E4160 Microprocessor & Microcontroller By

Hoo Mow Heng

Microcomputers Architecture

The modern microcomputer has roots going back to USA in the 1940s. Of the many researchers, the Hungarian-born i b mathematician, h i i John h von Neumann (1903-57), is worthy of special mention. He p a very y basic model for computers p which developed we are still using today.

The von Neumann Architecture

The von Neumann architecture is a computer design model that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure to hold both instructions and data. Von Neumann divided a computers hardware into 5 primary groups: 1 CPU 1. 2. Input 3. Output 4 Primary Storage 4. 5. Secondary Storage This division provided the actual foundation for the modern PC, as von Neumann was the first person to construct a computer which had working storage (what y call RAM). ) And the amazing g thing g is, , his model we today is still completely applicable today.

The von Neumann Architecture

If we apply the von Neumann model to todays PC, it looks like this:

A central processing unit (CPU) is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program (K tt 1974). (Knott 1974) It i interprets t t computer t program instructions and processes data. A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated circuit ( (IC) ) is usually y known as a microprocessor p .

Primary storage is directly connected to the central processing unit of the computer. Primary P i storage t typically t i ll consists of three kinds of storage: 1. Processor registers 2. Cache memory y 3. Main memory

Processor registers are internal to the central processing unit unit. Registers contain information that the arithmetic and logic unit needs to carry out the current instruction. They y are technically y the fastest of all forms of computer storage.

Cache memory is a special type of internal memory used by many central processing units to increase their performance or "throughput".

Main memory y( (RAM) ) contains the p programs g that are currently being run and the data the programs are operating on.

Secondary y storage g ( (mass storage), requires the computer to use its input/output channels to access the information, and is used for long-term storage of f persistent i t t information. i f ti Secondary y or mass storage g is typically of much greater capacity than primary storage (main memory) memory), but it is also much slower. (Ex. hard disks)

Input/Output, or I/O, is the collection of interfaces that different functional units of a computer system use to communicate with each other. Inputs are the signals received by the unit, and outputs t t are the th signals i l sent tf from it it. I/O devices are used to communicate with a computer. For instance, keyboards and mouse are considered input p devices of a computer p and monitors and printers are considered output devices of a computer. Modems and network cards are typical t i ld devices i f for b both th i input t and d output. t t

Evolution of Microprocessor (4(4 -bit)

The Intel 4004, a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corp. in 1971, is widely considered to be th world's the ld' fi first t commercial i l single-chip i l hi microprocessor. i

Evolution of Microprocessor (8(8 -bit)

The 4004 was later followed in 1972 by the 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor.

These processors are the Th th precursors t to the th very successful Intel 8080 (1974), Zilog Z80 (1976), Motorola 6800 (1976), Motorola MC6809 (1978), RCA 1802 (1976 for Viking, Voyager, Galileo), WDC 65C02 (1982 for Apple II).

Evolution of Microprocessor (16(16 -bit)

The first multi multi-chip chip 16-bit 16 bit microprocessor was the National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973. The first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI's TI s TMS 9900 (1976). Intel I t l introduced i t d d 8086 (1978) (1978), 8088 (1979 for f IBM PC), PC) 80186 (1982), 80286 (1982), 80386 (1985).

Evolution of Microprocessor (32(32 -bit)

The most famous of the 32-bit 32 bit designs is the MC68000, MC68000 introduced in 1979. The 68K, as it was widely known. (for Apple Lisa, Atari, Commodore Amiga). The Intel iAPX 432 was Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor design, introduced in 1981. Then Intel introduced 80486 (1989) Pentium (1993) (1989), (1993), Pentium II (1997) (1997), Pentium III (1999), Pentium 4 (2001).

Evolution of Microprocessor (64(64 -bit)

AMD's introduced the first 64-bit AMD64 in September 2003. F ll Followed db by I Intel's t l' P Pentium ti D (2005) (2005), D Duo C Core (2006) and Quad Core (2008).

BIT The smallest piece of information that a computer can deal with, it is either a "0" (off, clear) or a "1" (on, set). BYTE Th most The t convenient i t piece i of f information i f ti (for (f humans) h ) th that t computers use. One byte consists of eight bits, and ranges from "00000000" (0 decimal) to "11111111" (255 decimal). NIBBLE byte, consisting of four bits, ranging from "0000" (0 decimal) to "1111" 1111 (15 decimal) decimal). WORD 2 bytes y long, g, consisting g of sixteen bits, , and ranging g g from "00000000 00000000" (0 decimal) to "11111111 11111111" (65535 decimal). Not used much in microcomputers. LONGWORD 4 bytes long

Quad Word
8 bytes long

System Bus (Computer Bus)

Address Bus: Unidirectional bus that y address ouputs p from the carries the binary CPU to the memory to select one memory location. Data Bus: Bidirectional bus that carries data between the CPU and the memory memory. Control Bus: is used by CPUs for communicating with other devices within the computer. Ex. It carries control signal such as READ or WRITE from the CPU to the memory.

8085 Bus Structure

Address Bus: The Th address dd bus b is i a group of f 16 lines li generally ll identified id tifi d as A0 to t A15. A15 The address bus is unidirectional: bits flow in one direction-from the MPU to peripheral devices. e MPU U uses t the e add address ess bus to identifying de t y g a pe peripheral p ea o or a memory e oy The location.

8085 Bus Structure

Data Bus: The data bus is a group of eight lines used for data flow. These lines are bi-directional - data flow in both directions between the MPU and memory and peripheral devices. The MPU uses the data bus to transfer binary information. The eight data lines enable the MPU to manipulate 8-bit data ranging from 00 to FF (28 = 256 numbers). The largest number that can appear on the data bus is 11111111.

8085 Bus Structure

Control Bus: Th control The t l bus b carries i synchronization h i ti signals i l and d providing idi timing ti i signals. The MPU generates specific control signals for every operation it performs. pe o s These ese s signals g asa are e used to identify de t y a de device ce type with t which c the MPU wants to communicate.