Thesis Report On - Planning of Coastal Areas For Tsunami, Case Chinnangudi Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India-1

POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING
OF
COASTAL AREAS
CASE STUDY- CHINNANGUDI, NAGAPATTINAM
POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING
OF
COASTAL AREAS,
CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM.
A Thesis
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
MASTER OF PLANNING
In
Department of Planning
By
Ravi Shankar.S.
Reg. No: 200461209
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI-25
MAY 2006
DECLARATION
I declare that this Thesis entitled “POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF

COASTAL AREAS, CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM” is the result of
my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Mr. Pratheep Moses.K, and
that it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate
ship or fellowship of any other University or Institution previously. Due
acknowledgement have been made wherever anything has been borrowed from
other sources.
Date: Signature of the Candidate

Name : S. Ravi Shankar
Roll no: 200461209
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Thesis forming part of course work TP 161, of IV semester,
M.Plan, entitled “POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF COASTAL AREAS,
CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM”, submitted by Ravi Shankar. S,
to the School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University for the award of
Masters Degree in Planning is a bonafide record of her under my supervision.
Certified further that to the best of my Knowledge the work reported herein does
not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or
award was conferred on an earlier occasion for any other candidate.
Dissertation Guide Head of the Department

Mr. Pratheep Moses.K Dr.V.M.Marudachalam,
Lecturer, Department of Planning,
Department of Planning. School of Architecture and Planning,
Anna University.
Dean
Examiner Prof. S.Ravi,
School of Architecture and Planning,
Anna University.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely acknowledge the contribution made by my guide Mr. K. Pratheep

Moses for his continuous and equanimity through out my study. I also like to
record my sincere thanks to our, Head of the department, Planning, SAP, and
Thesis coordinator, Dr.V.M.Marudachalam.
I have a great pleasure of extending my heartfelt gratitude to Prof.S.Ravi, Dean,

School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University, for giving me this
opportunity. I also extend my gratitude to the examiner Mr.Ragunath, Chief
Planner, Chennai Metropolitan development Authority for his constructive
criticism in the reviews.
Also I thank Prof. S.P.Sekar ,Prof. Abdul Razak and Mr.S.R.Masilamani, the
staff members of Department of Planning and Mr. J.Narayanaswamy for
channelising my thoughts for the completion of this study.
I extend my thanks to the few many that were behind the scenes and
encouraged me in the completion of this study. I express my sincere thanks to
my friends and classmates who have given me the moral support and
encouragement, when I needed it. I would like have a special mention for
Mr.Ramanamoorthy scientist, and his assistants Mr.Pary and Mr.Arul of
ICMAM_PD,NIOT. Prof. Ramesh and Mr.Senthil kumar of IOM, Anna
university.Prof.Krishnamoorthy of Madras University. Architect Ajith Haridas
and his colleagues of Elements design, Artist Mr.Kumaresan of Agam Studio,
Mr.Benny kuriocose & his team for doing tremendous work in making
Tarangambadi and Chinnangudi a better place.
Last but not the least I extend my thanks to my parents who always help me to
make my dream reality.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A wave formed due to displacement of the earth’s tectonic plates

below the sea traveled thousands of kilometers and wrecked havoc along
the coasts of several nations and awakened the entire world to its
existence – “THE TSUNAMI”.
The devastation caused by the recent Tsunami has posed

challenges in refurbishing the coastal communities, making it clear that
planning of coastal areas involve more care than the normal land use
planning.
Examination of published tsunami risk maps (FEMA, UNDP.NDM)

indicates that tsunami flood risk (and therefore damage to people and
structures) is traditionally assumed to be uniform within a given coastal
area. However, the recent tsunami showed that population and
infrastructure within a given flood zone are not uniformly at risk.
This is because risk, that is the probability of damage, is intimately

related to vulnerability, which measures the potential for damage.
Vulnerability in turn, is related to a series of parameters that include
amongst others: the presence of on and off-shore protective barriers ,
distance from the shore, depth of flood water, building construction
materials & standards, preparedness activities, socio-economic status
and means, level of understanding and hazard perception and amount of
warning and ability to move away from the flood zone.
This gap between the existing published risk maps and actual
ground realities has created a need to develop a planning tool
incorporating all relevant parameters, which will help us to address the
vulnerability issues at a settlement level.
5
This objective has been achieved by creating a BUILDING
AND HUMAN VULNERABILITY INDEX. The Building vulnerability index
will include building materials, elevation, distance from the coast, number
of floors, age of the building, building surroundings and natural and artificial
barriers. The Human vulnerability index will include building vulnerability
and susceptibility of the population (gender and age). These indices are
tested on a representative coastal segment of Tamil Nadu -The study
area (chinnangudi, Nagapattinam district) based on a worst case
scenario. The Worst case scenario establishes the probability that a
tsunami of particular magnitude will occur and therefore, that tsunami pose
a major threat to Tamil Nadu (Findings reveals that chances for tsunami to
reoccur in a persons life time is 39% and if so the worst case could be 8.7
Richter scale with a wave height of 4 meters with a inundation distance of
750 mts.)
The inferences from this analysis have given us the status of

existing as well the extreme vulnerability of buildings and human in the
study area.
Based on these inferences the planning issues pertaining to

