UNIT 3 SCREW THREADS, NUTS AND BOLTS

Structure
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Introduction
Objectives

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

Screw Thread Terms Standard Thread Forms Right and Left Hand Threads Single and Multiple Start Threads Thread Profile Types
3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 Sharp V - Thread Whitworth Standard Thread British Association Thread American National Thread Unified Standard Thread

3.7 3.8 3.9

Square, Acme and Buttress Threads Representation of Threads Nut and Bolt

3.10 Shape of Bolt Head and Nut 3.11 Procedure of Drawing 3.12 Drawing Complete Bolt 3.13 Square Headed Bolt and Square Nut 3.14 Washer 3.15 Stud 3.16 Eye Bolt 3.17 Other Bolt Heads 3.18 Other Nut Shapes 3.19 Summary 3.20 Answers to SAQs

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Machines are assembled from individual parts. The parts may need to be joined sometimes in permanent or temporary connections. The temporary connections or joints are normally made by using screws bolts or nuts and bolts. The temporary joints render the convenience of disconnection as frequently as required for such purposes as inspection, repairs, adjustment or replacement. The most important feature of the screws or bolt is that they are standardized and are available as standard part ready to use. The threaded fasteners are used to hold two parts. The fastener consists of two parts. An externally threaded member whose length is normally greater than the diameter carries threads over entire or part length from end. The other end of this member is larger in area (you can assume that the end is upset). This part is inserted in coaxial holes in two parts taking care that the upset or larger end is greater in dimension than the holes so that it does not pass through the hole. The end that comes out of the holes carries thread upon which another internally threaded part is wound.

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Machine Drawing

In this unit we will study the geometrical characteristics of threads, forms of threads and profiles, their standards and geometrical proportions, nuts and bolts, washer, stud and methods of drawing.

Objectives
After studying this unit you should be able to learn terminology of threads, standard thread profiles and other profiles, geometrical proportions of thread, how to draw thread, what is a bolt and a nut, what shapes the bolt head and nut have, how to draw the bolts and nuts, what are the types of bolt heads and nuts, and how are the bolted joints made and how are they drawn.

3.2 SCREW THREAD TERMS

Figure 3.1 shows a V-thread and a square thread. The various terms associated with threads are introduced and defined. The figures may be referred to for clear understanding. Thread By cutting a helical groove on a cylindrical surface what is left is called thread. Carefully the cross section of the groove is maintained uniform so that the cross-section of the thread left on the cylindrical surface is also uniform. The threads can be made (or cut) both on external cylindrical surface or internal cylindrical surface to obtain respectively the external threads or internal threads.

(a) V-Thread (External)

(b) Square Thread (External) Figure 3.1

(c) Internal Thread

Flank The thread profile is made up of two straight sides called flank. The flanks of the same profile of V-thread join at the top surface called crest. The adjacent flanks on two thread profiles join at the root. Thread Angle This is the angle included between flanks of a thread profile. Pitch The axial distance measured between corresponding points on adjacent threads is known as pitch while the distance through which the screw advances axially in one rotation is called lead.

52

Diameters The diameter of an imaginary cylinder whose internal surface is tangential to the crest is called the major diameter (d). The diameter of an imaginary cylinder touching the roots of the thread is known as minor diameter. The diameter of the imaginary surface that passes between the crest and root and cuts the thread profile such that the width of the thread is equal to the width of the space, is called the mean diameter. Pitch Line and Thread Thickness The pitch line can be regarded as the generator of the pitch surface and the thickness of the thread measured along the pitch line is known as thread thickness.

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

3.3 STANDARD THREAD FORMS

The basic profile of ISO metric screw thread is shown in Figure 3.2. BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) has adopted the same thread form as in the practice in several other countries.

