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Chapter 1
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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR:
Distress Impairment Risk to self or other people Socially and culturally unacceptable behavior
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Causes of Abnormality
Biological
genetic inheritance medical conditions brain damage exposure to environmental stimuli traumatic life experiences learned associations distorted perceptions faulty ways of thinking disturbances in intimate relationships problems in extended relationships political or social unrest discrimination toward ones social group
Psychological
Sociocultural
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Causes of Abnormality
Three dimensions of the causes of abnormality:
biological psychological sociocultural
Social scientists use the term BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL to characterize the interactions among these three dimensions.
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Biological Causes
Possible biological causes Genetics Disturbances in physical functioning
Medical conditions (e.g., thyroid problem) Brain damage Ingestion of substances Environmental stimuli (e.g., toxins)
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Psychological Causes
Possible psychological causes Troubling life experiences
Interpersonal between people (e.g., arguments) Intrapsychic within thoughts and feelings (e.g., irrational interpretations)
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Sociocultural Causes
Sociocultural circles of influence Immediate circle people with whom we interact most locally. Extended circle of relationships such as family back home or friends from high school. People in our environment with whom we interact minimally.
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Biopsychosocial Perspective
Diathesis-Stress Model: The proposal that people are born with a predisposition (or "diathesis) that places them at risk for developing a psychological disorder if exposed to certain extremely stressful life experiences.
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Trephining Exorcism
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Aesclepiades
(1st Century B.C.)
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Explanations: Superstition, astrology, alchemy Treatments: Magical rituals, exorcism, folk medicines Witch hunts Asylums
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Europe and the United States in the 1700s: The Reform Movement
Vincenzo Chiarugi
Philippe Pinel
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
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More Reformers
William Tuke, Moral Treatment Benjamin Rush Dorothea Dix, State Hospital Movement
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Rush and his contemporaries thought that the fright induced by their methods would counteract their patients mental illnesses.
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The Late Twentieth Century: The Challenge of Providing Humane and Effective Treatment
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Objectivity Observation Hypothesis Formation Ruling Out Competing Explanations With Proper Controls
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Incidence:
The frequency of new cases within a given time period.
Prevalence:
The number of people who ever had a disorder or the total number of cases at a given time.
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Stigma
Distress
Stigma: A label that causes certain people to be regarded as different, defective, and set apart from mainstream members of society.
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