Eco Security Energy Harvesting through Footsteps Using Piezoelectric Standards

A. Anamika Bhatia Jain, Faculty Member, B. Kumar Govind, Student Member, IEEE, C. Nimika Aggarwal, Student Member, D. Vibha Balodhi , Student Member.

Abstract-- Ecological security is being widely promoted as a panacea in India and many underdeveloped and developing countries as it is an important basis of the entire human security system. Since Industry revolution, human began to suffer from many kinds of problems like pollution ecosystem degradation etc. This article analyzes the scope, physical feasibility, and economic viability of the method of generating eco-friendly electricity using piezoelectric material by reducing global warming. The model with piezo material converts the scavenged mechanical energy vibration and rotation to electrical energy for powering the Eco secured Piezo Road which allows the material to function as a power harvesting medium. The significance of the proposed approach, results in generation of electricity in hilly areas using natural resources like waterfalls and in plains of rural areas through tube-well water pressure. This research also provides a solution to overcome critical problems faced by the people living BPL.

B. todays life because of the fact that even if the planet doubles
the amount of solar and wind power available, there would still

C. be a shortage of clean energy source. Miniaturization is a

continuing trend in the electronics industry. The power required by smaller devices has decreased, but the challenge D. remains to find energy-efficient power sources for them. The concept of capturing the lost energy surrounding a E. system from vibrating sources in the environment is pervasive and accessible, found in places such as automobile engines, rotating equipment, and the human body, in all instances F. translating vibration into electrical energy via the deformation of a piezoelectric material. Harvesting this energy is one of the G. most promising techniques owing to the high energy density and ample power it provides (on the order of 100_W).

Agriculture is the backbone of India, Water is the primary source required for Irrigation and this is drawn through tube I. Index Terms Ecosystem, Electrical Energy, Piezoelectricity, well therefore the water pressure developed there can be utilized to vibrate the piezoelectric crystal to generate the Pressure, Quartz, Vibration. energy in rural areas. We can think of innovative Eco secured J. Piezo Road (PZR) in the world famous pedestrian tourist I. INTRODUCTION places like Kedarnath, Yamunotri, Vaishno Devi where lakhs K. of Tourists travel in a single year in the peak season, Waterfall Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased areas can also utilized for electricity generation in the form of the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to L. Eco secured Piezo Waterfall (PZW) and generated power increased problems of energy and environment, particularly can be utilized in street lightning and also low-power the global warming problem due to man-made greenhouse microelectronic-driven devices like mobiles, MP3s, I pads M. Abstract -- Environmental security is an important of the entire human security system. Since Industry gases (GHGs). This appear to be such a serious concern in our basis anything that requires re-chargeable batteries or small batteries revolution, human began to suffer from many kinds of pollution and ecosystem degradation. This paper society and almost everybody in the world today is talking to run. Moreover, it can also be implemented in crowded areas presents the method of generating eco-friendly electricity using piezoelectric material by reducing global about it as the warming. Climate change is changing our economy, like Bus Station, Railway Stations, Malls and Footpaths of The model with piezo material converts the scavenged mechanical energy vibration and rotation health and communities in diverse ways. cities by utilizing the pressure created by to electrical energy for powering the Eco secured Metro-Politian Piezoelectric Road. This allows the material to function Technologies exist today to modernize power plants as and footsteps to generate electricity.. a power harvesting generate electricity from nonpolluting sources, and cut our The generation of an electric charge in certain non conducting electricity use through energy efficiency. Energy has been the and non symmetric material such as quartz crystals and lifeblood in the evolution of our industrial civilization, and per ceramics, when they are subjected to mechanical stress (such capita energy consumption has been the barometer of a as pressure or vibration), or the generation of vibrations in nations prosperity. such materials when they are subjected to an electric field. During the mechanical, electrical, and electronics ages, the Piezoelectric materials exposed to a fairly constant electric energy consumption in the world has grown by leaps and field tend to vibrate at a precise frequency with very little bounds to cater the need of growing world population and variation, making them useful as time-keeping devices in improvement of our standard of living. So far, we have hardly electronic clocks, as used in wristwatches and computers. paid much attention to the adverse effect of energy Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure consumption, i.e., environmental pollution. that provides a unique ability to convert an applied strain into Now-a-days, the most challenging task is to develop an eco- an electrical current and vice versa[3].The effective friendly and cost efficient world having no problem of piezoelectric plate contains the maximum of 50 quartz material Electricity. The need to generate electricity is the demand for which will generate 230 volts around potential (as 1 crystal generates app. 5 volts).
Authors are with the Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, Graphic Era University, Dehradun -248002, India (e-mail: sb.geu@ieee.org)

H.

