02 Energy-Harvesting - Jedes System Erfordert Ein Individuell Optimiertes Konzept

Energy Harvesting
Jedes System erfordert ein individuell

optimiertes Konzept

Linear Technology
Bostjan Bitenc, Field Application Engineer
2011, Linear Technology Corporation
Ludwigsburg, 6. Juli 2011
Agenda
2 2011, Linear Technology Corporation
Energy Harvesting Basics
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Energy Harvester Products and Solutions
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Other Limited Sources
Summary
Practical Demonstrations

Energy Harvesting what is it?
Free Energy.
But The Laws of Physics Still Apply !

Energy Harvesting Goals
Charge, supplement or replace batteries in systems
where battery use is inconvenient, impractical,
expensive or dangerous
Eliminate the need for wires to carry power or to
transmit data
Smart wireless sensor networks to monitor and
optimize complex industrial processes, remote field
and building installations ( e.g. HVAC, light switches )
Various consumer electronic accessory chargers

Harvesting otherwise wasted heat from industrial
processes, solar panels, internal combustion
engines, etc.
Energy Harvesting Sources
Thermo-Electric Generator or Thermopile (Heat)

Piezoelectric (Motion / Vibration creates strain)

Photovoltaic (Light)

Galvanic (Moisture)

Coil/Magnet (Motion / Vibration / Induction)
Courtesy of TOKO Inc.

Outdoor

Indoor

Piezoelectric

Electrostatic

Magnetic

Man

Machine

GSM

WiFi
Harvested
Power
Potential Up to
0.1 uW/cm
2
Up to
10,000 uW/cm
2
(10 mW/cm
2
)
Up to
100,000 uW/cm
2
(100 mW/cm
2
)
Up to
1,000 uW/cm
2
(1 mW/cm
2
)
RF

Vibration

Thermal

Photovoltaic

Where an Energy Harvester Fits in
Remote industrial sensor networks
HVAC monitoring and control
Building automation
Predictive maintenance
Avionics
Automatic/remote metering
Military, Aerospace, Commercial, Medical sensors

Free
Energy
Source /
Transducer
Power
Conversion /
Energy
Management
Sensors,
A/D,
controller
Wireless
transmitter /
receiver
THE MISSING LINK
First Think About Your Needs
Source /
Transducer
Power
Conversion
Sensor
Controller
Wireless
XCVR
Sensor Node Power Requirements:
Supply Voltage: V
s
Continuous Current: I
c
Additional Pulsed Current: I
p
Pulse Duration: t
p
System On Time: t
on
Number of Sequences: N
Sequence Duty Cycle: DC
Total Energy Bill:
AVG total AVG
i
p i p i on c S total
total
DC E
t
E
P
t I t I V E
dt I V E
*
) * * ( *
* *
, ,
=
A
=
+ =
=
}
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
P [uW]
Then Think About Your Capabilities
Source /
Transducer
Power
Conversion
Sensor
Controller
Wireless
XCVR
Source Characteristics:
What is the main energy source parameter
for the transducer (T, Flux, Strain, ...)?
How stable is the energy source over time?
How does the transducer matches the energy
source itself (e.g. TEG size vs. T)?
How much energy can you derive with the
parameters given above?
What kind of system parameters have
influence on the transducer efficiency
(e.g. heat vs. efficiency for solar cells)?
What is the transducer output impedance
resp. output voltage and waveform?
Light Flux
10
100
1.000
10.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
V
o
c

(
m
V
)

dT (Deg C)
TEG Open Circuit Voltage vs dT
2" TEG
1.5" TEG
0.625"
TEG
And Then Try to Match Both
Source /
Transducer
Power
Conversion
Sensor
Controller
Wireless
XCVR
Input
Power
Output
Power
Conversion and
Leakage Losses
Voltage Conversion
DC or AC
to DC
e.g.
50mV
3.3V
Buffering Source & Load
Profile Averaging
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
P [uW]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
PIN [uW]
Load Matching Basics
Pout vs Load Resistance
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Load Resistance (Ohms)
P
o
u
t

(
m
W
)
Rsource = 3 Ohms
Rsource = 1 Ohm
Where is the sweet spot for maximum power transfer between
Source and Load?
source load
R R =
Back to School Basics:
What is the transferred power at that point?
load
load source
IN
OUT
R
R R
V
P *
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
load
R
source
R
Matching Example: TEG
Effect of Rsource on Vin & Pout, for Voc=100mV & Rin=3 Ohms
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1,000
Rsource (Ohms)
V
i
n

