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A signal is said to be a band limited signal if all of its frequency components are zero above a certain finite frequency. i.e it's power spectral density should be zero above the finite frequency.
Amplitude modulation (AM) with double sidebands (DSB), for example, doubles the signal bandwidth. If the audio signal to be transmitted has a bandwidth of 5 kHz, the resulting AM signal bandwidth using DSB is 10 kHz. Amplitude modulation with a single sideband (SSB), on the other hand, requires exactly the same bandwidth as that of the original signal. In broadcast frequency modulation (FM), on the other hand, audio signal bandwidth is 15 kHz (for high fidelity), but the corresponding frequency-modulated signal bandwidth is 200 kHz. C. E. Shannon proved that over a channel of bandwith B the rate of information transmission, C, in bits/s (binary digits per second) is given by the
equation below, where SNR is the signal-to-noise power ratio. This result assumes a white Gaussian noise, which is the worst kind of noise from the point of view of interference. It follows from Shannon's equation that a given information transmission rate C can be achieved by various combinations of B and SNR. It is thus possible to trade B for SNR, and vice versa. A corollary of Shannon's equation is that, if a signal is properly processed to increase its bandwidth, the processed signal becomes more immune to interference or noise over the channel. This means that an increase in transmission bandwidth (broadbanding) can suppress the noise in the received signal, resulting in a better-quality signal (increased SNR) at the receiver. Frequency modulation and pulse-code modulation are two examples of broadband schemes where the transmission bandwidth can be increased as desired to suppress noise. Broadbanding is also used to make communication less vulnerable to jamming and illicit reception by using the so-called spread spectrum signal.
Dial-up modems can actually get as high as 56 kbps, but that is beyond the scope of this question. In general Shannon's Theorem can provide a fairly accurate way to predict the possible data rates for a given transmission channel if the bandwidth and resulting signal and noise powers are known.