II. THEORY
Piezoelectric Material: Core Material of Research
Piezoelectric crystal such as quartz exhibits electromechanical resonance characteristics that are very stable with time and temperature and highly selective (having high Q factors). Piezoelectric crystals are one of many small scale energy sources. Whenever piezoelectric crystals are mechanically deformed or subject to vibration they generate a small voltage, commonly know as piezoelectricity. This form of renewable energy is not ideally suited to an industrial situation. For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension [2]. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the material.

Fig.1. Ecosecured Piezoelectric Road (PZR)

Fig.3. Piezoelectric Effect Rochelle salt exhibits much piezoelectric mechanically very weak and hence used in Tourmaline has less piezoelectric activity but very strong and much expensive and hence frequency. activity but microphones. mechanically used at high

Quartz crystal is the best crystal as it has piezoelectric activity as of Rochelle salt and is mechanically strong as tourmaline. It is less expensive and can be found in nature easily and hence it is used for many purposes like oscillators, radio transmitters and to produce electricity. Fig.2.Effect on ecosystem by different methods of electricity generation The graph shown above is demonstrating the effect of electricity generation on eco system through various sources. Nuclear power method has the highest effect as it produces the large amount of hydrogen. The coal and hydroelectricity produces the green house gases (CO2) but the renewable method is eco-friendly. The technology just keeps getting better, too. The combination of silicone and nano ribbons of lead zirconate titanate to create PZT, an ultra-efficient piezoelectric material that can convert up to 80 percent of mechanical energy into electricity. PZT is 100 times more efficient than quartz. It's so efficient, in fact, that the material could be used to harness energy from the minute vibrations found in items like shoes and clothing. That means a piezoelectric-equipped shirt could potentially charge up your cell phone after a day of activity.

III.PIEZO ELECTRIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION:

Piezoelectricity is described mathematically within a material's constitutive equation, which defines how the piezoelectric material's stress (T), strain (S), charge-density displacement (D), and electric field (E) interact. Piezoelectricity is the combined effect of the electrical behavior of the material [5]:

Where D is the electric charge density displacement (electric displacement), is permittivity and E is electric field strength, and Hooke's Law: S=sT Where S is strain, s is compliance and T is stress. Piezoelectric constitutive equation represents the Relation of stress and voltage. Where S is strain, s compliance, E electric field, T stress, D electric displacement, d piezoelectric coefficient, and Dielectric constant. The piezoelectric constitutive law (in Strain-Charge form) is:

Fig.4. Charge separation in piezoelectric material [6] The diagram shows how some of the charge becomes separated in a piezoelectric material when stressed. The effect of applying a voltage to deform the crystal is not always parallel like shown here. The effect depends on the crystal structure and sometimes the deformation can sheer or be at different angles compared to the electric field.

A. Quartz as an electronic material:

The primary use of quartz crystal components in electronics is to define a frequency: so in a watch there is a quartz component which is vibrating at around 32,768 cycles per second (32.768 kHz) and the circuitry in the watch will convert that into a time.

Equations given above energy conversion relation are expressed in piezoelectric coupling factors [10]. Especially piezoelectric coefficient, d, represents the amount of charge generated by Relationship between the stress and dipole moment. Piezoelectric coefficient is a constant value in static loading, but variable in dynamic loading such as resonant frequency.

Piezoelectric effect:
The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field) [4].

Fig.5. Showing piezoelectric effect in Quartz [8] Piezoelectricity is sometimes called pressure electricity. When a nonsymmetrical, nonconducting crystal, such as quartz (whose structure is shown above in simplified form) is stretched, a small voltage is generated between opposite faces of the crystal. When the tension (T) changes to compression (C), the voltage changes sign. As the temperature of quartz rises, it deforms more easily, producing a stronger piezoelectric effect. However, once the temperature reaches about 1,063F (573C), the piezoelectric effect disappears

There are a number of other remarkable coincidences about quartz. It is fairly readily available in the sort of purity and size of crystal, which are necessary for sensible manufacturing, which of course means it s not a terribly expensive material. The frequency at which it vibrates will be determined by the mechanical dimensions of the quartz - either the length or the thickness or a particular shape.

Part 2: Methods of measurement and properties Low power Methods of measurement for specific dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic coefficients are generally applicable to piezoelectric ceramics. The polycrystalline nature of ceramics, statistical fluctuations in composition, these values are provided for design information only. EN 50324-3:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components Part 3: Methods of measurement - High power This standard relates piezoelectric ceramics for power application over a wide frequency range both as electromechanical or mechano electrical converters. This standard covers the large signal characterization of piezoelectric ceramics material only, and not the characterization of a complete assembled circuit of ceramics.

B. Impedance/Reactance Curve:
A crystal has two frequencies of zero phase, as illustrated in Figure 8. The first, or lower of the two, is the Series Resonant Frequency, denoted as (fs). At this point, the crystal appears resistive in the circuit, impedance is at a minimum and current flow is maximum. As the frequency is increased beyond the point of series resonance, the crystal appears inductive in the circuit.[9] When the reactances of the motional inductance and shunt capacitance cancel, the crystal is at the Frequency of Anti-resonance, denoted as (fa). At this point, impedance is maximized and current flow is minimized.

