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Abetterwayoflookingathighwaysignillumina1;9n.Q'r{
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As our high-speed highway systems become more and more complex, effective lighting of highway signs becomes increasingly important for the safety and performance of the motorist. Fig.la lncident
illumination is not
Today's lighting slandard. Until now, the criteria for effective sign lighting have been the level of illumination, measured
in footcandles, incident to the sign face, and the uniformity with which these footcandles are
In the case of diffuse painted signs, there is theoretically a direct and constant relationship between incident illumination (footcandles) and luminance (footlamberts). But with a retroreflecting signr+, this is not the case. A variable relationship exists betvr'een the illumination on the sign and the luminance observed by the motorist.
Retroreflecting signs have reflectance charac-
Fig.2b Light striking lhe surface of a relroreflecting sign is reflecled unequally. Thus, to a viewer at po;ntA or point B, apparent Iumjnance would be diflerent.
angle of light incidence. The percentage of reflectance is far higher directly in front of the luminaire. This often results in a bright area, causing non-unif orm observed luminance, tending to obscure the legibility of the sign.
This halo effect may occur despite the fact that lhe incjdent ligh i meels a"cepted standards of
ables into account. For areas of the sign having high reflectance, a proportionate reduction in candlepower is required. While areas oflow reflectance must receive greater candlepower in order to create the luminance uniformity requ irad for an eflecl i\ ely Iighl ed sign.
characteristics lor a lypical reiroref lecling sign viewed kom 150' and 1200'. Note that reflectance is highest directly in front of the Iuminaire. Without proper luminaire photomelric design, lhese characterislics may result in reduced sign legibilily.
Fig. 3 Retlectance
of rerlpclrno
rlal r!o porares a maie ial wricr art i- t-e d|ellron ot the source.
has
light are not necessarily a suficiently accurate measure of sign visibility. The true measure is luminance over the face of the sign throughout the viewing range of the sign. This is what the
motorist sees.
Both the level and uniformity of sign luminance must be controlled. Whether the luminance level is too high, too low or simply non-uniform, the
result will be an illegible message. In addition, excessively high luminance will tend to cause problems of eye adaptation. A motorist glancing at an overly bright sign as he travels a dark highway will have momentary dimculty in seeing when he returns his attention to the roadway, A further criterion of effective sign lighting is the luminance gradient produced upon the sign face. Research has shown that cerlain maximum ratios are acceptable when the maximum and minimum points are spaced apart by several feet. However, if the maximum and minimum points are in close proximily, lhen lhe luminance gradient between the two points will be greater. This may be unacceptable, because it creates an undesirable appearance and contributes to
reduced legibility.
'Holophane recommendalions based upon resulls ol a sludy by Michigan stale Universily and the Michigan Department oi Slate Highways reporied in Highway Fesearch Becord No. 179, 1967; and upon subsequent investlgalion and analysis by Holophane, "'The averaqe .ellectance ol the legend measured at any poinl on lhg sudace ol the sign. Nole: The luminance required for optimum legibility is a iunclion oi lhe ambient illuminalion level and other exle.nal laclors Jound al a speciiic sign localion. Under most circumslances, excsllent legibilily will be provided at lhe lower limil ol l!minance providing lhe uniiormity and gradienl do noi exceed those specilied. tDislribulion ol luminance should be as Lniiorm as possible lor oplimum leqibility. The ralios recommended rellct values generally obtalnable wlth reasonable lLminaire application and desTgn, Nole: Cla. lamps ar rcommended lor optimum unilormiiy and hishest efiici6ncy. Coaled lamps may be used when color rendition is a prim applicalion faclor. llMaximum gradient is lhe maximum prmissible varialion in luminanc between any one-square{oot area ot the sign lac6 and lhe one,squareJool areas adiacent to il.
Application of the new slandard. Two principal external factors affect the visibility and legibility of a highway sign: the ambient illumination level in the seneral vicinity of the sign and the disabling and/or discomfort glare from oncoming headlights.