resettlement like: type of resettlement, people perception, occupational
pattern, availability of land, building materials, natural and artificial barriers,
cost involved, etc. have been addressed in detail.
This study opens the scope for the development of further tools that
incorporates other diversified parameters which could be applied in
different places under various stimulated conditions.
6
ACRONYMS
A
ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
ADMIN Australian Disaster Management Information Network
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand
ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan
ADRRN Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network
AEGDM ASEAN Experts Group on Disaster Management
APELL Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at the Local Level (UNEP)
ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program on Disaster Management
AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, ADPC, Thailand
B
BCPR Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP (Formerly Emergency Response Division)
Benfieldhrc Benfield Hazard Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
C
CARDIN Caribbean Disaster Information Network
CBDM Community Based Disaster Management
CCOP Coordinating Committee for Coastal and Offshore Geosciences Programmes In East and Southeast
Asia, Thailand
CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency
CDPC Cranfield Disaster Preparedness Center, United Kingdom
CENAT Swiss Natural Hazards Competence Centre
CENDIM Centre for Disaster Management, Bogazici University, Turkey
CEPT Center for Environmental Planning and Technology, India
CERU European Centre On Urban Risks/Centre Européen Sur Les Risques Urbains, Portugal
CESE Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, India
CEUDIP Central European Disaster Prevention Forum
CHARM Comprehensive Hazard and Risk Management Program (Pacific Island States)
CINDI Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information, USA
CNCIDR China National Committee for International Disaster Reduction
CNDR Corporate Network for Disaster Reduction
CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council, Mozambique
D
DDMC District Disaster Management Committee, Bangladesh
DEWA Division for Early Warning and Assessment, UNEP
DFID Department for International Development, United Kingdom
Dimp Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University Of Cape Town, South Africa
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DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness, European Community Humanitarian Office
DISMAC Disaster Management Committee at National Divisional and Districts Levels, Fiji
DISMAN Disaster Management Database
DMB Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Bangladesh
DMC Drought Monitoring Centers, Zimbabwe and Kenya
DMFC Disaster Mitigation Facility for the Caribbean
DMI Disaster Mitigation Institute, India
DMIS Disaster Management Information System, IFRC
DMISA Disaster Management Institute of Southern Africa, South Africa
DMMU Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, Zambia
DMT Disaster Management Teams
DMTP Disaster Management Training Programme, United Nations
DPCC National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia
DPCSS Disaster, Post-Conflict and Safety Section, UN-HABITAT
DPPC Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia
DPPI Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative
DRBA Disaster Recovery Business Alliance
DRRP Disaster Reduction and Recovery Programme, UNDP
DRM Disaster Reduction Management, Network of the World Institute for Disaster Risk Management
D&SCRN Disaster and Social Crisis Research Network (European Sociological Association)
DWS Disaster Warning System
E
EC European Commission
ECE Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
ECILS European Centre For Vulnerability Of Industrial And Lifeline Systems/Centre Européen Sur La
Vulnérabilité Des Réseaux Et Systèmes Industriels, Skopje (Former Yugoslavia Republic Of Macedonia)
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ECPFE European Centre for Prevention and Forecasting Of Earthquakes/Centre Européen Pour La
Prévention Et La Prévision Des Tremblements De Terre, Greece
EDM Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan
EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA
EHC Earthquake Hazard Centre, New Zealand
EHP/USGS Earthquake Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ELSA European Laboratory for Structural Assessment – Earthquake Engineering, Ispra, Italy
EM-DAT Emergency Events Database (CRED, Catholic University of Louvain)
EMERCOM Emergencies and Natural Disasters Mitigation, Ministry of Civil Defense, Russian Federation
EMPRES Emergency Prevention System
ENDA Environment and Development Action in the Third World, Senegal
EPC Emergency Preparedness Canada
EPOCH European Programme on Climatology and Natural Hazards
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EQTAP Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technologies in the Asia-Pacific Region
EU European Union
EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement of the Council of Europe
EWARN Early Warning and Response Network, Southern Sudan
Ewss Early Warning Systems
F
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, Government of USA
FIVIMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems, FAO
G
GA General Assembly, United Nations
GADR Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, USA
GAV Vulnerability Analysis Group
GDIN Global Disaster Information Network
GESI Global Earthquake Safety Initiative, Japan
GHI Geohazards International, USA
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GLO-DISNET Global Disaster Information Network
GPS Global Positioning System
GSDMA Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, India
GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program
H
HAZUS Natural Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, FEMA
HDR Human Development Report, UNDP
HMU Hazard Management Unit, World Bank (Formerly DMF, Disaster Management Facility
HNDGDM Hungarian National Directorate General for Disaster Management
HPC-DMP High Powered Committee on Disaster Management Plans, India
HRRC Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, Texas A &M University, USA
I
IACNDR Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction, OAS
ICDRM Institute for Crisis, Disaster and Risk Management, George Washington University, USA
IDMC Inter-Departmental Disaster Management Committee, South Africa
IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999
IDRN India Disaster Resource Network
ILO International Labour Organization
IMD India Meteorological Department
INCEDE International Centre for Disaster Mitigation Engineering, University Of Tokyo
INFRAID Infrastructure Damage Prevention, Assessment and Reconstruction Following a Disaster
ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
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ISFEREA Information Support for Effective and Rapid External Aid
ISPU Higher Institute Of Emergency Planning/Institut Supérieur De Planification d’Urgence,Archennes,
Belgium
ITIC International Tsunami Information Center, Hawaii
IIT Indian Institute of Technology, India
JRC Joint Research Committee
K
KEERC Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, Korea
KOVERS Compentence Center for Technical Risks, ETH, Switzerland
M
MANDISA Monitoring, Mapping and Analysis of Disaster Incidents in South Africa
MDMR Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, Bangladesh
N
NANADISK-NET National Natural Disaster Knowledge Network, India
NCDM National Center for Disaster Management, India
NDMS National Disaster Mitigation Strategy, Canada
NEDIES Natural and Environmental Disaster Information Exchange System
NEMA National Emergency Management Association, USA
NEMO Network of State Hazard Mitigation Officers, USA
NHIA Natural Hazard Impact Assessment
NHRC Natural Hazards Research Centre, Australia
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA
O
OCDS Oxford Center for Disaster Studies
OCIPEP Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness, Canada,
OFDA/USAID Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance/US Agency for International Development
OGP/NOAA Office of Global Program/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA
OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority, India
OSIRIS Operational Solutions for the Management of Inundation Risks in the Information Society
OXFAM Development, relief, and campaigning organization
P
PDC Pacific Disaster Center
PLANAT National Platform for Natural Hazards, Switzerland
PREVIEW Project for Risk Evaluation, Vulnerability, Information and Early Warning
10
PTWS Pacific Tsunami Warning System
PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, Hawaii, USA
R
RADIUS Risk Assessment Tools For Diagnosis of Urban Areas against Seismic Disasters
RCC Regional Consultative Committee on Regional Cooperation in Disaster Management, Bangkok,
Thailand
RDMP Risk Disaster Management Programme, UN-HABITAT
S
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Nepal
SIFFS South Indian Federation of Fisherman Societies
SPDRP South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program
T
TRM Total Disaster Risk Management (RCC Strategy)
U
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Now UN-HABITAT)
UNCRD/DMPHO United Nations Center For Regional Development/Disaster Management Planning Hyogo
Office, Japan
UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team
UNDHA-SPO United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs-South Pacific Office
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNDP-SPO United Nations Development Programme-South Pacific Office
UNDRO Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNEP/DEPI United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Environmental Policy Implementation
UNEP/DEWA United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Early Warning and Assessment
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNISPACE United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
UN-OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UNV United Nations Volunteers
V
VAG Vulnerability Analysis Group
VAM Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping, WFP
VAT Vulnerability Assessment and Techniques
VCA Vulnerability and Capacities Assessment
W
WVR World Vulnerability Report, UNDP
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GLOSSARY
ACCEPTABLE RISK: The level of loss a society or community considers acceptable given existing social,
economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions.
In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to assess structural and non-structural measures
undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level, which does not harm people, and property, according to
codes or "accepted practice" based, among other issues, on a known probability of hazard.
ASSURANCE INDICATORS: Generic characteristics of ERM that allow the emergency risk manager to
qualitatively assess there degree-of-readiness for catastrophic events.
BUILDING CODES: Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction, materials, alteration
and occupancy of any structure to insure human safety and welfare. Building codes include both technical
and functional standards.
CAPACITY: A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or
organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal
or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may also be described as capability.
CAPACITY BUILDING: Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures within a community
or organization needed to reduce the level of risk.
In extended understanding, capacity building also includes development of institutional, financial,
political and other resources, such as technology at different levels and sectors of the society.
CLIMATE CHANGE: The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period (typically
decades or longer) there is a statistically significant change in measurements of either the mean state or
variability of the climate for that place or region.
Changes in climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic changes in
atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes only those changes which are attributable
directly or indirectly to human activity.
COPING CAPACITY: The means by which people or organizations use available resources and abilities to
face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster.
In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during crises or
adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience to withstand the effects
of natural and human-induced hazards.
12
CO-ORDINATION: The bringing together of organizations and resources to ensure effective disaster
management.
COMMUNITY: A group of people with a commonality of association, generally defined by location, shared
experience, or function.
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: A service, facility or a group of services or facilities, the loss of which will
have severe adverse effects on the physical, social, economic or environmental well being or safety of the
community.
CONSEQUENCE: The outcome of a situation or event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss,
injury, disadvantage or gain. In the ERM context, consequences are generally described as the effects on
persons, stakeholders, communities, the economy and the environment.
DISASTER: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own resources.
A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of
vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT: The systematic management of administrative decisions, organization,

