COMS3100/7100 Introductionto Communications

Lecture24/25: CommunicationsLinkDesign
Thislecture: Transmissionloss,gainanddecibels OpticalLinkDesign

LinkPowerBudget Ri Time Rise Ti Budget B d LineCoding

Ref: f Carlson,Chapter p 3.3; ;J.C.Palais,Fiberoptic p communicationsPrentice Hall,1998;G.Keiser,OpticalCommunicationsessentialsMcGrawHill2003

TransmissionLossandDecibels

Transmissionsystemintroduceslossofsignalstrengthaswellas thedistortionofthesignal. Signalstrengthreductionisexpressedintermsoftransmission powerloss Lossofpowercanbecompensatedbyamplification, amplification butthis increasesthenoise Powerlossorg gainisfrequently q yexpressed p using glogarithmic g units decibels

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PowerGain

Thesystemspowergain isdefinedas
g= Poutt P in

Itisconvenienttoexpresspowergainindecibels (dB)definedas
Pout = 10log(g) gdB = 10log P in

N.B:0dBisunitygain;GivenagainvalueindBtheratiovalueis
g = 10( gdB /10)

Frequentlythesignalpower maybeexpressedindBunitsasa powerrelativeto1mW P PdBm = 10log out 1mW

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PowerGain(cont)

Frequentlythesignalpower maybeexpressedindBunitsasa powerrelativeto1mW Pout PdBm = 10log 1mW Anotherunitfrequentlyfoundincommunicationsliteratureis powerreferencedtothecarrier dBc.Similarly,dBc/Hzis decibelsrelativetothecarrierperHertz.Theseunitsareusedto describeindecibelshowfardownsignalsandnoisearerelative toaknownsignal.
P sig Pcarr

PdBc = 10log

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TransmissionLossandRepeaters(amplifiers)

Anypassivetransmissionmediumhaspowerlossratherthan gainsincePout<Pin.Insuchcasesweprefertoworkwithpower loss orattenuation 1 P L= = in g Pout Lossindecibelsisgivenby

LdB = gdB = 10log P i in Pout

Infibres, fibres waveguidesandcablespowerdecreasesexponentially withthedistance. Pout = 10( l /10) P in Where istheattenuationcoefficientand isthelengthofthe cable. L = 10( l /10) LdB = l

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OpticalLinkDesign SystemConsiderations

Interrelatedperformanceparametersofindividualcomponents Linkdesignisusuallydoneinseveraliterationsandasa combinationofthebackoftheenvelopecalculationshown hereandtheuseofthesophisticatedCADtools. Systemrequirements neededinanalysingafibreopticlink

Thetransmissiondistance Thedatarateorchannelbandwidth Thebiterrorrate(BER) Th number The b of fWDMchannels h l Thelinkmargin A Acceptable t bl powerpenalties lti

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OpticalLinkDesign Componentsused

Typesandcharacteristicsoftypicalcomponentsusedforopticallinkdesign

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OpticalLinkDesign Linkmargin

Linkmargin:(orlossmarginorasystemmargin)isanoptical safetyfactorforlinkdesign. InvolvesaddingextraDbtothepowerrequirementsto compensateforpossibleunforseenlinkdegradationfactors. Degradationcouldarisefromlossoflaserpowerovertime time,aging ofthelinkcomponents,badsplicesorconnectorsetc. ITUTRecommendationistohavealinkmargin g between3.0and 4.8dB Typicallymorethanthatisused!(3to10dB)

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OpticalLinkDesign PowerPenalties

Certainoperationalfactorsinalinkusuallycontributetosignal degradation.Amongtheseare

Modalnoise(powerfluctuationduetointermodecouplinginthe fibre) Chromaticdispersion(CD)inthefibre(differentwavelengths propagating ti at tdifferent diff tspeed d causespulse l spreading di and dinter i t symbolinterference) Polarisationmodedispersion(PMD)iscausedbydifferentspeedof propagation i of ftwoorthogonally h ll polarised l i dwavesi inthe h fib fibre Reflectionnoiseinthelink( Lowextinctionrationinthelasertransmitter( (ratioofonand offlaserpower) Frequencychirping(dynamicspectralbroadeningofthelasersignal FM) FM)

Thesefactorsreducethesignaltonoiseratio(SNR)inthelinkin comparisontotheideallink.ThisreductioninSNRisknownas thepowerpenalty

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OpticalLinkDesign LinkPowerBudget

Firstneedtodeterminethepowermarginbetweentheoptical transmitteroutputandtheminimumreceiversensitivityneeded toestablish bli harequired i dBi BitError E Ratio R i BER(f (fordi digital i lsystems) ) orsignaltonoiseratioSNR(foranaloguesystems). Thismargincanbeallocatedtofibre fibre,splice splice,connectorlosses losses, plusadditionalmarginsrequiredforothercomponents LinkPowerBudget