There are two application extremes: a dark, open rural road and a brightly lighted dowatown street. All other applications fall somewhere in between. Glare from oncoming headlights greatly affecls I he lFg ibility of low luminance signs in rural low ambient conditions, but has much less effect on the legibility of signs under down-
areas, the disabling effect of headlight glare is reduced as a result of lower contrast between the headlights and the surrounding brightness.
780 Expresslite is
elleclive.
The comparison phoiographs clearly demonstrate that 780 ExrErSsl,rrn not only provides more uniform luminance, but also provides far
control and the ability of these units to use lamps ul to 400 walls, mea ns fe\ver luminaires are needed to light most signs. This translates direcily into important savings on installation, maintenance and operating costs.
780 Expresslite is glare-lree. Front or back. From whichever direction a motorist approaches a sign illuminated by 780 ExpRESsLrTE, he is protected from luminaire glare. An integral shielding action eliminates objectionable glare from the front, while the luminaire housing provides direct light cut-o1T to the rear. A separate field-attached front shield is provided with each luminaire for use s'hen total frontal cut-off is
In the case of the conventional mercury vapor luminaire, and again with the flr.torescent unit, two luminaires are required to light the 10' x 10' sign. lvhile a single, low wattage, 780
EXPRESSLITE
Itshould be noted that a simple comparison of average luminance values is not in itself an accurate measure of system performance. This point is graphically illustrated in the comparison photograph below. On the fluorescentJighted sign (far right), the excessively bright area near the bottom contributes to a high average luminance value but it tends to make the sign's
message less legible.
required.
prolile.
780 Expresslite is economical. The wide spacing feature of 780 ExpRESsLrrE units are designed to be mounted on 10' centers coupled with the highly efficient, prismatic light
With optional back-mounted ballast assembly, 780 ExpRESSLITE provides a clean. clutter-free
appealance. The shallow proflle and lack of massive luminaile support structure not only improve sign appearance and readability, but also help to lower the cost of the sigl.
Laboralory measuremcnts were used to deve op lho performance data tabulated be ow for d fluse and rtro rer eclinq s qns. A I va les shown are for lesend lum nance meas!red at the cenlers ol the one-squareJoot areas and are expressed n ioot amberts (Ft ). Periormance va !es vv lh c ear amps arc showr on lhe leit hard side ol each 'siqn." Values Jor coa1e.1 lamps are showf on thc r sht hand side. Performance !v th e ther lamp is considered sym'net. cal about tlre c-onler ne oirhesgn.Thefol owing materials and mouni ng pararncters \dcr-o us-ad
Lamps
Clear
Coaled
I D ffLrse
Legend malerial
F-!lrorei ect ng
I !ht Ccntcr - l'bc ovr' end.1 r front of si.rr iace 10' WicJe S !n - Onc 780 EXPUESSL TE lLr m in alrc :rt ce nte r of si!rn 20 Vr' dc Sjgn - Two 780 EXPFESSL rE lum na res on 10' centers
Fixlure mounling
F.
10'
6', 20 21 26 27 2A 22 22 21 19
16
10' 16 18 18 16 16 19 21 24 g', 15 19 20 20 19 23 24 26 812 16 21 22 23 27 27 27 713 18 23 25 27 30 30 29 6 20 21 26 27 2a 31 31 32 5', 22 24 25 24 24 27 2A 31 1', 25 25 22 22 23 25 25 27 31921 24 24 24 26 27 28 2 t9 21 23 2A 27 303t 27 116 19 22 27 33 34 30 24 10 9 8 7 6', 5', 4 3
14 15 13 13 13 10 10 9 9 7 16 17 16 16 15 11 11 10 10 I 19 13 18 18 18 14 13 13 12 10 23 23 23 22 22 19 18 17 16 13 27 27 27 27 26 22 22 21 19 16 30 31 33 32 30 27 27 27 23 17 31 34 38 37 36 33 33 33 26 19 30 35 41 43 44 41 39 37 2A 19 27 30 29 33 39 42 42 40 39 35 26 18 22 22 2A 2A 24 30 32 30 27 21 t6 13
27 29 27 27 24 23 26 24 32 35 36 41 34 43 27 28
1 2
3',
1 5 6 7
24
8', g',
]C
22
A\s
Lumi.ance
(Fll)
21
5.86/1
2.18 /
1
25
Av!