operational skills and abilities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society or
individuals to lessen the impacts of natural and related environmental and technological hazards.
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: The systematic development and application of policies, strategies and
practices to minimize vulnerabilities, hazards and the unfolding of disaster impacts throughout a society, in
the broad context of sustainable development.
EARLY WARNING: The provision of timely and effective information, through identified institutions, that
allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for effective
response.
EMERGENCY: An event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life, property or the
environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. In the ERM context for critical
infrastructure, an event that extends an organization beyond routine processes.
ENVIRONMENT: Conditions or influences comprising built, physical and social elements, which surround or
interact with stakeholders and communities.
ERM - EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT: A systematic process that produces a range of risk treatments
that reduce the likelihood or consequences of events.
13
FORECAST: Definite statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event (UNESCO, WMO).
This term is used with different meanings in different disciplines.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD: Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of life or injury,
property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Geological hazard includes internal earth processes or tectonic origin, such as earthquakes, geological fault
activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as external processes such as mass movements:
landslides, rockslides, rock falls or avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and debris or mud flows.
Geological hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS): A computerized database for the capture, storage, analysis
and display of location defined information. Commonly, a GIS portrays a map on which this information is
overlaid.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS): GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a
constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. The satellites are reference points to calculate
positions accurate to a matter of meters. By using advanced forms of GPS, measurements are better than a
centimeter. In effect, each square meter on the planet has a unique address.
HAZARD: A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of
life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards can
include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have different origins: natural (geological,
hydro meteorological and biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and
technological hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each
hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.
HAZARD ASSESSMENT OR HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS: The process of estimating, for

defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially damaging phenomenon of given magnitudes
within a specified period of time. A systematic approach used to analyze the effectiveness of the overall
(current or proposed) security and safety systems at a particular facility. Hazard assessment involves
analysis of formal and informal historical records, and skilled interpretation of existing topographical
graphical, geological geomorphologic, hydrological, and land-use maps. The analysis first determines the
objectives of the facility’s physical protection system. Next, it identifies the physical protection elements in
place (or proposed) to prevent or mitigate security concerns. Finally, it analyzes the system design against
the objectives in a systematic, quantitative manner in order to determine if the physical protection system is
effective and acceptable for that facility. Similar Terms Vulnerability Analysis, Risk Assessment, Threat
Assessment.
HAZARD MITIGATION: The process of alleviating hazards or reducing the risk of hazards by the use of
proactive measures. (FEMA’s Disaster Mitigation Act) Any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the
long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.
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HUMAN VULNERABILITY: A human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic and
environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage from the impact of a given
hazard.
INTERDEPENDENCY: The essential external organizational, systems or technical connectivity associated

with critical infrastructure operations
LAND-USE PLANNING: Branch of physical and socio-economic planning that determines the means and
assesses the values or limitations of various options in which land is to be utilized, with the corresponding
effects on different segments of the population or interests of a community taken into account in resulting
decisions. Land-use planning involves studies and mapping, analysis of environmental and hazard data,
formulation of alternative land-use decisions and design of a long-range plan for different geographical and
administrative scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging
high-density settlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, control of population
density and expansion, and in the sitting of service routes for transport, power, water, sewage and other
critical facilities.
LATENT RISK: A risk that is presented but not yet apparent.
LIKELIHOOD: Used as a qualitative description of probability and frequency.
MITIGATION: Acts or efforts to lesson the consequences of an event. These may be carried out before,
during or after an event.
MONITOR: To check, supervise, observe critically, or record the progress of an activity, action or system on
a regular basis in order to identify change.
NATURAL HAZARDS: Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute a
damaging event.
NATURAL DISASTER: A serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard causing human, material,
economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.
NATURAL DISASTER, SLOW ONSET: A disaster event that unfolds alongside and within development
processes. The hazard can be felt as an ongoing stress for many days, months or even years. Drought is a
prime example.
NATURAL DISASTER, RAPID ONSET: A disaster that is triggered by an instantaneous shock. The impact
of this disaster may unfold over the medium- or long-term. An earthquake is a prime example.
15
PHYSICAL RESOURCE: The process of engaging stakeholders and communities by analyzing and
documenting courses of action and testing them for efficiency and effectiveness.
PREPAREDNESS: Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of coping with the
effects of emergencies.
PREVENTION: Measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood or consequences of an event. This also
includes reducing the severity or intensity of an event so it does not become an emergency.
PREPAREDNESS: Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of coping with the
effects of emergencies.
PLANNING: The analysis of requirements and the development of strategies for resource utilization.
RECOVERY: Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the reconstruction or

