, Nh xut bn i hc S phm, H Ni, 2004. http://www.cjvlang.com/Hpotter/unicode/basilisrelcl.html http://www.nakedtranslations.com/cgi-bin/mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=409 http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/eap/2004/u6/relativeclauses.htmhttp://en.thinkexist.com/searc h/searchquotation.asp?search=translation&q=author%3A%22Paul+Goodman%22
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http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/wr/wr_se_pa_pro_rel.html http://www.innocentenglish.com/Funny-Translations-Madonna-Interview.html http://www.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_11/relative.html http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/relativeclause.htm http://www.nonstopenglish.com/reading/quotations/k_Translation.asp
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Appendix Questionnaire
Hi, students ! Im a senior student of English at HUFS. I am doing Graduation Paper on Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese. Could you please do me a favour in five to ten minutes by giving a tick ( ) next to your best choice! Thank you!
1. Do you encounter relative clauses during your study in English? Often Always Sometimes Rarely 2. What are the other names of relative clauses? Adverbial clause Adjective clause Appositive clause Attributive clause
3. Which ones are relative clauses in the following? Mr John, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments. I like the idea that students can become independent learners.
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The manufacturers soon stopped marketing the drug, which was found to have serious side effects. There wasnt one boy in the class but knew exactly what the teacher was referring to. They went to the same hotel as we always stay at. The news that the teacher is ill is not true.
4. Which ones are not relative clauses? He told his wife, who then passed on the information to a neighbour. He told the story to his wife, who is a great lover of gossip. I used to listen to the radio when I was young. He spoke of the time when he was a boy.
5. Which sentences follow can we omit relative pronouns? A woman whom my sister knows has just bought the house next door. Have you got anything that will clean this carpet? Im sorry for people who havent got a sense of humour. The doctor who treated me didnt know what he was doing.
6. Do you come up with problems in understanding and translating relative clauses from English into Vietnamese? Never Always Sometimes Rarely
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How do you translate the following sentences ?
7. Bill has a son, who is a doctor. Bill c mt cu con trai lm ngh bc s. Bill c mt cu con trai v cu y l bc s. Trong s cc cu con trai ca Bill c mt cu lm bc s. Bill lm ngh bc s v c mt cu con trai.
8. The man dived fully into the river to save the boy, for which he later received a commendation for bravery. V lun c khen ngi l ngi dng cm ngi n ng chng ngn ngi c qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b. Ngi n ng nguyn qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b- iu m v n ngay sau anh ta c ca ngi v s dng cm ca mnh. Ngi n ng c mi ngi ca ngi v lng dng cm v nguyn qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b. Ngi n ng nguyn qun o nhy xung sng cu cu b v sau c mi ngi khen ngi v s dng cm ca mnh.
9. No one puts any faith in the Governments promises, which they have frequently gone back on in the past. Vic mi ngi khng ai tin vo nhng li ha ca chnh ph l iu thng ch xy ra trong qu kh. Chng ai cn tin vo nhng li ha hn ca chnh ph, nhng ngi thng xuyn tht ha trong qu kh.
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Do chnh ph thng xuyn tht ha trong qu kh nn gi y chng cn ai tin vo nhng li ha hn ca h na. Chnh ph khng cn tin vo nhng li ha ca nhng ngi thng xuyn tht ha trong qu kh.
10.Mr Jones, payments.
for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime
ng Jones, ngi m ti ang lm vic, rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi. ng Jones, ngi m ti ang lm vic cng, rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi. ng Jones, ngi m ti ang lm vic cho, rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi. ng ch Jones ca ti rt ho phng v vic tr tin lng lm vic ngoi gi.
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Tranlating Relative Clauses

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

= (H ang ni v mt cu hc sinh. Ci cu hc sinh y thng xuyn trn hc.)

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

CHAPTER II: FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

How do you translate the following sentences ?

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

CHAPTER III: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

E.g: He is the sort of person who you can rely on.

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

So what are the solutions ?

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS

Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Gi y ngi ta bit rng nc - mt yu t thit yu ca s sng, khng tn

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Translation of relative clauses from English into Vietnamese

Tht thch mt khi ngm nhn nhng bng hoa ma xun y mu sc rc r.

Nhng sinh vin tt nghip ra trng c thnh tch hc tp tt v gii cc k

Cuc cch mng lt tng lp qu tc l mt bc ngot trong lch s Php.

Nguyn Thanh Hng.7A-02.HUFS