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1. Designerneedstodeterminethecarrierwavelength (frequency)tobeusedandselectthecomponents basedonthat. 2. Interrelatethelinkperformancetomaincomponents T R Tx, Rxand dthe h fibre. fib Ch Choosethe h twocomponentsand d specifythethirdtosatisfythelinkrequirement
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OpticalLinkDesignPowerbudgetingprocess
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ConsidertotalopticalpowerlossPTthatisallowedbetweenthe TX(lightsource)andtheRX(photodetector)andallocatelossto factorssuchascableattenuation,connectorandsplicelosses, l looses in i other th link li kcomponents, t and dsystem t margin i

AllpowersandlossesindBordBm
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OpticalLinkDesign FastEthernetLANexample
Exampleofa100BASETlink Wavelengthused 850nm Fibre loss2.5dB/km Fourconnectors,nosplices AssumeBER is109(oneerror forevery109 bitssent) Siliconpindetector requires at100MB/satleast32dBm (or630nW)inputoptical powerforBER =109 Transmitter (LED)couples20 dBm(10W)ofopticalpower intothefibre Connector loss max0.7dB perconnector
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for1011BER

for109BER
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OpticalLinkDesign FastEthernetLANexample

Exampleofa100BASETlink

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OpticalLinkDesign DWDMlinkexample

Fourchannellink,eachchannelrunningat10Gbps SystemhastooperateintheCbandandcontainstwoopticaladd d multiplexers drop lti l (OADM), ) EDFAwith ith20dBgain, i gain i flattening fl tt i filter filt (GFF)andopticalfiltersatthereceiverend. Fibre attenuation0.25dB/km Laser powercoupledintofibrePS=2dBm;InGaAsAPD needsa powerlevelofatleastPR=24dBmtomaintainarequired1011BER

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OpticalpowerlossesofvariouscomponentsinWDMlinkareindicated

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OpticalLinkDesign DWDMlinkexample

SpreadsheetforcalculatingtheWDMlinkpowerbudget

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2dBmarginnotenough nopowerpenaltiesincluded,needsadditionalamplifier
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RiseTimebudget

Aconvenientmethodfordeterminingthedispersionlimitation ofanopticallink,inparticulardigitallink S t rise System i time ti i isthe th root tsumsquareof fthe th rise i times ti from f eachcontributor
t sys N 2 = ti i =1

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Maincontributorsarethe

LaserrisetimetTX Modaldispersionrisetimetmodofamultimodefibre Chromaticdispersion(CD)risetimetCDofthefibre Polarisationmodedispersion(PMD)risetimetPMDofthefibre ReceiverrisetimetRX

2 2 2 2 2 t sys = tTX + t mod + tCD + t PMD + t RX

F single For i l mode d fibre fib modal d ldi dispersion i rise i time i tmod=0 0

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RisetimeandtheReceiverbandwidthB

RiseTime:timeittakestheRXoutputtoincreasefromthe10%tothe90% pointofthewaveform Shouldnotexceed70%ofNRZ(nonreturntozero)bitperiodor35%fortheRZ ( t t (return tozero) )d data. t 1bitperiodisTB=1/(bitrate)

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t rise = 2.2 RC 1 = 2 . 2 c 0.35 = fc

t rise

0.35 = B
350 B[ MHz MH ]
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t rise [ ns ] =
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OtherBasicRiseTimes

Chromaticdispersion(CD)risetimetCDofthefibre
tCD DCD L

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isthespectrallinewidthofthesource L isthelengthofthelink DCD is i the th fibre fib chromatic h ti dispersion di i coefficient ffi i t

Polarisationmodedispersion(PMD)risetimetPMDofthefibre
t PMD D PMD fibre length

WhereDPMD isthep polarisationdispersion p measuredinunitesofp ps/km / 1/2

Modaldispersionrisetimetmodofamultimodefibre

t mod =

440 L Bmod

WhereBmod isthemodaldispersionbandwidth(inMHzkm)determining theinformationcarryingcapacityofthemultimodefibre

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ExampleofmaximumlengthofGigabitEthernetLinks
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ExampleofaSONETLinkrisetime
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Coding

RZandNRZformats

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NRZformat lackoftimingcapabilitiescanleadto misinterpretationofthebitstreamatthereceiver

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WhatistheEyeDiagram?
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The Theeyediagramisa compositeviewofavery longdatastream. Itallowsyoutoseealldata patterns tt and dcombinations bi ti i in asingledisplay. Itisachievedbyusinga clocksignaltotriggerthe oscilloscope.

1 1

1 1

0 1

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TheEyeDiagramisaStatisticalRepresentation
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 23

EyeDiagrams

Aneye y diagram g isastatisticalrepresentation p ofabitstream, ,basedonthe contributionofrandomlyselectedbits

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TheUnfilteredEye
HigherOrderEffects Thebandwidthofthe oscilloscopecaptures fasttransientsand harmonics
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TheFilteredEye
Thefilterlimitshigherordereffectsforcompliance measurements.
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4thorderBesselThompsonlowpassfilterbandwidth=0.75*bitrate
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RadioLink

Wewilllookatthepowerlossinalineofsight RFlink

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PCD = 5 log[ g[1 ( 4 BLD ) 2 ]

PER = 10 log re 1 re + 1

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