Beginner's Guide To View State

Beginner's Guide To View State - CodeProject
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Beginner's Guide To View State

By Abhijit Jana, 29 Nov 2008
4.80 (144 votes)
About Article
This article is a step by step guide to view state with details Type Article CPOL 29 Nov 2008 192,991 275 times
Prize winner in Competition "Best ASP.NET article of November 2008"
Table of Contents
Introduction What is state management ? Different types of state management? What is view state ? Advantages of view state ? Disadvantages of view state ? When we should use view state ? When we should avoid view state? Where is view state stored ? How to store object in view state ? How to trace your view state information? Enabling and Disabling View State How to make view state secure? Some Important Points
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Introduction
First of all I want to thank Sean Ewington for his great initiative to write Beginner's Walk for Web Development article. I have decided to write some articles on state management There are a few article on Code project on State Management, basically on Session, Caching, Cookies, etc. Though all are very good article, still I have planned for write some article on state management. and I believe that should definitely helps to all the Beginners. And I have organized the content in a way that it would be helpful to not only beginners also to advance user also. In this article, I will cover the fundamentals of State Management and Details of View State.
What is state management?

Web is Stateless. It means a new instance of the web page class is re-created each time the page is posted to the server. As we all know HTTP is a stateless protocol, its can't holds the client information on page. As for example , if we enter a text and client on submit button, text does not appear after post back , only because of page is recreated on its round trip.
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As given in above pages, page is recreated before its comes to clients and happened for each and every request. So it is a big issue to maintain the state of the page and information for a web application. That is the reason to start concept of State Management. To overcome this problem ASP.NET 2.0 Provides some features like View State, Cookies, Session, Application objects etc. to manage the state of page. There are some few selection criteria to selected proper way to maintain the state, as there are many way to do that. Those criteria are: How much information do you need to store? Does the client accept persistent or in-memory cookies? Do you want to store the information on the client or on the server? Is the information sensitive? What performance and bandwidth criteria do you have for your application? What are the capabilities of the browsers and devices that you are targeting? Do you need to store information per user? How long do you need to store the information? Do you have a Web farm (multiple servers), a Web garden (multiple processes on one machine), or a single process that serves the application? So, when ever you start to think about state management, you should think about above criteria. based on that you can choose the best approaches for manages state for your web application.
Related Articles
ViewState: Various ways to reduce performance overhead Automatic ViewState Properties with the ViewState attribute DataGrid's ViewState optimization ViewState and Server.Transfer Best practices Save ViewState on the File System ViewState Compression Keep ASP.NET ViewState out of ASPX Page for Performance Improvement ASP.NET Internals: Viewstate and Page Life Cycle Access ViewState Across Pages Extend Repeater to support DataPager ViewState in Dynamic Control
Different types of state management?

There are two different types of state management: 1. Client Side State Management
GridView needs more plumbing code to support Calendar controls Sorting a GridView bound to a DataTable Retaining State for Dynamically Created Controls in ASP.NET applications ViewState and Postback How to make ViewState secure in ASP.NET Yet, another ViewState viewer Help! My ViewState Is Out Of Control Record Navigation using Events in c# Web Paging Control
View State Hidden Field Cookies Control State

2. Server Side State Management
Session Application Object Caching Database

Client Side state management does not use any server resource , it store information using client side option. Server Side state management use server side resource for store data. Selection of client side and server side state management should be based on your requirements and the selection criteria that are already given.
Pfz.Caching - ViewIds instead of ViewStates
What is view state?

View State is one of the most important and useful client side state management mechanism. It can store the page value at the time of post back (Sending and Receiving information from Server) of your page. ASP.NET pages provide the ViewState property as a built-in structure for automatically storing values between multiple requests for the same page.
Example:
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If you want to add one variable in View State,

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ViewState["Var"]=Count;
For Retrieving information from View State

string Test=ViewState["TestVal"];
Sometimes you may need to typecast ViewState Value to retreive. As I give an Example to strore and retreive object in view state in the last of this article.
Advantages of view state?

This are the main advantage of using View State: Easy to implement No server resources are required Enhanced security features ,like it can be encoded and compressed.
Disadvantages of view state?

This are the main disadvantages of using View State: It can be performance overhead if we are going to store larger amount of data , because it is associated with page only. Its stored in a hidden filed in hashed format (which I have discussed later) still it can be easily trapped. It does not have any support on mobile devices.
When we should use view state?