6.28l1 ?.18/1
10'
Clear
>l
10' 16 17 17 16
15
20
Mercury
Coated Mercury
Conled Mercury
10'16 17
la
9 13 17 18 19 18
8', 11 15 18 23 20 1', 11 14 18 21 25 6' 16 17 19 20 22 s' 17 18 18 18 16 .1', 19 19 15 17 17 3', 13 16 19 23 21 2', 13 14 la l7 1A 1', 14 11 10 12 17
20 22 21 23 23
25 25
5', 17 t8 18 18
4'
16
19 19 15 17 3', 13 16 19 23
't7
21 18 17
213
1'14
14 18 17 11 10 12
20 24 34 36 33
22 20 17 13 25 24 19 14 35 2A 21 13
5',13'2',1',1z',3',45 17
Avg. Luminance (Fl
30 27 t7 12 21 16 11 I
23 27 23 22 28 25 23 2l 25 24 25 25 1A 21 23 27 19 20 19 26 23 26 22 22 20 19 21 19 19 14 12 14
tn 9' n 7'
6'
5',132',
28 24 21 21 26 31 31 20 21 19 1
15 15 15 14 17 15 18 16 20 19 19 20 22 21 21 21 24 25 26 23 23 25 29 29 27 21 27 32 38 36 19 22 3',1 33 3g 14 14 19 23 35 1', 2 3 1 5
15 16 18 19 20 22
13 13 13
13
10 9 I 8 I 11 1'1 10 10 I
13 14 11 11 10 17 15 14 13 10 18 17 16 15 12 20 22 20 17 13 24 25 24 t9 14 34 35 28 21 13 36 30 27 17 12 33 21 16 11 9
6 7 8
g',
10',
2-2711 Ma\.tMtn. Un form ty 4.5/1 1.8/1 M.x mLrm Gr.d eni 2 4sl1
17
20 Alo Llm n.n.. lFl ) 3.1/1 Max /Min tlnii.rm 1v 1-A/1 Mnx mun Grad enl
1c
4
5/1
2.45/1
srgn
Size g!
HxW
Average inilial illuminalion (tc) lor variors syslems Number Spacing 100W Mercury 175W Mercury 250W Mercury Lunrinaires H38- H-39-22K8 H39- H37-5KA H37- H33-1CD H33H38-47 Clear 1GL/ DX 4JA/DX 22KC / DX Cleat 5KC/DX Clear
ol -I----E
400w M.H.
M400
Clear
130
126
2O1
Coaled
1 1
Coaied
Coated
Coaied
6'x8'
6'xl0'
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
4', 5' 3' 3' 4 5' 3' 4' 4' 5' 5'
16 15 23 20 18 15 18 17 16 16 14
18 17 24 21 18 15 18 17 16 15 14
33 32 49 42 39 34 40 39 36 35 33
39 36 51 44 37 32 37 36 33 32 30
52 50 76 66 60 51 61 59 54 53 43
59 54 77 67 57 49 57 55 51 49 46
84 76 110 95 81 68 80 77 71 69 64
147
143 133
- 1200'viewing distance).*
400W M.H.
Luriraires l----f,
1
Number
of
Spacing 100W
Hxw
175W
H-3g-22Kg
Mercury hag22KC
Mercury 400W Mercury H3a H33-.cD ll33'r37r(B / DX CIeat 5KC/DX Clear l GL/DX
250W Coated
Mr00 Clear
'12'\24' 3
12'x26' 3 12'x.2A' 3 12'x3O' 3
2 2 2 2 3
12 11 10 I 11
10 913 14 12 11 I 11
17 27 24 23 20 24
23 21 30 26 23 1g 23
2A 2A 45 39 36 31 38
33 30 45 39 34 29 34
47 45 72 62 59 51 61
a' 4'
9' 4' 9' 5' 10' 5'
10
10 9 S
10
10 S I
23
21 21 20
22
20 2D 18
37
34 33 31
33
31 29 28
59
55 53 50
49
45 43 40
98
90
88
A2
For legend lunr nancc of a.liffuse sl9n. multlply iootcandle valucs shov/n I lab c at top by a reileciance
Nole 1:
Note 2:ThLS d.ta s pro! ded on y as a gu de io lilihting des sr Average values ot I !minailon (lc) or l!m nance (ill) are not in th-6mselves a measurc of s gn liqhling eifect ve' ness Contact yolr local Holophane sales enqlre-.r ior prec se perlormanc-o data cover ng your app lcal on
Oplical system.