restoration of critical infrastructure, emotional, economic and physical well being.
RELIEF: A critical control that avoids people over stressing themselves during emergencies.
RESIDUAL RISK: The remaining level of risk after risk treatment measures have been taken.
RESILIENCE: The ability to maintain function after sustaining loss. Factors contributing to resilience include
existing control measures, duplicated or redundant assets or systems, knowledge of alternatives and the
ability to implement them.
RESPONSE: Measures taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after, emergencies to ensure the
adverse consequences are minimized.
RETROFITTING (OR UPGRADING): Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant and resilient to
the forces of natural hazards.
Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the mass, stiffness, damping, load path and
ductility of materials, as well as radical changes such as the introduction of energy absorbing dampers and
base isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting include the consideration of wind loading to strengthen and
minimize the wind force, or in earthquake prone areas, the strengthening of structures.
RISK: The chance of an event that will have an impact. It is measured in terms of consequences and
likelihood. In ERM - a concept used to describe the likelihood of harmful consequences arising from the
interaction of sources of risks, communities and the environment.
RISK ACCEPTANCE: An informed decision to accept a particular residual risk.
RISK ANALYSIS: A systematic use of information to determine likelihood and consequences of events.
16
RISK AVOIDANCE: An informed decision to completely eliminate the sources of a particular risk or not
become involved in a particular risk.
RISK CONTROL: The implementation of policies, standards, procedures and physical changes to eliminate
or minimize adverse consequences.
RISK EVALUATION: The process used to determine risk management priorities by evaluating and
comparing the level of risk against predetermined standards, targets or other criteria.
RISK IDENTIFICATION :The process of determining what can happen, why and how.
RISK LEVEL: The relative measure of risk as defined by the combination of likelihood and consequence.
Usually expressed in terms of extreme, high, moderate and low.
RISK MANAGEMENT: The culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the effective
management of potential opportunities and adverse effects.
RISK REDUCTION: A selective application of techniques to reduce the likelihood or consequences of risk.
RISK RETENTION: Intentionally or unintentionally retaining the consequences of risk within the
organization.
STRUCTURAL / NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES: Structural measures refer to any physical construction

to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which include engineering measures and construction of
hazard-resistant and protective structures and infrastructure.
Non-structural measures refer to policies, awareness, knowledge development, public commitment,
and methods and operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and the provision of information,
which can reduce risk and related impacts.
SOURCE OF RISK: A real or perceived event, situation or condition with a real or perceived potential to
cause harm or loss to stakeholders, communities or environment.
TROPICAL CYCLONE: Tropical disturbance in which the maximum of the average wind speed is estimated
to be in the range 64 to 89 knots (118 to 165 km/h, force 12 in the Beaufort scale).
VULNERABILITY: The susceptibility of stakeholders, communities and environment to consequences of

events. The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes,
which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
17
CONTENTS Pg No
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 05
ACRONYMS 07
GLOSSARY 12
LIST OF TABLES 21
LIST OF MAPS 22
LIST OF CHARTS 23
LIST OF FIGURES 23
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 24
1.1 General introduction 24

1.2 December 2004 Tsunami 25
1.3 Need for the Study 25
1.4 Aim & Objectives 26
1.5 Scope & Limitation 26
1.6 Methodology 26
Chapter 2: ESTIMATING WORST CASE SCENARIO 27
2.1 Previous records of Tsunami 28

2.2 Indian Context 30
2.3 Previous records on the Indian Ocean 31
2.4 Identifying fault lines which makes TN coast vulnerable 32
2.5 Exposure To Tsunami 36
2.6 Recurrence of Tsunami 36
2.7 Conclusions 38
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Chapter 3: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA 39
3.1 Tsunami on Tamil Nadu coast 39

3.2 Districts affected By Tsunami 39
3.3 Study Area 40
3.4 Reasons for Choosing the Study Area 41
Chapter 4: ABOUT STUDY AREA 42
4.1 Location and Regional Setting 42

4.2 Geography And Topography 44
4.3 Evolution of the Settlement. 44
4.4 Demography 46
4.5 Occupational Pattern 47
4.6 Housing Typology 51
4.7 Infrastructure Facilities 52
Chapter 5: IMPACT OF TSUNAMI 54
5.1 Demographic Profile After Tsunami 54

5.2 Response To Tsunami 54
5.3 Peoples Perception 56
5.4 Views on Resettlement Planning 58
Chapter 6: VULNERABILITY INDICES 59
6.1 Identification of Inundation Zone 59

6.2 Identification of parameters that Affect the Vulnerability of
Buildings and Human. 60
6.3 Calculating Standardization Score 63
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6.4 Calculating Vulnerability Indices 68
6.5 Analysis of existing and worst case scenario 70
Chapter 7: ISSUES AND PROPOSALS 71
7.1 Building vulnerability 71