V.WORKING
The working is based on the concept of capturing the unused energy surrounding any system and converting it into electrical energy that can be used to extend the lifetime of that system by providing energy through backup. The piezoelectric plates will be placed under the non-conducting material (hard rubber) and the pressure created by the pressure such as footsteps (in PZR) and waterfall pressure (in PZW) will produce energy which can be stored and utilized as mentioned. The figure (Fig 1) illustrates the piezoelectric arrangement. The piezoelectric elements are in their various forms and configurations are designed to operate near resonance. Resonance may vary as a function of number of properties of Piezo materials being employed. These may include the size, shape, density and other physical parameters of a particular configuration for elements being used. Electrical contacts or coupling elements used in the figure are coupled to suitable electrical leads, which are electrically coupled to the piezoelectric element.

Fig.6. Impedance and reactance curve

IV. STANDADS BEING USED

EN50324-1:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components

The polarity of charge depends upon whether element is under compression or tension as a result of applied force. If the element is subjected to an applied compressive force its Part1: Definitions and Classifications polarity will be positive and due to applied tensile force it will be negative. This element generates the electrical charge to the This standard relates to piezoelectric ceramics for application voltage limiter. Voltage limiter is the back to back zener in electro acoustics and ultrasonic over a wide frequency diodes. It provides the return channel through which electric range. They are used for generation of acoustic signals, which charge may flow to the piezo unit to prevent the depolarization can be used as electronic waves for storing devices and used of the piezo element. The return channel is provided to work in for generation of high voltages. Piezoelectric ceramics can be either polarity mode. Voltage limited electrical charge is manufactured in a wide variety of shapes and sizes here shape coupled electrically to bridge rectifier. This pulsating DC from include discs, rectangular plates. rectifier is coupled to the capacitor filter which efficiently serves as ripple filter. This rippled free DC obtained from filter EN 50324-2:2001 Piezoelectric properties of ceramic is provided to shunt type voltage regulator, to regulate voltage materials and components

which advantageously coupled to storage element which can be a battery or a capacitor. This is embodiment of single piezo electric unit. For large scale production, multiunit piezo electric Array is utilized by plurality of elements. More preferable stack Array arrangement passes the applied force through all layers forming piezoelectric elements in the Array thus causing the voltage to rise. The Array consists of the given type of subsystem embodiments which are eclectically coupled at nodes so as to form a voltage additive series circuit arrangement. The summed electrical charge is input to the regulator by the way of nodes. This output is stored in one or more electrical charge element. Finally the generated, regulated, conditioned and stored electrical charge of the system is available for use by external circuitry. The conditioning circuitry is preferably of relatively low impedance to more efficiently capture the generated charge.

Fig.7. Block diagram showing working of Model

REFERENCES
[1]Harper, Dictionary. Douglas. "piezoelectric".Online Etymology

[2]. Gautschi, G (2002). Piezoelectric Sensorics: Force, Strain, Pressure, Acceleration and Acoustic Emission Sensors, Materials and Amplifiers.. [3].Damjanovic, Dragan (1998). "Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics" [4].Kochervinskii, V (July 2003). Crystallizing Ferroelectric Polymers". "Piezoelectricity in

[5].www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/physm od/elec/ref/piezostack.html Fig.8. Output Power in the Storage Element with the generated Output Voltage. [6] www.creationscience.com , last visited: Jan 4, 2012 [7] Research Media and Cybernatics.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to express their gratitude and sincere thanks to the Graphic Era University and IEEE Graphic Era University Student Branch, India for providing infrastructure and technical support. The organization had been abundantly helpful and without their support this study would not have been successful. Deepest gratitude are also to IEEE Standard Education. This Research Work has been funded by IEEE Standard Education Committee.

[8] www.eetimes.com/design/tactile feedback solutions, last visited: Jan 2,2012 [9] www.wikipedia.com , Mar 30, 2012 [10] Jae-Yun Lee,Jae-geun Oh, Kwang-Soo Kim and Bumkyoo Choi The Energy Conversion System With Piezo Electric Effect For Wireless Sensor Network,pp1-2, 2008

VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an adaptive approach to harvest electrical energy from mechanically excited piezoelectric element. It proposes energy conversion system as a power source for the rural as well as hilly areas in terms of generating electricity. This technique of implementing the Piezo Road is to reduce the global warming .The most of the applications of the piezoelectric effect has been done but the novelty of this paper leads to the optimal efficiency of the system consisting of energy generation which is connected to a power processing circuit to use without affecting natural resources. The compact model not only provides the accurate results but also gave the computational speed-ups of the generation.