Figure 3.2 : ISO Metric Screw Thread

The thread is characterized by angle of 60o between the flanks and pitch, denoted by p. The theoretical depth, H is related to p as H = 0.866025 p Certain practical changes are introduced in manufactured threads according to design profiles of threads. Figure 3.3 shows design profile for external and internal threads. The various diameters are denoted as under: External Threads Major diameter d Minor diameter d1 or d3 or dc Pitch diameter d2 or dm or dp Internal Threads Major diameter D Minor diameter D1 Pitch diameter D2 Other dimensions are shown in Figure 3.2 and 3.3. 53

Machine Drawing

Practical design form of thread avoids sharp corners. They are changed to flat tips and radiused grooves.

Figure 3.3 : Practical Design Form of Thread

The BIS 1362 1962 designates threads by M followed by major (nominal) diameter. M 2.5 means a screw or bolt of major diameter of 2.5 mm. Tables 3.1 and 3.2 respectively describe dimensions of V-threads coarse and V-threads fine. While the coarse thread carries only one number (for major diameter) the fine thread is designated by two numbers for major diameter and pitch. Table 3.1
Designation M 0.4 M 0.8 M1 M 1.4 M 1.8 M2 M 2.5 M3 M 3.5 M4 M5 M6 M8 M 10 M 12 M 14 M 16 M 18 M 20 M 24 M 30 M 36 M 45 M 52 M 60 P (mm) 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 D or, D (mm) 0.400 0.800 1.000 1.400 1.800 2.000 2.500 3.000 0.500 4.000 5.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 24.000 30.000 36.000 45.000 52.000 60.000 dp (mm) 0.335 0.670 0.838 1.205 1.573 1.740 2.208 2.675 3.110 3.545 4.480 5.350 7.188 9.026 10.863 12.701 14.701 16.376 18.376 22.051 27.727 33.402 42.077 48.752 56.428 dc (mm) Nut 0.292 0.584 0.729 01.075 1.421 1.567 2.013 2.459 2.850 3.242 4.134 4.918 6.647 8.876 10.106 11.835 13.895 15.294 17.294 20.752 26.211 31.670 40.129 46.587 54.046 Bolt 0.277 0.555 0.693 1.032 1.371 1.509 1.948 2.387 2.764 3.141 4.019 4.773 6.466 8.160 9.858 11.564 13.454 14.933 16.933 20.320 25.706 31.093 39.416 45.795 53.177 Thread Depth (mm) 0.61 0.123 0.153 0.184 0.215 0.245 0.276 0.307 0.368 0.429 0.491 0.613 0.767 0.920 1.074 1.227 1.227 1.534 1.534 1.840 2.147 2.454 2.760 3.067 3.374

54

Table 3.2
Designation M81 M 10 1.25 M 12 1.25 M 14 1.5 M 16 1.5 M 18 1.5 M 20 1.5 M 22 1.5 M 24 2 M 27 2 M 30 2 M 33 2 M 36 3 M 39 3 P (mm) 1 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 2 3 3 D or, D (mm) 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000 27.000 30.000 33.000 36.000 39.000 dp (mm) 7.350 9.188 11.184 13.026 15.026 17.026 19.026 21.026 22.701 25.701 28.701 31.701 34.051 37.051 dc (mm) Nut 6.918 8.647 10.647 12.376 14.376 16.376 18.376 20.376 21.835 24.835 27.835 30.335 32.752 35.752 Screw 6.773 8.446 10.466 12.166 14.160 16.160 18.160 20.160 24.546 24.546 27.546 30.546 32.391 35.391 Thread Depth (mm) 0.613 0.767 0.767 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 0.920 1.227 1.227 1.227 1.227 1.840 1.840

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

Note : See the Tables 3.1 and 3.2 at the end of this unit.

3.4 RIGHT AND LEFT HAND THREADS

When a nut is rotated in clockwise direction looking along axis from the nut and nut advances on the thread, the thread is right hand. For similar advance and looking at nut axially if nut rotates anticlockwise then the thread is left hand. Figure 3.4(a) shows right hand thread. Figure 3.4 compares right hand and left hand threads.