(
m
V
)

o
r

P
o
u
t

(
u
W
)
Pout (uW)
Vin (mV)
RIN : input impedance
of the DCDC
Load Matching by decoupling the output load from the source with the harvester
What if the Impedances doesnt match?
Over time decouple output and input:
e.g. Caps/battery to buffer energy
Over source parameter control harvester input power:
e.g. Maximum power point control
Storage Cap collects charge during
Sensor Idle State.
Acts as low impedance source
when Power is needed.
Adjust current to keep the input at the desired voltage.
Effectively raises the input resistance of the Harvester
when the load is overdriving the source.
Known as MPPC for Solar Cells.
Aux Cap collects charge
before enabling VOUT control
Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

Cooling With Peltier Elements
Peltier elements have for a long time been used for
active cooling
A temperature difference is created by applying a voltage

Known applications :

Hotel refrigerators
Electronics heat sinks
Cooling of laser diodes

Thermal Harvesting With Peltier Elements
Doing the opposite, generating a voltage from a
temperature difference is called the Seebeck effect
Thermo electric generator [ TEG ]
Voltage is proportional to temperature difference
The length and area of each elements sets its basic
properties as thermal and electrical resistance
The P-N elements are connected in series in a module
Series connection gives higher voltage (and resistance)
From thermal point of view, they are connected in
parallel
Thermal Harvesting Using Seebeck Effect
Thermal Model of a System
Thermo-Electric Model of a System
T=(Thot-Tcold)xRteg/(Rsource+Rteg+Rsink)
TEG Datasheet Example
TEG Datasheet Example
Thermoelectric coolers
Many parameters needed for optimization not given
Seebeck voltage not given (Voc as function of temperature)
Thermal resistance not given

They do however work as TEGs
Seebeck voltage easily measured
Thermal resistance can be estimated or measured, even
though more difficult, or simply oversize the heatsink to
make the TEGs thermal resistance neglectable
Oversizing the TEG gives unpredictable and often poor
results
TEC vs. TEG Datasheets
Manufacturer 15 x 15 mm 20 x 20 mm 30 x 30 mm 40 x 40 mm
CUI Inc (Distributor) CP60133 CP60233 CP60333 CP85438
Ferrotec 9501/031/030 B 9501/071/040 B 9500/097/090 B 9500/127/100 B
Fujitaka FPH13106NC FPH17106NC FPH17108AC FPH112708AC
Kryotherm TGM-127-1.0-0.8 LCB-127-1.4-1.15
Laird Technology PT6.7.F2.3030.W6 PT8.12.F2.4040.TA.W6
Marlow Industries RC3-8-01 RC6-6-01 RC12-8-01LS
Tellurex C2-15-0405 C2-20-0409 C2-30-1505 C2-40-1509
TE Technology TE-31-1.0-1.3 TE-31-1.4-1.15 TE-71-1.4-1.15 TE-127-1.4-1.05
Recommended TEG Part Numbers by Size
TEC TEG
an N-P pair is called a couple
Typical Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) Module Sizes
Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

What is Piezoelectricity?
Applying mechanical strain to certain solid materials
results in energy generation.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
Piezoelectric materials convert
strain (deflection, displacement
vibration) into electrical energy
Piezoelectric generators Whats available?
Piezoelectric generators What you need to know
Vibrating generators produce an A/C output voltage.
Electrical output depends on frequency and acceleration.
Open circuit voltages may be quite high at high g-levels.
Output impedances can also be high.
Physical size of the generator dictates energy produced
and optimum frequency of oscillation.

Source: Adaptive Energy Corporation
Source: Advanced Cerametrics Corporation
Frequency response must match or power falls off quickly
Piezo generators are easily tuned for 10 - 300Hz resonance
and provide Ws to mWs of power at 0.1g to 2g acceleration levels
The Importance of Resonance (Natural Frequency)
Vibration Sources
Vibration Source
Acceleration
[m/s^2] g-Level
Frequency
[Hz]
Car engine compartment 12 1.22 200
Car Instrument Panel 3 0.31 13
Base of 3-Axis machine tool 10 1.02 70
Kitchen Blender 6.4 0.65 121
Clothes Dryer 3.5 0.36 121
Door Frame just as door closes 3 0.31 125
Small microwave oven 2.25 0.23 121
HVAC vents in office building 0.2-1.5 0.02 - 0.15 60
Wooden deck with foot traffic 1.3 0.13 385
Bread maker 1.03 0.11 121
External windows (size 2' x 3')
next to busy street 0.7 0.07 100
Notebook computer while CD is
being read 0.6 0.06 75
Washing Machine 0.5 0.05 109
Second story floor of a wood
frame office building 0.2 0.02 100
Refrigerator 0.1 0.01 240
Reference: Seminario RFId: sensors e energy harvesting LIUC
Universita Carlo Cattaneo 5 giugno 2009
Design Example:
Vibration Powered Wireless Sensor Node
How can I replace this