I already describe the criteria of selecting State management. A few point you should remember when you select view state for maintain your page state. Size of data should be small , because data are bind with page controls , so for larger amount of data it can be cause of performance overhead. Try to avoid storing secure data in view state
When we should avoid view state?

You won't need view state for a control for following cases,
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The control never change The control is repopulated on every postback The control is an input control and it changes only of user actions.
Where is view state stored?

View State stored the value of page controls as a string which is hashed and encoded in some hashing and encoding technology. It only contain information about page and its controls. Its does not have any interaction with server. It stays along with the page in the Client Browser. View State use Hidden field to store its information in a encoding format. Suppose you have written a simple code , to store a value of control:
ViewState["Value"] = MyControl.Text;
Now, Run you application, In Browser, RighClick > View Source , You will get the following section of code
Fig : View state stored in hidden field Now , look at the value. looks likes a encrypted string, This is Base64 Encoded string, this is not a encoded string. So it can easily be decoded. Base64 makes a string suitable for HTTP transfer plus it makes it a little hard to read . Read More about Base64 Encoding . Any body can decode that string and read the original value. so be careful about that. There is a security lack of view state.
How to store object in view state?

We can store an object easily as we can store string or integer type variable. But what we need ? we need to convert it into stream of byte. because as I already said , view state store information in hidden filed in the page. So we need to use Serialization. If object which we are trying to store in view state ,are not serializable , then we will get a error message . Just take as example,
//Create a simple class and make it as Serializable [Serializable] public class student { public int Roll; public string Name; public void AddStudent(int intRoll,int strName) { this.Roll=intRoll; this.Name=strName; } }
Now we will try to store object of "Student" Class in a view state.

//Store Student Class in View State student _objStudent = new student(); _objStudent.AddStudent(2, "Abhijit"); ViewState["StudentObject"] = _objStudent; //Retrieve Student information view state student _objStudent; _objStudent = (student)ViewState["StudentObject"];
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How to trace your view state information?

If you want to trace your view state information, by just enable "Trace" option of Page Directive
Now Run your web application, You can view the details of View State Size along with control ID in Control Tree Section. Don't worry about "Render Size Byte" , this only the size of rendered control.
Fig : View State Details
Enabling and Disabling View State

You can enable and disable View state for a single control as well as at page level also. To turnoff view state for a single control , set EnableViewState Property of that control to false. e.g.:
TextBox1.EnableViewState =false;
To turnoff the view state of entire page, we need to set EnableViewState to false of Page Directive as shown bellow.
Even you disable view state for the entire page , you will see the hidden view state tag with a small amount of information, ASP.NET always store the controls hierarchy for the page at minimum , even if view state is disabled. For enabling the same, you have to use the same property just set them as True as for example, for a single control we can enabled view state in following way,
TextBox1.EnableViewState =true;
and for a page level,
How to make view state secure?

As I already discuss View state information is stored in a hidden filed in a form of Base64 Encoding String, and it looks like:
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Fig : View state stored in hidden field
Many of ASP.NET Programmers assume that this is an Encrypted format, but I am saying it again, that this is not a encrypted string. It can be break easily. To make your view state secure, There are two option for that, First, you can make sure that the view state information is tamper-proof by using "hash code". You can do this by adding "EnableViewStateMAC=true" with your page directive. MAC Stands for "Message Authentication Code"
A hash code , is a cryptographically strong checksum, which is calculated by ASP.NET and its added with the view state content and stored in hidden filed. At the time of next post back, the checksum data again verified , if there are some mismatch, Post back will be rejected. we can set this property to web.config file also. Second option is to set ViewStateEncryptionMode="Always" with your page directives, which will encrypt the view state data. You can add this in following way
It ViewStateEncryptionMode has three different options to set: Always Auto Never
Always, mean encrypt the view state always, Never means, Never encrypt the view state data and Auto Says , encrypt if any control request specially for encryption. For auto , control must call Page.RegisterRequiresViewStateEncryption() method for request encryption.
we can set the Setting for "EnableViewStateMAC" and ViewStateEncryptionMode" in web.config also.
Note : Try to avoid View State Encryption if not necessary , because it cause the performance issue.
Some Important Points

