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Discussion on

Short-line fault tests on the CEGB 275 kV system


A.Ametani: The authors have contributed valuable information on short-line faults in an e.h.v. transmission line. Although analytical results agree well with the field test r e sults, several questions may be raised concerning the analysis. The earth resistivity has been taken as 20 ftm. In my experience, earth resistivities from field tests are in the range 50-300 ftm; in comparison 20 fim seems to be too low. If the actual resistivity is higher, then the calculated line inductance and surge impedance increase. This causes further discrepancies in the comparison between the measured and the calculated results. Also, resistivity may vary with frequency, since the earth is not homogeneous. Clarification of the following points would be helpful: (a) Is an earth resistivity of 20 flm the measured value ? (b) If so,at what frequency was the measurement taken? (c) If not, on what basis was the figure of 20 Om chosen? In calculating the transient recovery voltages on the source side, the authors concluded that it would appear that the inclusion of frequency dependence caused the increase in peak, value and time, leading to the conclusion that the differences between the test and calculated results cannot be attributed to frequency-dependent effects (Section 12.2.1). This conclusion is based on a comparison of the calculated results at constant line parameters with those of method 2 (Fourier transform), when frequency dependence at 20 Om earth r e s i s tivity is included. Usually, however,the inclusion of frequency dependence causes attenuation and retardation, and hence a decrease in peak value would be expected. With a somewhat different example, it has been my experience that a higher resistivity causes a decrease in peak value, and that initial conditions significantly affect the first peak of the transient recovery voltage. This arises from calculations on a simple single-phase transmission line using a computer technique similar to the Schnyder-Bergeron method, though including frequency dependence. Would the authors please comment on the following points: Were calculations carried out for different earth r e sistivities, using method 2? (ii) If so, does a higher resistivity cause further increase in peak value ? (i) H.Heimer: One of the topics which is of interest to design engineers is the distribution of the earth-fault current. Were any measurements taken during the tests to determine what proportion of current was carried by the overhead-line earth wire,and what proportion went through the ground? Were any checks made as to whether this current distribution conformed to the theoretical distribution, such as the one given by Carson and Pollaczek?B One is also very impressed by the prodigious amount of work that has gone into the source-side transient-recovery-voltage calculations. There must therefore be concern as to whether this sort of detailed analysis is necessary every time a circuit breaker is specified for a transmission-system extension. How detailed, in the authors' opinion, should these calPaper 6101 P by BOLTON, E., BATTISSON, M .J., BICKFORD, J.P., DWEK, M. G., JACKSON, R. L., and SCOTT, M.[see 1970, 117, (4), pp. 771-784] Read before the IEE North-Western 27th February 1973 Centre, at Manchester, culations be when such extensions are contemplated? E. Bolton, M. J. Battisson, J. P. Bickford, M. G. Dwek, R. L. Jackson, and M. Scott (in reply): In reply to Mr. Ametani, we should first point out that it is the apparent total earth impedance that varies with frequency, and not the earth resistivity, which is a nonvariable parameter. We took an earth resistivity of 20 fim for our test-line 50 Hz and surgeimpedance calculations, as a result of measurements made prior to the short-line fault tests. The measurements were made using direct current. Line parameters, chosen for the source-side t.r.v. assessment using methods 1 and 3, were based on the predominant transient frequency of 1 kHz. Whether the elaboration of assuming complete frequency dependence of the parameters causes an increase or reduction in the peak t.r.v. as compared with fixed-frequency methods will depend on the frequency spectrum of the overall wave. We agree with Mr. Ametani's general comment that higher earth resistivities will cause a decrease in the peak t.r.v. Earth resistivity is, however, only one parameter of many that interact in determining the t.r.v. waveform. One source-side line parameters were based on an estimated earth resistivity of 20 fim, and, over the wider area covered, perhaps a higher value of about 50 2m would have been more appropriate. Reference A shows the effect of increasing both frequency and earth resistivity on line surge impedance. The effect is greatest for the last pole to clear the bottom-conductor condition, but, for the average conditions assumed in the source-side t.r.v. calculations, the effect of earth-resistivity variations on the source-side t.r.v. is small, and for this reason was neglected. To Mr. Ametani's final question, studies were not performed by calculation method 2 (Fourier-transform method) for different earth resistivities. In reply to Mr.Heimer, measurements were made on the test line during the fault tests to determine the proportion of fault current that was carried by the overhead-line earth wire. This amounted to about 60% at the faulted tower when the adjacent circuit was out of service, and about 55% when the adjacent circuit was on load (tests 9a-12). Calculations' were not made to check this measured current distribution. We do not think that such detailed analysis of source-side t.r.v. is necessary every time a circuit breaker is being considered for application in a transmission system. Our object in the work reported was to develop and validate modelling techniques by use of test results. In the main, simplified assessment methods can be used to check t.r.v. conditions based on the immediate source-network configuration, local infeeds, circuit parameters and circuit lengths. Source-side t.r.v. conditions so derived can be compared with national or international standard specifications, and, if found to be within the specified levels, no further analysis is required. Detailed analysis is, however, required both when overall specifications are being prepared and also when circuit breakers in service may become overstressed, owing to planned changes in system conditions, and decisions on uprating must be made.

References BOLTON, E., BIRTWHISTLE, D., BOWNES, P., DWEK, M. G., and ROUTLEDGE, G.W.: 'Overhead-line parameters for circuit-breaker application1, Proc.IEE, 1973, 120, (5), pp. 561-573 LACKEY, C.H.W.: 'Fault calculations' (Oliver & Boyd, 1951), p. 152

PROC.IEE, Vol.120, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1973

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