with this?
Motivation: reduce high maintenance costs
Good News:
Application energy/power requirements are low
Typical Application: 3 sensor wireless monitor
Energy requirements: 482uJ total
Transmitting every 10 seconds requires 48.2uW (482uJ / 10s)
Source: Microstrain Corporation
Improving technology lower power
How much power can piezo transducers generate ?
Characterization of Available Vibration Energy
Source: Mide Corporation
Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

Solar Cells Different Types
Solar Cell How It Works
Solar cells are basically PN junctions (diodes). Their typical IV curve
exhibits fairly constant current dependent on illumination levels
(Do-It-Yourself Method)
Load
Solar Cell Maximum Power Point
In an open circuit (no load
current), power is 0.
In a short circuit (no load
voltage), power is 0.
In between these extremes
there is a sweet spot where
maximum power is extracted
from the cell.
How do we keep the solar
cell in the maximum power
point?
Solar Cells
Maximum Power Point And Illumination Intensity
o Light levels can vary by over three
orders of magnitude
o Maximum Power
Point (MPP)
voltage varies
vs. illumination
intensitiy
o Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
useful to maximize cell output
o DC/DC converter input current regulation
to achieve MPP voltage
o and varies much more
vs. cell temperature
Light Levels vs Time & Place
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Cloudy day in unlit room
Lab bench
Cloudy day in cube
Lab bench top shelf
Sunny day in cube near windows
Cloudy day outside at 5PM
Cloudy day outside at 1PM
Sunny day inside next to window 2PM
Sunny day outside aimed straight up at 10AM
Sunny day outside aimed straight up at 2PM
Sunny day outside aimed at the sun 10AM
Illuminance (Lux)
MPPC implementation in a power converter
MPP is the Photovoltaic (PV) cell equivalent of load matching
For most PV cells, the MPP voltage is ~70 to 80% of the open circuit voltage (Voc)
Load matching is achieved by regulating the INPUT voltage of the power converter
(output of PV cell) equal to the Maximum Power Point (MPP) voltage of the PV cell.
V
MPP

Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

Thermal Energy Harvesting Products
LTC3108/-1: Ultra-Low Voltage (20mV) Step-Up converter
and Power Manager

Operates from inputs
as low as 20mV
Alternate Fixed
Output Voltages
Unique Resonant
Power converter /
Energy Harvester
Auxiliary LDO
Manages Energy
storage between
Reservoir and Main
Cout or Batt
Compact Step-up
Transformer
3x4mm DFN or GN16
packages
LTC3108 - 20mV Resonant Boost Topology
20mV Operation or ~1deg dT if powered
from a Peltier Effect Thermal Electric
Generator (TEG or TEC)

LTC proprietary MOSFET makes
extreme low voltage possible

Input-Circuit self-oscillates, resonant
step-up circuit

Built-in Synchronous rectification
improves Energy harvesting yield

1:100 transformer is standard part
( Wuerth, Coilcraft, Cooper Bussmann )

Typical Resonant Waveforms ( Measurements )
V
SW
50mV/div (Vin=50mV)
I
SW
20mA/div
V
SEC
2V/div
V
C1
2V/div
Note: soft-switching
Choose transformer ratio based on Vin
-min Vin < 50mV, use 1:100 ratio
- min Vin > 50mV, use 1:50 ratio
- min Vin > 200mV, use 1:20 ratio
Typical Resonant Waveforms ( Simulation )
LTspice schematic : Typical simulation result :
Output-Voltage Sequencing ( VAUX & VLDO )
VAUX powers active circuits within
LTC3108 ( e.g. VAUX >2V activates the
synchronous rectifier to improve
efficiency of power conversion ).

after VAUX reaches 2V3

VLDO fixed 2V2 for low-power C or
other low power ICs (ILDO ~ 3mA)
ramp up
Output-Voltage Sequencing ( VOUT & CSTORE )
3. COUT is charged up to the programmed
output-voltage; a PGOOD-Signal
indicates when VOUT is within 7.5%
of this voltage.