(a) Figure 3.4

(b)

3.5 SINGLE AND MULTIPLE START THREADS

A single threaded screw contains only one helix running on a cylindrical surface. Naturally there will be only one end from where the thread starts, hence it is called single start thread. There may be two or more helixes running parallel on the cylindrical surface. They will start from as many ends. Such threads are called multi start threads. The nut on a single start thread will advance a distance equal to pitch in one rotation. In double or triple start thread the nut will advance by two or three pitches in one rotation. The nut advance per rotation is called lead. Figure 3.5 shows single start and double start threads.

Figure 3.5

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Machine Drawing

SAQ 1
Draw external thread and internal thread profiles for (a) M52

(b) M30 (c) M39 3

Consult Tables 3.1 and 3.2.

3.6 THREAD PROFILE TYPES

V-Threads It must be first understood that threaded screws are used for two purposes. They are (a) fastening (b) power transmission. The thread profiles for fasteners is such that the flanks make an acute angle at thread tip while the power screws have threads with flanks parallel or near parallel. Common thread profiles are described below.

3.6.1 Sharp V- Thread

The ISO V-thread, already described in Section 3.3 and Figure 3.2 are most popular in use in fastener. Sharp V-threads have almost same profile with tips not removed. Although the flank areas are larger than in ISO thread, yet the strength is limited because of sharp region at the top of threads. This thread is used in brass pipes. They are difficult to make as the sharp portion tend to be damaged. Figure 3.6(a) shows this thread form.

3.6.2 Whitworth Standard Thread

This V- thread is much similar to ISO standard thread with such differences as flank angle is 55o instead of 60o. The other differences can be seen in Figure 3.6(b). This form was earlier used in Great Britain and also in India. They are often referred to as BSW.

3.6.3 British Association Thread

Called B. A thread, they again resemble the form of ISO or BSW threads but the flank angle is 47.5o. The crests and roots are rounded. Sharp V-threads, BSW threads and B.A threads are shown in Figures 3.6(a), (b) and (c) respectively.

56

(a) Sharp V Thread

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

(b) British Standard Whitworth Thread (B. S. W.)

(c) British Association Thread (B. A.) Figure 3.6 : Three Thread Forms

3.6.4 American National Thread

Commonly used in USA, these threads differ with ISO profile in that they have flat crests and roots. They are general purpose for fasteners such as bolts and nuts, screws and tapped holes. Figure 3.7(a) depicts this form.

3.6.5 Unified Standard Thread

These V-threads used in fasteners are popular in U.S.A, Canada and Britain. The flank angle is 60o with rounded crests and roots as shown in Figure 3.7(b). The shapes of the crests and roots are different in internal and external threads.

(a) American National Standard Thread

(b) Unified Standard Thread Figure 3.7

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3.7 SQUARE, ACME AND BUTTRESS THREADS

These threads are used in screws that are meant for power transmission rather than fastening. For power transmission it is essential that frictional torque must be less and it is achieved with Square, Acme or Buttress threads. In square threads as shown in Figure 3.8(a) the flanks are parallel. The outer or larger diameter is called major diameter and minimum diameter is called the core diameter. The pitch diameter is not defined for square threads as over the entire depth the thickness of the thread is same. Instead a mean diameter is defined as mean of major and core diameter.

(a)

(b)
Figure 3.8 : Profile of Square Thread and Proportions

Acme thread and Buttress threads as shown in Figures 3.9(a) and (b) are other variations.

(a) Acme Thread Profile

(b) Buttress Thread

58

Figure 3.9

SAQ 2
The pitch of 10 mm can be used for core diameters of 55, 58 or 72 mm, and corresponding major diameters of 65, 68 and 82 mm are permissible. Draw profiles of Square, Acme and Buttress threads.