7.2 Human vulnerability 71
7.3 Resettlement views 72
7.4 Proposals 76
Chapter 08: ANNEXURE 84
ANNEXURE 1 84
ANNEXURE 2 87
ANNEXURE 3 90
ANNEXURE 4 91
ANNEXURE 5 106
Chapter 09: REFERENCES 121
20
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Five largest earthquakes in the world since 1900.
Table2.2. A global list of some historical tsunami deaths.
Table2.3 list of tsunami that affected India.
Table 2.4 Run-up level during recent tsunami at selected locations along Tamil
Nadu coast.
Table 2.5 Summary of events analyzed.
Table 2.6 List of Low / Medium / High Probability events.
Table 2.7 showing possible worst case earth quakes.
Table 2.8 Vulnerabilities against tsunami disaster along the Indian ocean in case
of the 2004 event.
Table 2.9 Estimated casualties by the hypothetical tsunami scenarios.
Table 2.10 showing natural hazard probabilities during periods of various lengths.
Table3.1 showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on population in Tamil Nadu
coastal districts.
Table3.2 showing profile of Nagapattinam District.
Table 3.3a scale of tsunami disaster In Nagapattinam.
Table 3.3b breakup of dead in Nagapattinam.
21
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1.1 shows impact of tsunami on the Indian ocean.
Map 2.1 showing potential population affected in tsunami inundation zone.
Map 2.2 showing major earth quakes in Indian ocean region.
Map 2.3 showing possible fault lines in the Indian ocean.
Map 2.4 showing no of settlements along the coast.
Map 3.1a showing the southern States of India.
Map 3.1b showing recent Tsunami & impact on Coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.
Map 3.2 showing affected villages of Nagapattinam district.
Map 4.2 showing the location of chinnangudi village in Nagapattinam district.
Map4.3 showing the settlements around Chinnangudi.
Map 4.4 a showing the reg. connectivity of chinnangudi in Nagapattinam district.
Map 4.4 b showing the hierarchy of fishing settlements in Nagapattinam district.
Map 4.5 showing the Pillaiperumal Nallur Panchayat with chinnangudi Settlement.
Map 4.6 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi and adjoining villages.
Map 4.7 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi village.
Map 4.8 showing the evolution of the chinnangudi settlement.
Map 5.1 showing the inundated area during recent tsunami.
Map 5.2 showing extend of the damage during recent tsunami.
Map 6.1 showing zones of different zones of inundation.
Map 6.2 showing houses with different type of roof.
Map 6.3 showing houses with different type of wall.
Map 6.4 showing houses with different type of floors.
Map 6.5 showing zones of different zones of inundation.
Map 6.6 showing distance of houses from the coast.
22
Map 7.1 showing concept of work and dormant settlement
Map 7.2 showing concept buffer zone.
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 4.1 showing the housing typology in Chinnangudi settlement.
Chart 7.1 Showing distributions of floor materials.
Chart 7.2 Showing distribution of plinth area in Sq.ft.
Chart 7.3 Showing distribution of wall material.
Chart 7.4 Showing distributions of roof materials.
Chart 7.5 Showing distribution of plot Area.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 shows the impact of various hazards on a coastal area.
Figure 1.2 shows the relationship between Risk, Vulnerability and Disaster and its
cycle.
Figure 2.1 Conceptual arrival of a worst-case scenario.
Figure 2.2 picture showing delft hydraulics as accessed by internet user.
23
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Coastal areas are biologically rich and aesthetically pleasing. Contains the
majority of world’s population, possesses some of the highest grade agricultural land,
accounts for the lion’s share of tourist trade and it is the growth pole of expanding
economic activity. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kms. Of which the mainland
accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250 million people live within a distance of 50 kms. From the
coast. Hence there is a great demand for the use of the coastal land. Especially the
fishing community owing to the nature of their work had depended on the coast for
livelihood and most of the fishing settlements are very near to the coast. There were
natural hazards like cyclone, Storm surges, incessant rains, sea erosion and sea level
increase which always made our coast vulnerable but the magnitude of this event was
too large...
Figure 1.1 shows the impact of various hazards on a coastal area.
24
Relation Between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster
R = H • Pop • Vul
Where
R is the risk (number of killed people.
H is the hazard, which depends on the frequency and strength of a
given hazard
Pop is the population living in a given exposed area
Vul is the vulnerability and depends on the socio-political-
economical context of this population
RISK DIAGRAM ,SCOURCE :RANDOLPH (2002)
FIGURE 1.2 SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK, VULNERABILITY

MAP4.4 A SHOWING THEAND DISASTER
REGIONAL AND ITS CYCLE.
CONNECTIVITY OF
CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
1.2 DECEMBER 2004 TSUNAMI
A large tsunami triggered due to an earthquake Offshore Sumatra at 7:58:53 AM

local time on 26 December 2004 created havoc in several countries of the Indian Ocean,
primarily Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Andaman–Nicobar (India), East Coast of India,
Sri Lanka, Somalia, Madagascar and several small islands in this area. It caused
maximum loss in terms of affected area, leaving millions of people homeless. More than
200,000 human lives are reported to have been lost and millions have been injured;
thousands are reported missing. It has affected the citizens of more than 50 countries.
The loss of property is so large that even UN officials hesitate to make an estimate and
suggest that it may take decades to normalize the situation in the affected regions.
Map1.1 shows impact of tsunami on the Indian Ocean.
1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY
From the observations we had from the recent tsunami we get to know the
inadequacies of the normal planning process as it does not consider the relevant factors
which makes the coastal settlement vulnerable during a disaster* (Tsunami). So, there is
a need to develop a planning tool, which will help us to address the vulnerability issues
on the coastal areas.
HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING INCORPORATE DISASTER RISK?

• Decisions taken today will configure disaster risk in the future
• Population movements are changing the context of disaster risk
• Development processes modify natural hazard
• Risk accumulates before being released in a disaster
• Large disasters are made up of many smaller disasters
Figure 1.2 shows the relationship between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster and its cycle.
*In this context the author has stated as post tsunami (after the recent tsunami) context in the
planning of the coastal areas as the title. Since, the recent Tsunami has given us different
dimension on the parameters to be considered for planning.
25
MAP 1.1 SHOWS IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON THE INDIAN OCEAN
1.4 AIM & OBJECTIVE
TO DEVELOP BUILDING AND HUMAN VULNERABILITY INDICES (FOR

TSUNAMI) THAT INCLUDES ALL RELAVANT PARAMETERS AND TO DERIVE
PLANNING IMPLICATIONS OUT OF IT.
Objectives
-To estimate a worst case scenario
-To identify a study area
-To identify parameters that may contribute to vulnerability and to formulate vulnerability
indices.
-To assess coastal population and buildings (study area) vulnerable to tsunami
-To work with vulnerability parameters in resettlement planning
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction

initiatives along the coastal belt. It will be difficult to present a balanced coverage of such
a broad and diverse subject, and there will be inevitable gaps and this being a new
phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited.
Nevertheless, the thesis will be of literature as well as evidence-based. The descriptions
and discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range
and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objectives stated above a conceptual framework and

methodology is formulated as shown below :
26
coast of Chile can be given; however, all coastal towns between the 36th and 44th
(latitude) parallels either were destroyed or heavily damaged by the action of the waves
and the quake. The combined Tsunami and earthquake toll included 2,000 killed, 3000
injured 2,000,000 homeless and $550 million damages. Off Corral, the waves were
estimated to be 20.4 meters (67 feet) high. The Tsunami caused 61 deaths in Hawaii,
20 in the Philippines, and 100 or more in Japan. Wave heights varied from slight
oscillations in some areas to range of 12.2 meters (40 feet) at Pitcairn Islands; 10.7
meters (35 feet) at Hilo, Hawaii and 6.1 meters (20 feet) at various places in Japan.
Table2.2. A global list of some historical tsunami deaths
YEAR PLACE NUMBER OF LIVES