after VOUT has reached regulation
after VLDO reaches 2V2
4. A capacitor or rechargeable battery
connected to VSTORE stores the
remaining energy. Storage element can
be used to power system in the event
that the input source is lost.
LTC3108 Feature: Harvested Energy Management
VOUT2 is a switched ON-OFF
version of VOUT for sensors that
dont have a SD input

Harvested energy is preferentially
sent to VOUT

Excess harvested energy is sent
to VSTORE

VSTORE will backfeed VOUT in
the event of a power outage

Charge control block provides all
of the intelligence to ensure
seamless operation

LTC3108 Voltage Sequencing (Simulation)
Datasheet LTC3108 ( page 11 ) : Simulation result :
LTC3108 Voltage Sequencing (Measurements)
VLDO
VOUT
VSTORE
VIN
Power Up Power Down
o VLDO: 2.2V fixed
o VOUT: 2.35V, 3.3V, 4.1V or 5V
(LTC3108 & LTC3109)
o VOUT: 2.5V, 3.0V, 3.7V, 4.5V
(LTC3108-1)
o VSTORE charges up to 5.25V
LTC3108 Feature: Digital Selection of V
OUT
Eliminates multi-MO resistors
from the PCB

Easier manufacturability

Predictable and stable V
OUT

Other combinations possible with
option mask (contact the factory)

Block Diagram of LTC3108
VOUT: Main Output
Charge Control and Prioritizer
VSTORE: Energy
Reservoir
VOUT2: Switched VOUT
Digital Vout Select
3mA LDO:
uController power
Rectifier
Compact Step-Up
transformer
20mV Vin Source
VAUX: Intermediate
Charge storage and
IC bias supply
Depletion mode
MOSFET
Dave Salerno Artikel

+ LINK
http://cds.linear.com/docs/LT%20Journal/LTJournal_V20N3_Oct10.pdf

Typical Setup for LTC3108/-1
Uni-polar: Vin > 20mV
TEG

Sensors, C, RF Link
TEG Reference Data
56
Remember: Bigger TEG doesnt always mean more available power!
16 x16 mm
40 x 40 mm
54 x 54 mm
Input Resistance LTC3108
Rin of the LTC3108 converters is in
the range of 2.5 5, it varies with
Vin & transformer ratio

Traditional TEGs, with a resistance
of 0.5 3, provide a good match
to the converter
Sources with much higher source-resistance will provide only very little
power because of source-load-mismatch.
TEG Thermal Resistance
Thermal connections are important
make sure that

R
TEG
>> R
HS
+ R
S

to get the maximum temperature-
difference at the TEG-Element

LTC3109: Auto Polarity Ultra-Low Voltage Step-Up
converter and Power Manager

Operates from inputs
as low as +/- 30mV
Proprietary Auto-
Polarity Architecture
Unique Resonant
Power converter /
Energy Harvester
Auxiliary LDO
Manages Energy
storage between
Reservoir and Main
Cout or Batt
Compact Step-up X-
former
4x4mm QFN or GN20
packages
LTC3109 = LTC3108 with 2 resonant input stages
Block Diagram of LTC3109
Proprietary Ultra-low
voltage AutoPolarity
Architecture
(Patent Pending)
VOUT and Digital
select
Power GOOD
VSTORE: Charge
Storage Reservoir
Switched VOUT
2.2V Ultra-Low Iq LDO
Harvested Energy Manager
Two depletion mode mosfets
Typical LTC3109 Auto-Polarity Application
o Typical startup voltage of 30mV
o Operates equally well from either polarity
o Can operate from a low frequency AC input
o Uses two identical transformers
o Same basic control architecture as the LTC3108
Typical LTC3109 Uni-Polar App
LTC3109 in Uni-Polar Configuration Iout vs Vin
10
100
1,000
10,000
10 100 1,000
Vin (mV)
I
o
u
t

(
u
A
)
1:100, C1=6.8nF
1:50, C1=33nF
1:20, C1=68nF
Ivout vs Vin Comparison of LTC3108 & LTC3109 (1:100)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Vin (mV)
I
v
o
u
t

(
u
A
)
LTC3109, uni-polar config
LTC3108
o Can be configured for uni-polar operation
o Typical startup voltage of just 15mV !
o Uses a single transformer
o Generates ~3x the current of the LTC3108
for the same Vin ( by paralleling MOSFETs)
Typical Setup for LTC3109
Autopolarity: Vin > 30mV
(or Uni-polar: Vin>15mV)
o Basically 2 x LT3108 in one package
o Uses two resonant step-up cores to process positive and negative voltages
o Second resonant core can be configured for positive input voltage ( 2 x output
power + lower Vin startup )
o Designed for low resistance sources (< 5)
LTC3108 & LTC3109 Step-Up Transformers From Coilcraft
Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