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

3.8 REPRESENTATION OF THREADS

Screw threads are shown by some conventional method on drawing. Showing threads in their helical form and actual shape (see Figure 3.1) will be difficult and time consuming. For external threads continuous thick lines are used to show the crests of the thread. The roots are represented by continuous thin lines. The hidden or internal threads are depicted by medium broken lines. If the threaded part is sectioned then hatching extends to the line representing the crest. In the end or side view the roots are represented by part of a circle of diameter equal to core diameter. Three fourths of the circle is drawn.

(a) Schematic Representation of External Thread, Elevation (b) Schematic of External Threads, (c) and (d) End Views

(e) Convention to show Some Details of Thread Figure 3.10

Yet other practice is to draw thread lines, thin lines to join the crest lines across and thick lines to join root lines. The external threads are represented in this way without sectioning the part but internal threads are thus shown only when sectioned. In the latter case the section hatching lines will extend to only the line of roots which will now be drawn thick, (see Figures 3.10 and 3.11).

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Machine Drawing

Figure 3.11 : Schematic of Internal Threads (a) Without Sectioning, Elevation, (b) End View, (c) With Section, Elevation, (d) Another convention for Internal Thread with Greater Details

In case of square threads the actual threads are shown in large size drawings.

SAQ 3
(a) (b) (c) Standard ISO threads M10 are turned on a bar of 15 mm diameter. Show the threads by two convention with and without section. The same threads are turned inside, show them by two conventions with and without section. Square threads of 6 mm pitch are turned on a bar of 32 mm diameter. Show conventional representation with part of bar unthreaded.

3.9 NUT AND BOLT

A bolt is cylindrical in shape and it has two distinct shapes in continuous body. The head, formed by upset forging, is normally hexagonal or square and integral with threaded cylindrical body called shank. The nut is rotated on the threads of the bolt shank by the help of a spanner as shown in Figure 3.12. The hexagonal head apparently helps tightening by rotating over small angles. Many times another spanner may be used to hold the bolt head so that the combination of nut and bolt does not rotate as a unit. The wrench or spanner holds the hexagon on two parallel faces. The square nut or bolt head also provides two parallel faces to be held by the spanner but hexagonal shape is preferred because it is stronger than square shape for same amount of metal. Figure 3.13 represents a bolted joint.

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Figure 3.12 : A Wrench Tightening A Bolt

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

Figure 3.13 : A Bolted Joint

3.10 SHAPE OF BOLT HEAD AND NUT

A hexagonal head of a bolt or a nut will appear like what is shown in Figure 3.14. Of course, the shape of both has already been drawn in Figure 3.13.

A E H B F C G

A E B F C G D

Figure 3.14

A hexagon or even a cylinder will end in sharp edges which are chamfered. The hexagonal head is chamfered along 30o creating a circle inscribed inside the regular hexagon. The inscribed circle is tangential to all sides of the regular hexagon. The part of surface between the inscribed circle which is called chamfer circle is slightly complicated to draw on paper. We will develop an under standing to draw the details. From the top view if front view is to be developed we can easily see the correspondence between A and A , B and B, C and C and D and D . Note all the points A, B, C and D below the top surface because of chamfering. So in the front view we see the head between the corners with points A, B, C and D placed at same level but below the top surface. The points E and G are at top level but AE is inclined at 30o to horizontal, (30o is angle of chamfer). Note E will be visible as E in front view. E to G (if there is no hole) or EHG will appear as straight line which will coincide with EFG appearing as E F G. But points B and C will appear below the line of E F G. A B will be a curve and similarly B F C will be another curve. It is difficult to identify these curves but they are conveniently assumed as parts of circles. In the end view F will appear as F and E will appear as E both at top surface but A and B will project as A and B at lower level. This (end) view is the view between the flats of the head or nut. The curve between A and B is difficult to identify but is drawn as part of a circle. As is the practice with all engineering products, the nuts and bolts are also standardized. However, due to the frequency of replacement the nuts and bolts are marked with much