LOST
1692 Port Royal, Jamaica 3000
1703 Tsunamis in Honshu, Japan following a 5000
large earthquake
1707 38 foot Tsunami, Japan 30,000
1741 Following Volcanic eruptions 30 feet wave 1400
in Japan
1753 Combine effect of an earthquake and 50,000
Tsunami in Lisbon, Portugal
1783 A Tsunami in Italy 30,000
1868 Tsunami Chile and Hawaii More than 25000
1883 Krakatoa Volcanic explosion and Tsunami 36,000
in Indonesia
1896 Tsunami Sanrika, Japan 27,000
1933 Tsunami, Sanrika Japan 3000
1946 32 foot high waves in Hilo, Hawaii 159
May 22, 1960 Along the coast of Chille Approx. 2000.
1946 Honsu, Japan Earthquake Spawan 2000
Tsunami
1964 195 foot waves engulf Kodiak, Alaska 131
after the Good Friday Earthquake
17 August 1976 Philippines 8000
19 August 1977 Indonesia 189
18 July 1979 Indonesia 540
29
CHAPTER 2: WORST CASE SCENARIO
Big earthquakes sometimes occur in clusters (for example, seven of the ten giant
earthquakes of the twentieth century occurred between 1950 and 1965,) Giant faults in
the Aceh–Andaman neighborhood have been dormant for a very long time, it is quite
possible that the recent giant earthquake and tsunami may not be the only disastrous
twenty-first-century manifestation (KERRY SIEH, March 2005, Aceh–Andaman
earthquake: What happened and what's next?, Nature 434, 573 - 574). So a worst-case
scenario is to be identified.
Table 2.1 Five largest earthquakes in the world since 1900
Year Magnitude Country

1960 9.5 Chile
1964 9.2 Prince William Sound, Alaska
1957 9.1 Andrean of Islands, Alaska
1952 9.0 Kamchatka
2004 9.0 Banda Aceh, Indonesia
SOURCE: NEIC 2004,http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html
Map 2.1 showing potential population affected in recent tsunami inundation zone.
Map 2.2 showing major earth quakes in Indian Ocean region.
The purpose of thesis is to identify and quantify the vulnerability to a hypothetical tsunami
achieving a particular wave height in a probabilistic way and not to consider physical mechanisms
or hydrodynamic characteristics of tsunami during generation, propagation or inundation.
27
MAP 2.1 SHOWING POTENTIAL POPULATION AFFECTED IN TSUNAMI INUNDATION ZONE
Major Earthquakes, 1995-2004
Eastern hemisphere
Magnitude 7.0 - 7.9 8.0 - 8.9 9.0
The sole 9.0 earthquake shown is the

Northern Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004.
MAP 2.2 SHOWING MAJOR EARTHQUAKE IN INDIAN OCEAN REGION

AIM:
To establish the probability that a tsunami of particular magnitude will occur and
therefore, that tsunami pose a major threat to Tamil Nadu.
Recurrence
periods of
Tsunami
Fig 2.1 Conceptual arrival of a worst-case scenario
2.1 PREVIOUS RECORDS OF TSUNAMI
Prior to the Tsunami of 26 December 2004, the most destructive Pacific-wide

Tsunami of recent history was generated along the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. No
accurate assessment of the damage and deaths attributable to this Tsunami along the
28
12 Sep’ 1979 New Guinea 100
12 Dec’ 1979 Columbia 500
26 May 1983 Sea of Japan Approx. 100
1998 Papua New Guinea
26 Dec. 2004 Earthquake 9.1 in Richter Scale. The Bay Approx. 170000 (+ 130000
of Bengal. Powerful Tsunami which swept missing)
several coastal areas of South East Asia
The hydrographic survey in Japan after the great Kwato earthquake of

September 1, 1923 showed that vertical displacements of the order of 100 meters had
occurred over a large area of sea floor. Tsunamis are very common over the Pacific
Ocean because it is surrounded on all sides by a seismically active belt. In the Hawain
Islands, Tsunamis approach from all directions, namely, from Japan, the Aleutian Islands
and from South America.
2.2 INDIAN CONTEXT
The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past. Waves
accompanying earthquake activity have been reported over the North Bay of Bengal.
During an earthquake in 1881 which had its epicenter near the centre of the Bay of
Bengal, Tsunamis were reported. The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused
some damage in Andaman region. This was unusual because most Tsunamis are
generated by shocks which occur at or near the flanks of continental slopes. During the
earthquakes of 1819 and 1845 near the Rann of Kutch, there were rapid movements of
water into the sea. There is no mention of waves resulting from these earthquakes
along the coast adjacent to the Arabian Sea, and it is unlikely that Tsunamis were
generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945 Mekran earthquake (magnitude
8.1) generated Tsunami of 12 to 15 meters height. This caused a huge deluge, with
considerable loss of life and property at Ormara and Pasi. The estimated height of
Tsunami at Gulf of Combay was 15m but no report of damage is available. The
estimated height of waves was about 2 meters at Mumbai, where boats were taken
away from their moorings and casualties occurred.
30
2.3 PREVIOUS RECORDS ON INDIAN OCEAN
Table2.3 list of tsunami that affected India
DATE REMARKS
326 B.C. Alexander the Great
st
Between 1 April
th
Tsunami on the Iranian coast from a local earthquake
and 9 May 1008
Karatoa 1.5 m Tsunami at Madras, 06 am at
August 27th 1883
Nagapattinam, 0.2 m at Arden
Earthquake in the western part of the Bay of Bengal
1884
Tsunamis at Port Blair, Doublet (mouth of Hoogly River)
8.1 quake in the Andaman Sea at 12.90 N,92.5o E
26th June 1941 Tsunamis on the east coast of India with amplitudes from 0.75 to 1.25 m.
Some damage from East Coast was reported.
Mekran Earthquake (Magnitude 8.1 ). 12 to 15 M wave height in Ormara in
Pasi (Mekran coast) Considerable damage in Mekran coast. In Gulf of
1945 Cambay of Gujarat wave heights of 15 meter was estimated. Damage
report from Gujarat coast was not available. The estimated height of
waves at Mumbai was about 2 meters,
th
27 November 8.25 quake 70 km south of Karachi at 24.5o N, 63.0o E Tsunami amplitude
1945 at Kutch was 11.0 to 11.5m?
Earthquake of magnitude 9.1 off north Sumatra coast generated
devastated Tsunami waves affecting several countries in South East Asia.
26th December
In India Andaman & Nicobar Island, Tamil Nadu, Pondichery, Andhra
2004
Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshdweep have been affected about 9700 people
lose their lives and about 6000 more reported missing.
Above facts indicate the coastal region of Gujarat is vulnerable to Tsunamis from
great earthquakes in Mekran coast. Earthquake of magnitude 7 or more may be
dangerous. It may be noted that all earthquake do not generate Tsunami. Research is
still being undertaken in this field. For the Indian region, two potential sources have
been identified, namely Mekran coast and Andaman to Sumatra region.
31
Table 2.4 Run-up level during recent tsunami at selected locations along Tamil Nadu
Source: Department of Ocean Development Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Chennai
2.3 IDENTIFYING
(June 2005) PreliminaryFAULT LINES
Assessment (OTHER
of Impact THAN
of Tsunami RECENT
in Selected CoastalTSUNAMI
Areas of India
2.4 IDENTIFYING FAULT LINES WHICH MAKES TN COAST VULNERABLE
To identify fault lines, which make the TN coast vulnerable, the DELFT
Hydraulics is used on which latitudes and longitudes are fed along with various
magnitudes (hypothetical values). The results show whether those lat/long can create a
tsunami and it maps out the distance until which the tsunami will spread across. Map 2.2
showing possible fault lines in Indian Ocean
DELFT MODEL
DELFT Model is a compilation as part of the overall effort that the Joint Research
Centre of the European Commission, dedicating to the Asian Tsunami event.
It aims at the presentation of the calculations, which have been performed soon after the
26th December Tsunami. Very detailed 3d models have been used worldwide to try to
explain the observed behavior of the event. In order to compare how many these models
were able to predict the real behavior they have performed a detailed analysis of the
reports and news and have reconstructed an assessed table of the events. The
32
The input data page for the Tsunami model as it appears in
the Tsunami web site. It is possible to select Longitude,
Latitude and Magnitude of the earthquake.
FIGURE 2.2 PICTURE SHOWING DELFT HYDRAULICS AS ACCESSED BY INTERNET USER