Specifying a Piezo for a Wireless Sensor Node (WSN)
Answers to the above questions will enable piezo suppliers to
provide or design the proper transducer
- Vibration Source Characteristics
What is the source vibration frequency ?
What is the min, typ and max acceleration that the WSN must operate under ?
- Application Electrical Characteristics
How much energy does the WSN require ?
initial network configuration
steady state sensor measurement and transmission power
How frequently does the WSN transmit ?
sets average operating power
What is the turn-on threshold for the power management device ?
sets the minimum V
OC
of the piezo at the source frequency and minimum acceleration
- Application Physical Constraints
How much area can be dedicated to mounting the piezo element ?
How much height will be allocated for the piezo and its enclosure ?
What type of mounting does the application require ?
What are the environmental conditions (moisture, temperature,) ?

Converting Harvested Energy into a Regulated Output
Rectification Options:
Full-bridge
Piezo current conducts on both phases
Best for high open circuit voltage conditions
Doubler
Piezo current conducts on positive phase only
Best for low open circuit voltages
Step 1: Convert piezo AC output to an unregulated DC (V
RECT
) supply

DC/DC Tradeoffs
Conversion Efficiency vs. Quiescent Current
DC/DC Goals:
Maximize V
RECT
to V
OUT
conversion efficiency over input voltage and V
OUT
load
conditions (Switching Converter)
Minimize quiescent current (LDO, e.g. LT6656 )
Key Consideration: Keep the application (V
OUT
) powered at minimum vibration
levels!

V
RECT
varies widely with
vibration and load
Applications typically
need a regulated supply
Use or store as much harvested energy as possible
Minimize all sources of non-load power consumption

Charge Storage Considerations (1)
Energy Stored at DC/DC input
- PROs
Can utilize high voltage energy storage (E = *C *V
2
)

High voltage ceramic capacitors (low leakage)
Combine with SuperCaps on the output for extended run times

- CONs
Higher vibration requirement to achieve high input voltage
Power from source not optimized by adjusting charge current
3588-1 turns on
too early, -2 solves
this issue by having
A higher ULVO threshold
Charge Storage Considerations (2)
Energy Stored at DC/DC Output
- PROs
SuperCaps or batteries can be used at low voltages
Low vibration requirement due to low operating voltage
Modify charge current to optimize power output from source (MPPT)

- CONs
Low voltage energy storage requires larger capacitance
Long charge times
Start-Up Concerns
Piezo R
S
is typically
HIGH (10kOhm 100kOhm+)
DC/DC operating current
is highest at startup
Net Result:
V
RECT
and V
OUT

both stuck LOW!
One More Problem: Overvoltage
DC/DCs have
max V
IN
specs

V
OC
and V
RECT
climb at high
vibration levels and low
DC/DC load current
Integrated Solution
LTC3588 Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
Key Features:
o Integrated rectifier converts piezo AC output to
DC ( extremely low leakage )
o 500nA UVLO circuit allows input cap to be
charged up before DC/DC enabled ensures
reliable startup
o Synchronous step-down DC/DC operates over
wide V
IN
and load current with high efficiency
o Overvoltage shunt protects input dumps
excess energy to GND at V
IN
> 20V
o 1uA (typ) no load ICC minimizes wasted energy
at low vibration levels
Can be RF coupled
Extremely low leakage rectifier
( not possible with discrete
components )
Performance Advantages of Integrated Solution
this is very hard to do with discrete components !
Typical Startup and Recharge Waveforms
75
Measurement :
3.3V regulator start-up profile
Simulation ( time adjusted ) :
Startup and recharge after load step
Dave Salerno Artikel

+ LINK
http://cds.linear.com/docs/LT%20Journal/LTJournal_V20N1_Apr10.pdf

Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

High Efficiency Solar Energy Harvester
o Synchronous Boost Converter + LDO starts up at 250mV
o Includes Maximum Power Point Control (MPPC), which adjusts
the peak inductor current to maintain Vin at a programmed voltage
o Operates from higher resistance sources than traditional boosts
o Uses burst-mode architecture with variable Ipk and Ivalley
LTC3105: Block Diagram Review
http://cds.linear.com/docs/LT%20Journal/LTJournal-V21N1-2011-04.pdf