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Machine Drawing

greater degree of standardization in terms of dimensions, materials, heat treatment and manufacturing. In the present context of drawing we are concerned only with the standard dimensions and others may be seen and understood at the proper stage. From the Figure 3.13 it appears that the diameter of the hole in the nut or diameter of the shank is equal to the side of the regular polygon or the width of the face. In that case the width of the nut will be 1.73d and distance across the corners will be 2d. But for convenience of drawing following proportions are adopted. The major bolt diameters Thickness of the nut Thickness of the bolt head, Width across flat surfaces Radius of the chamfer arc in elevation, R, d d 0.75d, Thickness of the nut d 1.5d + 3 mm 1.5d

3.11 PROCEDURE OF DRAWING

Let us take the example of a nut of major diameter d = 32 mm. (a) Draw the top view by drawing a circle of diameter, d and another circle of diameter 1.5d + 3 mm. On the bigger circle draw a regular polygon with two horizontal sides. As explained earlier project the front view and obtain points like A, B, C, and D . The positions of these points are such that all of them lie on same horizontal line. E in top view is projected to E. A line is drawn from E at 30o to horizontal. This inclined line intersects the vertical line through A at A. Similarly D on vertical line through D is obtained. A D is a horizontal line giving points B and C . On the centre line choose the center O1 at a radius of R = 1.5d1 and draw the chamfer arc between Band C. Assuming C and D to lie on the same arc of a circle locate the center of the circle at O2, which will lie on intersection of perpendicular bisectors of D K and C K. K is on the top line of the front view between C and D . With O2 as center and O2 K as radius draw the arc C K D. The point G1 will marginally above this arc. Similarly draw the arc between A and B. Both E and G are above these arcs respectively. Draw a horizontal line between E and G and join E with A and D with G. For end view project end view (third angle in this case) to the right noting that points J and K project to positions J and K respectively higher than the positions C, B and H , I where corresponding projections from front view have been obtained. Thus entire end nut view is rectangle divided in the middle. Join C, D and H with a horizontal line and note that C and D lie on a circle which represents the chamfer. Similarly D and H lie on a circular arc. Geometrically determine the centers O3 and O4 for circular arcs between C, D and between D and H. Draw the arcs in the view with radius R1. The entire procedure is illustrated in Figure 3.15

(b)

(c) (d)

(e)

(f) (g)

(h) (i) (j) 62

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

E A B

JK C

G D

Figure 3.15 : Procedure for Drawing Nut of A Bolt

Figure 3.16 illustrate drawing of views of bolt head (first angle projection in this case). The drawing is self illustrative. For distinction major diameter of thread on bolt is denoted by D A/F denotes distance between flat faces. The procedure involves locating points E and G from plan establishing radius R1.

Figure 3.16 : Procedure for Drawing Front View of Bolt Head. Stage I Shows the Construction and Stage II shows Completed Drawing

Then draw a circle of radius R1 and with center C1 and locate center C2. Then draw another circle with center C2 and radius and locate center C3. C3 is used as center with radius A/F to draw the arc in the center between the vertical lines representing corners in the front view. The centers C4 and C5 are located as intersections of two circles drawn earlier. Hence the view is completed. The side view is drawn in the same way as described in respect of Figure 3.15.

3.12 DRAWING COMPLETE BOLT

A bolt with head, length with and without threading and end is shown in Figure 3.17. The threaded portion is drawn as per rule already described in last unit. Two alternatives for finishing ends one as done and either as flat chamfered are shown in Figure 3.17. Note that the chamfer angle is 45o. Also not the run out of the threads as the entire length of bolt shank is not threaded. Thread lengths of different magnitudes are provided by manufacturers.