performance of the adopted models is very good with a small deviation between
calculated and actual timings.
This is further extended to the development of a new model which can be used
by the international community and in particular within the JRC Global Alert System for
the prediction of the arrival time of the Tsunami along the affected coasts. The model
and the accompanying calculation procedure are able to predict with a high level of
accuracy the correct time of arrival of the wave. The advantage of such system is that it
runs in almost null CPU time (10-15 s).
Fig 2.2 Picture showing delft hydraulics as accessed by internet user
To identify the points in the fault line which makes the Tamil Nadu coast
Vulnerable could be cumbersome and time consuming as it involves thousands of points
to be analyzed. Alternately the JRC Tsunami models yearly report can be used which
exhibits the details of all the users who have tried out various latitude, longitude and
magnitudes.
JRC TSUNAMI MODEL YEARLY REPORT FOR THE YEAR: 2005
This bulletin provides information on the use of the JRC Tsunami model as automatic
earthquake analysis system, based on USGS data events, and as users generated
events.
Table 2.5Summary of events analyzed
Number of total events analyzed 15819

Events occurred under water 7542
Too low magnitude (<6.5) 7506
Low probability (6.5-7.0) 27
Medium probability (7.0-7.5) 7
High probability (>7.5) 2
33
MAP 2.4 SHOWING NO OF SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE COAST
Table 2.6 List of low / medium / high probability events
Source Location Mag Calculation summary

northern Sumatra,
USGS 8.7 High Tsunami probability, calc. performed
Indonesia
northern Sumatra,
USGS 8.5 High Tsunami probability, calc. performed
Indonesia
USGS CELEBES SEA 7.1 Medium probability, calc. Done
Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

USGS CELEBES SEA 7.1
performed
off the coast of Northern Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

USGS 7.4
California performed
Nicobar Islands, India Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

USGS 7.2
region performed
Near East Eastern Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

EMSC 7.2
Honshu performed
New Ireland region, Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

USGS 7.3
Papua New Guinea performed
off the east coast of Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

USGS 7.3
Honshu, Japan performed
ANATAHAN REG.,
USGS NORTHERN MARIANA 6.6 Low probability, calc. done
ISLANDS
USGS VANUATU 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
USGS VANUATU 6.8 Low probability, calc. done
KEPULAUAN TALAUD,
USGS 6.6 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
INDONESIA
SOUTHERN MID-
USGS 6.6 Low probability, calc. done
ATLANTIC RIDGE
USGS SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
USGS SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8 Low probability, calc. done
34
USGS Korea Strait 6.7 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
Kepulauan Mentawai
region, Indonesia
southeast of the Loyalty

Islands
USGS south of Panama 6.9 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
USGS Nias region, Indonesia 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
south of the Kermadec

Islands
Rat Islands, Aleutian

Islands, Alaska
off the coast of Northern

California
near the coast of

Nicaragua
northern Sumatra,
Indonesia
near the east coast of

Honshu, Japan
New Britain region, Papua

New Guinea
USGS northeast of Taiwan 6.6 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
EMSC Eastern New Guinea 6.7 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed
New Britain region, Papua

New Guinea
SOURCE:JRC Tsunami Model: http://tsunami.jrc.it/model
35
Table 2.7 showing possible worst case earth quakes
northern Sumatra, High Tsunami probability, calc.

USGS 8.7
Indonesia performed
Out of 15,819 events analyzed by different uses for the last one year more than
half of the latitude and longitude do not create potential tsunami. Only 36 events have
probabilities of tsunami out of which 27 have low probability, 7 events have medium
probability and only two has high probability. So it could be concluded that an
earthquake of 8.7 Richter scale is the worst case magnitude in the Indian Ocean for
which detailed calculation is performed.
2.5 EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMIS
Coastlines have always been a favored location for human settlements. Because
of the attractiveness of coastal locations and the long gaps between devastating tsunami
events, coastal communities have continued to develop in recent times with new
housing, maritime facilities, and resort developments. As a result, the destructive force of
tsunamis threatens more people and facilities.
Map 2.4 Showing No of Settlements along the Coast
2.6 RECURRANCE TIME PERIOD OF TSUNAMI
IS THE 2004 EVENT THE WORST CASE SCENARIO? None of us can answer
the question, what is the worst case scenario to be considered for the coastal
communities of the Indian Ocean. (Shunichi KOSHIMURA and Masasuke TAKASHIMA,
Remote Sensing, GIS, and Modeling Technologies Enhance the Synergic Capability to
Comprehend the Impact of Great Tsunami Disaster)
The number of population exposed against the arbitrary height of tsunami along
the coast, so that actual number of casualties by the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster
36
corresponds to population obtained within the affected area considered by maximum
tsunami height, distance from the shoreline and land elevation. PTE is defined as the
equation (1), the population count, that is exposed against the arbitrary height of tsunami
‘η’ within an evaluation area ‘i’ which is expressed as the aggregation of evaluation unit
area ‘j ’.
j=1
(Potential Tsunami Exposure) PTE (η) i = JΣ Pij