LTC3105 : Maximum Power Point Control Simplified
simple single resistor
programming
diode provides easy
temperature compensation
thermally coupled to solar
cells,1 diode / solar cell

o Maximum Power Point
Control circuit servos Vin to
equal V(MPPC)
o V(MPPC) = 10uA x R(MPPC)
o Set V(MPPC) = ~ 75% of Voc
Boost Converter without MPPC Startup Example
Solar Cell is Overloaded and circuit will not start
LTC3105 MPP Control Startup Example
Solar Cell is regulated to Max Power Point
the peak of the previous example.
Good to add a cap to buffer initial peak.
MPPC loop regulates down input current
Vin does not come close to UVLO threshold
LTC3105 Typical Wireless Sensor Node Application
SHDN used to stop the LTC3105 switching for a short period of time in order to measure or transmit data.

LTC3105 Output Power at Indoor Light Levels
10
100
1000
10000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

(
u
W
)

Lux
161uW
Only ~200 Lux required to meet example application limits with some cells
100 cm
50 cm
25 cm
LTC3105 Max Output Power vs Lux with various Thin Film solar cells
Vout=3.3V, 4 cell in series, approx 25/50/100 cm
o LTC3105 boosts the low solar panel output voltage to a higher voltage to allow charging
o LTC4070 shunt battery charger limits the maximum battery voltage to 4.2V
o NTC thermistor reduces the battery float voltage in 100mV steps at high temperatures
o P-FET disconnects the load to prevent damaging the battery from over discharge
Complete Low Power Solar Li-Ion Battery Charger
%
LTC3105 Charge Current For Varying Sunlight
Without MPPC

These curves show the results of a reduction in sunlight on the solar panel output
voltage & the LTC3105 charge current. For a 15% drop in sunlight intensity, the
charge current dropped to 0mA. Without maximum power point control, the
LTC3105 boost converter pulled the solar panel voltage very low resulting in zero
output power.
.
Relative Sunlight Intensity
Solar Panel
Output Current
Solar
Panel
Output
Voltage
LTC3105
Charge
Current
600mA
400mA
200mA
0
60mA
40mA
20mA
0
1V
0.8V
0.6V
0.4V
0.2V
0
100%
Changing Sunlight Intensity Effects on Charge Current
(With Maximum Power Point Control)
Battery Voltage = 3.6V
10 seconds
C
h
a
r
g
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
m
A
)
S
o
l
a
r

P
a
n
e
l

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
V
)
100%

P
a
n
e
l

O
u
t
p
u
t

(
m
A
)
LTC3105 Charge Current For Varying Sunlight
With MPPC
These curves show the results of a reduction in sunlight on the solar panel output
voltage & the LTC3105 charge current. For a 15% drop in sunlight intensity, the
charge current dropped to approximately 50mA. The maximum power point control
prevents the solar panel voltage from dropping below 750mV.
LTC3105 Energy Harvester
Power
Source
IN
Main
VOUT
Auxiliary LDO VOUT
Main
VOUT
GOOD
Flag
Advantages of
Integrated Power Management Solutions
this is very hard to do with discrete components!
Single IC replaces up 35 discrete components, multiple functions

Predictable and reliable operation in harsh Industrial environments

Integrated MOSFETs optimized for speed and ultra-low Iq

Multi-M Resistors integrated, no manufacturability concerns

Off the shelf Integrated Solutions for all types of practical transducers

Compatible with all types of storage elements
Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

LTC3105: Non-PhotoVoltaic Application Circuit
Power from diode drop voltage
LTC3108: Non-Thermal Application Circuit
Power from small voltage drop
e.g. interconnection
resistance
current
V
d
r
o
p

LTC3109: Non-Thermal Application Circuit
Power from small AC voltage !
e.g. output of
Rogowski coil
Photo diode sourced by light fiber ( 3105 )
Using primary cell to death ( 3105 )
Charge with galvanic elements ( 3105, 3108 )
e.g. from lemon ( see youtube videos )
Magnetic field harvesting ( 3588 )
e.g. stray field of transformers

Many More Application Circuits
It is up to you to find more application areas !
Agenda
General
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Thermal
Vibration
Solar
Summary

Summary
What Linear Technology Can Do for You
o Different sources with varying impedances need especially adopted ICs
o Each IC is optimized for special sources regarding Conversion Topology
and Input Impedance
o ICs are maximized for conversion efficiency to give you the most output
power available from the source !

02 Energy-Harvesting - Jedes System Erfordert Ein Individuell Optimiertes Konzept

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