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Machine Drawing

Figure 3.17 : A Complete Bolt

3.13 SQUARE HEADED BOLT AND SQUARE NUT

The dimensions for square head or square nut are : Thickness Width of the nut Radius of chamfer arc d 1.5d + 3 mm 2d

The procedure of drawing very much follows the steps already described and now illustrated in Figure 3.18. Two types of projections can be drawn depending upon placement of top view. The auxiliary view shown to the right of front view can become front view if the plan is rotated by 45o. The radius R can be seen, through geometrical construction, to be equal to the depth or major thread diameter. In the other view it is 2d.

Figure 3.18 : Drawing Square Nut or Head of a Bolt

SAQ 4
(a) Two 8 mm thick plates are bolted by passing the 10 mm major diameter bolt through 11 mm diameter hole. The nut is tightened on top. Draw the dimensioned front view. Schematically show external and internal thread in engagement creating a joint. Bolts of hexagonal head and square head have shank lengths of 4D each and threaded over half the length. Draw front views along the length (length in full) and end views.

(b) (c) 64

3.14 WASHER
Washers are used between the nut and the flat surface of the part tightened by the bolt. Apparently the shank of the bolt must pass through the washer. For this reason washer is a thin ring (0.15 d thick) with an inner hole of diameter just 1 mm greater than the bolt diameter. The outer diameter is greater than the distance between the corners of the nut by 4 mm. The washer serves to distribute the force between the under side of the nut and the surface of the jointed parts uniformly and even some roughness or unevenness is tolerable in the presence of the washer. Figure 3.19(a) shows a washer and Figure 3.19(b) shows a washer and nut.

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

(a) A Washer Figure 3.19

(b) A Washer With Nut

3.15 STUD
Stud is like a shank (bolt without head) threaded on both ends. It is used in a joint in which one member is very thick so that the bolt does not come out at the other end. The threads are made by tapping in the thicker part in which taps of increasing number of threads are run in drilled blind holes. The studs are also used in places where bolt head is obstructed before reaching the hole. The other end of the stud is tightened with a nut normally placed upon a washer. A stud and a studded joint are shown in Figure 3.20.

Stud end

Plain

Nut end

(a) Stud Figure 3.20

(b) Studded Joint

3.16 EYE BOLT

An eye bolt is fitted into heavy bodies of machine to lift them by cranes or winches. Figure 3.21(a) shows a gear drive whose upper half is fitted with eye bolts for lifting cover. Many machines are, likewise, fitted with eye bolts. 65

Machine Drawing

Eye bolt

Hook

Hook

Bearing Cover

Figure 3.21(a) : Eye Bolts Fitted to Gear Drive Cover for Lifting

Figure 3.21(b) : Eye Bolt Dimensions

Eye bolt dimensions are described in terms of major thread diameter which is calculated on the basis of the load to be lifted.

3.17 OTHER BOLT HEADS

Several types of heads for bolts are used, though the hexagonal and square heads dominate. The other bolts are used to serve special purpose. Here, we confine to show the bolt heads in Figures only. D in following figures represents major thread diameter.

66

Figure 3.22

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

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Machine Drawing

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

3.18 OTHER NUT SHAPES

Lock nuts are used below the main nut which has one end chamfered and other end flat. The lock nut has both ends chamfered. They prevent the main nut from loosening. Figure 3.30 shows a lock nut. Flanged nut shown in Figure 3.31 carry its washer and distributes force over larger area, thus reducing pressure. Cap nut Figure 3.32 and dome nut Figure 3.33 do not allow the dust, etc. enter the threaded region.

68

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

Figure 3.30

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.32 : Cap Nut

Figure 3.33 : Dome Nut

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Machine Drawing

SAQ 5
Draw a bolted joint in section (front view), between circumference of a cylinder and cover. Cylinder diameter = 400 mm. Number of bolts = 12. Pitch circle diameter of bolts = 480. M 20 bolt with d = 20 mm, p = 2.5 mm and d1 = 17.3 mm is to be used. The bolt is inserted from below and nut with washer is used from top.