The oplical system consists of a hydroformd aluminum prlmary beam rellector, precisely proJiled and contoured to distribute light across the innr surface oi the refractor. The prismalic relractor is molded of borosilicate ENDURAL@ thermal shock-res stant glass. An intricate array of prisrns on the inner surface dlrects light across lhe face of lhe sign. The ouler surface is smoolh 1o facilitale sell-cleaning. When 780 ExPRESSL TE is used with relrorellecting signs, an auxiliary relrodispersing reflector is used lo eliminate the halo ol excessive luminance produced by convenlionals gn lighls- This device assures
Mechanical assembly
The main housing (2) is a slurdy aluminum casling which encloses the primary beam reilctor, retrodispersing refleclor (it used), sockei assembly, and termlnal block. The sliptitler (3) provides a vertical adjustment range of 10'to permit compensation lor mount ng misalignment. This lealure is also used lo adjust light dislribution when 780 EXPRESSL TE is applied to s gns greater than 12' high. The sllpfitter is designed lor use wilh 1ya " pipe. The rerminal block is located benath the refTeclor at the pipe entry. Terminals will accomrnodale wire sizes AWG 14 through 6. The refleclor is lastened to the housing by means of four screws. Keyhole slots are provided in lhe retlector to faclliiate easy removal
main housing.
Leveling pads {4) are provided on lhe inside and boltom of lhe main housinq lo permit accurate installation. Mounling bosses (5)are provided on the botlom ol the cast housing to permii mounling lhe lum naire directly to a supporling struclure.
Mechanical assembly
- relractor/door.
6
Table ol electrical characteristicsLamp
An extruded. anodized aluminum door frame is lormJitled lo the refraclor. A single piece gasket, wilh a specia ly designed sealing pad, elfeclively seals lhe assernbly and houslng. The assembly fasiens 1o lhe hous ng by means of separable hinges al the Jront, and springlempered, slainless steel laiches at lhe rear. Relraclor (1) Anodized aluminum door lrame (6)
Aallasl type
nal primary vollase Slarlinq line current Operaling line currenl
210 277 480
5
277
480
7
12D 3.8 65 45
208
244 277
3
2OA
2A
72
tl
125
240
1.5 1.6 1.8 1.0 1.0 225 70
4TQ
10
24
2.6 72
1.4 1.5
12
1.3
4A
19
11
167 2.3 15
3.0 55 65 95
19
1T
150 50
96
167
288
125 290
2Bn
260
laqe
207
445
110 65 465
70
474
250
2!0
90?'.
90%
989i
20'l
rConslanl Wallaoe Aulorranslormer ?Conslani Waltage rModLledCo.sranrWarlaqe rPeak Lead Aurolransformer CAUT ONrUngroLrnded power dislribut on syslems may carry h gh trans enl line vo tages Lnder fau t condilions. Because h gh transients can cause prenalure ba ast lail!re, possib e wilh bal asis of any manuiactureis design, t is not recommended ihat luminalres be operald on 480v ungrounded systems.
FM LM BI/I'
26 20
20 20 N.A. 26 26 2a 54 54 54 56 56
-12
N.A.
20 28
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bracket.
I n"l
Luminaire with frodl-mounted ballasl (LM).
"t
by
IJ
l
_-P
Orhers
,J,
View
'
sl roLshtcen'"'
schedue 40
-f
l
/'./',)
pe(;4a12) / /
-'
1l
Sid6 View
a) Denoles type oi !m nr rel NB - Non'ba l.sted L!mlnaire sLrpp ed !vlth standard I r,:" p entry trnd s pfilter i,4oLrnt nq iro cs not dr lcd.