Questions Client Side or Server Side ? Use Server Resource ? Easy to implement ? Cause Performance Issue ? Support Encryption Decryption? Can store objects ? Timeout Answer Client Side No Yes For heavy data and case of encryption & decryption Yes Yes, but you need to serialize the class. No
That's all for view state. Hope you have enjoyed this article, please don't forget to give me your valuable suggestions. If anything need to update or changed please post your comments and please give me suggestion.
Reference
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MSDN Reference
History
Written on Saturday, 29th November, 2008 Small Correction on Monday December 2008
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
About the Author

Abhijit Jana
Software Developer (Senior) India Member
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.NET Consultant | Former Microsoft MVP - ASP.NET | CodeProject MVP, Mentor, Insiders| Technology Evangelist | Author | Speaker | Geek | Blogger | Husband Blog : http://abhijitjana.net Web Site : http://dailydotnettips.com Twitter : @AbhijitJana My Kinect Book : Kinect for Windows SDK Programming Guide
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Superb Article dude..u Rocks!!
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tarun _sharma
15 Apr '13 - 1:12
My vote of 5
Member 8391376
2 Apr '13 - 7:47
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4/17/2013 4:04 PM
Really awesome article on ViewState at one place with concise solution. Thx, -Rajan
My vote of 5
Nice Article
abhi3eee
2 Apr '13 - 0:02
My vote of 5
This is called knowledge
abhi993
14 Mar '13 - 12:20
Good article
Sampath Sridhar
7 Mar '13 - 21:34
Thanks for the article. Able to get good understanding of Viewstate through this one.
You made Viewstate very simple
Abhinesh M
25 Feb '13 - 4:17
The article was very easy to understand and implement viewstate. Thanks.
My vote of 4
Very well written
Mukesh_B
22 Feb '13 - 9:03
My vote of 5
Very nice
Uday P.Singh
17 Feb '13 - 12:37
5.00/5 (1 vote)
Nice Article
vinay raghavendr
4 Feb '13 - 1:40
Article is very good, good explanation with example. I look forward of articles on remaining types of state management.
My vote of 5
Excellent. Thanks
ZPop
26 Jan '13 - 5:04
5.00/5 (1 vote)
My vote of 5
ravikant.sharma01
23 Jan '13 - 8:29
great article and very easy and it made the view state my cup of tea
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My vote of 5
good article for beiginners
chaitanyasingh
12 Jan '13 - 10:03
5.00/5 (1 vote)
field and properties

What is difference bet field and properties in asp.net
rajyash
9 Jan '13 - 3:45
1.00/5 (1 vote)
View State
Excellent tutorials
rajyash
9 Jan '13 - 3:43
View State
Excellent Explanation
Member 8164277
4 Jan '13 - 1:38
how to clear the viewstate object?
bluesathish
20 Dec '12 - 0:08
hi Abhijit Jana, thanks for your nice article. And i've the doubt that how we can clear (or) dispose the viewstate objects. Since its uses client side resources, we need to clear (or) dispose it when it is not in use. kindly share your suggestion for this. Regards, Bluesathish
Comment
Abhijit Parab
17 Dec '12 - 3:10
Excellent article to understand the concept of View State

Reply Email View Thread Permalink Bookmark 5.00/5 (1 vote)
My vote of 5
Its easily understable
Swathi Nagaraj
6 Nov '12 - 0:23
my vote for 4
it is good article written by you.
Reply View Thread Permalink Bookmark
girishmeena
24 Oct '12 - 9:35
My vote of 4
It is good for starting learners....
anilsarapati
28 Sep '12 - 21:16
My vote of 4
nagpalvikas
27 Sep '12 - 8:25
9 of 10
4/17/2013 4:04 PM
Adding a scenario would have added cherry to the cake. It would have made the article even more interesting if you would have given a scenario where View state is beneficial.
About an article
rahul7596
4 Sep '12 - 13:37
excellent Article It is really helpful.but please tell me where can i found your other articles of state management?
My vote of 4
good one...
Reply View Thread Permalink Bookmark
S.K.Tripathi
30 Aug '12 - 9:20
My vote of 4
Very good Article....
usrikanthvarma
13 Aug '12 - 2:25
My vote of 5
very good understanding is possible... great work
Member 9334911
13 Aug '12 - 1:44
Last Visit: 17 Apr '13 - 9:18
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9,813,751 members (34,266 online)

Articles Web Development ASP.NET General

Prize winner in Competition "Best ASP.NET article of November 2008"

Licence First Posted Views Bookmarked

Add your own alternative version

WinXP Win2003 C# ASP.NET Architect Dev , +

What is state management?