3.19 SUMMARY
Threads of different types like V-square, acme and buttress threads have been described. Several standards of V-threads were introduced. ISO form of the thread is most acceptable, yet BSW, BA, American National and unified standard threads are in use. Threads are often shown on drawings in schematic ways. Schemes of representing Vthreads and square threads have been introduced with an idea to reduce confusion and difficulty in drawing. The bolts and nuts are threaded parts used to create bolted joints between parts of structure the shapes and dimensions of both are standardized. Studs are threaded cylindrical pieces which do not have heads and do not pass through the thickness. Two types of bolt heads commonly used are hexagon and square. Washers are used to distribute force between underside of nut and the surface in contact. For keeping nut is position the washer may help but look nut is often used. An eye bolt is like a fall hook with threaded cylindrical part on one side. It is used for lifting heavy machine parts.

3.20 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
(a) M 52 is coarse thread and from Table 3.1 d = 52 mm, dc = 46.587 mm, dp = 48.75 mm, p = 5.0 mm H = 0.866025 p = 0.866025 5.0 = 4.33 mm Refer to Figure 0.25 H = 0.25 4.33 = 1.0825 mm 0.167 H = 0.167 4.33 = 0.723 mm 0.125 H = 0.125 4.33 = 0.54 mm 70 The external threads are drawn in Figure 3.34 and the internal threads in Figure 3.35.

5.0 0.54
o

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

60 2.5

0.54

4.33 0.723 R

52 0.723 1.08 48.75

46.587

Figure 3.34 : External Thread

0.54

52 60
o

1.08 48.75

Figure 3.35 : Internal Thread

46.587

SAQ 2
For Square thread : Depth of thread = Width of thread =

p 10 = = 5mm 2 2

p = 5 mm 2
p = 5 mm 2
71

Distance between flanks =

Machine Drawing

For Acme thread :

Depth of thread = Angle = 15o

p + 0.25 = 5.25 mm 2

Width of thread at crest = 0.37 p = 3.7 mm For Buttress thread : Depth of thread = 0.503 p = 0.503 10 =5.03 mm Angle between flanks = 45o Also see Figure 3.35 The profiles are drawn in Figure 3.36.
5 5 5

65

60

55

(a) Square Thread

10 15
O

3.7

3.7

54.5 59.75 65.5

(b) Acme Thread

45
O

10

8.9

5.03 65 1.4 54.94 59.75

(c) Buttress Thread Figure 3.36

SAQ 3 (a)
15 20 2R M10 1.5

1.5

(a) Conventional Schematic of Thread

2R M10 1.5

72

(b) Sectional Schematic of Thread

4 2R 1.5 10

Screw Threads Nuts and Bolts

1.5

(c) Second Type of Thread Schematic without Sectioning Figure 3.37

(b)
20

M 10 1.5

20

(a)

(b)

20 (c)

(d)

(a) Conventional Representation of Internal Threads without Sectioning (b) Conventional Section Representation of Internal Threads, (c) Another Conventional Representation of Internal Threads (d) End View of Internal Threads Figure 3.38

(c)

P = 6 mm, d = 32 mm, d1 = d p = 32 6 = 26 mm,

dm =

d + d1 32 + 26 = = 29 mm 2 2

tan =

p 6 = = 0.658 , = 3.77 degree. dm 29

3.77 6 3
o

26

32

Figure 3.39 : Schematic of Square Threads, Elevation and End View

SAQ 4 Answers are depicted respectively in Figure 3.40, Figure 3.41 and in Figures 3.42(a) and (b).

Front view

End view

Plain

Figure 3.40

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Machine Drawing

Figure 3.41

(a) Hexagonal Head Bolt Figure 3.42

(b) Square Head Bolt

SAQ 5
12 M 20 Bolts

20 30 30 18

R 270

R 240 R 200

30 30 30
o o

Figure 3.43

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