1,1,
p.
iD Non ba asl.C LLrmnarcs!ppledwlthli"threadedentry l.: condLrit in lc! cl p pe entry. Mo'Jnt ng bosses are dr led for - Ba lasted (See Cetails ior each under' Ba ast n9/ nroLrnt fti rrran!emunis. b) Dcnol.rs primary,roltacc Sp.c ly 120.208 240.277 or 480V.
Fl,'l LNl BM
c)
)
" c e.ran.e bo
ts.
!9rp
Difluse Sign
751
Fetrorefleclinq S'qn'
t0 cit 00!0
785 00 r:r00-u000
itl
uN0
Halide
7gr
lil
utllt
ot.,.s l!lri.enter pos lion pro! ded by the brackel arnr -.d vr' ih ql4 !m Ia r.. Not Lrscd wilh NB FM or LM I!m nalrcs. Example;781 B[r]-120-{81_2 Slandi'd bracket provides l!ht center ,18" n iro.t .nC T 2 ' b.r ow s For olh,ir l ght cenler pos lions,
sup.
f
D.f
qf
lr.0 040!
scrt r.qLrlr.d .linrcns ons. Shields: SD 93 wrap around SD-9,1.1roni Note: SD 94 s!pplied as standard with each lunrinare.
tOOW tltercurV
FMLM !63!2-1!!.lirN U6-.!l] ti']lr ttaC63!2 I7i irOar' 0!:l!l' - i5 !rr0' Ll!..191 :5Lr 000' flllllll, ;)sil i)llll' N A !63t2 ,tOt 0!0 aft1n2 lnaMH tnt' N A
Ballasl Type
'Spec fy b. l.si !o 1.q-. 12u.208 2411.277 or,180V E -.ctr ca enrrylo ball:rsl s bv m.ans oi r:." NPTfemd eentry on e.ctr s de cf Lrrlilst.:rpslrl. Alfi"NPTfcnrleenlry spro!ded at oru.rd oi cajrsLr. for.ofd!it conrLrcl on io lum fa re
: :ctr .a .rnir,/ 1o b:rl ast ls by meens .i 111" NPT fema e entry .. --rch s d-. of ballast .:rps!le A I 1t " NPT iemal-. enlry s
,'"r
unr
ia
rc or
Siandard Brackel: Calalo!r No BR':11 Descriplion Llrackct s corstr!.te.l of llr " S.lr.dLrl-a 40 pipe tn.i is deslgn,ad io s!fp. t rhe !m ne re !r' tir !ht c. rler approx nal. y 4' n iront and l'be.ws gn l:r.c.Pp-r isBc.le.l scc!reytoa 11"siec mountng p a1-; whl.ir s.les !rned:o bolt 1o back of siqn siruct!r. by nrcans -r"bois
ofi.Lrr(l Eectr ca entry ntnp:pe isby-r''NPT f:ma e enlry in pire co!er. Nole:For olher !hl .eftFr poslt.ns.r nrod i crt ons spec fy
by
iniolnrltion irn,rlhel TTr,lolrlrLnc highuin'lightinjl l)roilrL.t!. s.c irl)lliic:ll)lc datli sleets. OI r,,rrtrrr t I r,rrr-l,rcirl Ilrl(,lrllilrrr sll{:s rll!iD.r]r for rLpplir':Ltion Issistrn('(-., ( ()r1llJItar'-xjdri] ilrsign rir(l (r,si stLilli('!. irrrii slltlr1r1c' r nils fot lIiel insl:rllalion.
1,'or'(.r)titl)lct.
Ho oph:rne Ootrrprf! fc. l.'lonl!a ! \.w J.'s'y 0:E45 The Hr.f:ine Crmf:rny Lrrl 1621. S1.c es A!. Erana.a H..phane L m t-:d B.r:ch.! E!cks En!l and Hc.phaneSA deCV Api'ri.l!Postir 75-.115 lrlei.o ]l
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