Table 2.8 Vulnerabilities against tsunami disaster along the Indian ocean in case of the
2004 event.
ENTIRE SRI
INDONESIA INDIA THAILAND
INDIAN LANKA
OCEAN
REPORTED
297,046 236,169 35,672 16,416 8,388
CASUALTIES
VULNERABILITY (M) 4.09 2.07 5.38 5.86 5.92
The author calculates vulnerability threshold index for the recent further goes in detail to
create an estimate for four possible scenarios.
Map 2.5 showing hypothetical earthquake scenario’s along the Indian

Ocean
The present analysis suggests an estimate.
Table 2.9 Estimated casualties by the hypothetical tsunami scenarios.
ESTIMATED CASUALTY ESTIMATED CASUALTY

(THRESHOLD: 2.07M) (THRESHOLD: 5.71M)
SCENARIO (1) 3,310,923 708,323
SCENARIO (2) 1,223,236 121,574
SCENARIO (3) 1,538,711 631,332
SCENARIO (4) 1,362,972 447,135
37
MAP 2.5 SHOWING HYPOTHETICAL EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO’S ALONG THE INDIAN OCEAN
As the author states this tsunami need not be the last devastating one we will get into
the recurrence period of tsunami to Tamil Nadu coast.
If Tsunami is a 100-year event, designer can determine the probability of one or

more occurrences of that event. From the Table, assuming the lifespan of the building as
50 years, the chances of a tsunami equaling or exceeding during its lifetime is 39%. If
the useful life of the building is only 30 years, the chances of a tsunami equaling or
exceeding during its lifetime is 26 %.( Benny Kuriakose, Habitat Mapping Of
Chinnangudi).
Therefore, there is quarter chance that a person could experience tsunami.

Putting the estimated devastation for various scenarios given by the other author and
recurrence period seriousness of the issue is self explanatory. Nevertheless, designing
for tsunami gives the added advantage of facing the storm surges and other coastal
hazards, which frequent these settlements very often.
Table 2.10 Showing natural hazard probabilities during periods of various lengths
2.7 CONCLUSIONS
From the above findings we can establish the probability that a tsunami of particular
magnitude will occur and therefore, that tsunami pose a major threat to Tamil Nadu
(Chances for tsunami to reoccur in a persons life time is 39% and if so the worst case
could be 8.7 Richter scale with a wave height of 4 meters with an inundation distance of
750 mts.)
38
*The percentages shown represent the probabilities of one or more occurrences of an event of a given magnitude or larger within the specified period.
The formula for determining these probabilities is Pn = 1-(1-Pa) n, where Pa = the annual probability and n= the length of the period.
FREQUENCY- RECURRENCE INTERVAL
LENGTH
OFPERIODS 10- YEAR 25-YEAR 50- YEAR 100- YEAR 500- YEAR
(YEARS) EVENT EVENT EVENT EVENT EVENT
1 10% 4% 2% 1% 0.2%
10 65% 34% 18% 10% 2%
20 88% 56% 33% 18% 5%
25 93% 64% 40% 22% 5%
30 96% 71% 45% 26% 6%
50 99+% 87% 64% 39% 10%
70 99.94+% 94% 76% 50% 13%

100 99.99+% 98% 87% 63% 18%
Source: Coastal Construction Manual published by Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA
TABLE 2.10 SHOWING NATURAL HAZARD PROBABILITIES DURING PERIODS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS
CHAPTER 3: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA
The main idea of the study is to formulate and test the vulnerability indices for
Buildings and Human and this can be achieved only by identifying a representative
coastal segment. Emphasis of this chapter is on finding the worst affected segment of
the Indian coast.
In India there are thirteen states abutting the coastline of which four states were
badly affected during the recent Tsunami. Tamil Nadu took the major death toll of eight
thousand followed by Kerala and Andra Pradesh.
3.1 TSUNAMI ON TAMIL NADU COAST
Tamil Nadu was the worst affected state in India .The loss was to an
unprecedented extent the whole nation reaped in sorrow.
Map 3.1a Showing the southern states of India
3.2 DISTRICTS AFFECTED BY TSUNAMI
Thirteen Coastal districts of Tamil Nadu were affected in which Nagapattinam is

the worst affected district in with 6065 deaths. Length of coastal line in Tamil Nadu –
1076 Kms about 12% of coastal length of the country. Coastline in Nagapattinam 187.9
km about 15% of re coast line of Tamil Nadu.
The following table shows various coastal districts of Tamil Nadu got affected by
tsunami.
Map3.1b showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on various coastal districts of Tamil
Nadu.
Table3.1 showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on population in Tamil Nadu coastal
districts
39
MAP 3.1a SHOWING THE SOUTHERN
STATES OF INDIA.
MAP 3.1b SHOWING RECENT TSUNAMI WAVE AND ITS IMPACT ON VARIOUS
COASTAL DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU.
Source: www.nagapattinam.nic.in
No. of Houses/ Human

Sl. Districts Villages Population No.
huts Lives
No. affected affected affected Lost injured
damaged
1 Chennai 25 65322 17805 206 9
2 Kancheepuram 44 100000 7043 128 11
3 Tiruvallur 6 15600 4147 29 0
4 Cuddalore 51 99704 15200 617 214
5 Villupuram 33 78240 9500 47 30
6 Nagapattinam 73 196184 36860 6065 1922

7 Tiruvarur 0 0 0 21 0
8 Thanjavur 22 29278 3 30 421
9 Kanniyakumari 33 187650 31175 824 525
10 Thoothukudi 23 30505 735 3 0
11 Tirunelveli 10 27948 630 4 4
TABLE3.1 SHOWING RECENT TSUNAMI WAVE AND ITS IMPACT ON POPULATION IN

TAMIL NADU COASTAL DISTRICTS
3.3 STUDY AREA
Nagapattinam district, The Land of religious harmony, known for its rich religious
heritage was carved out bifurcating the composite Thanjavur district. It lies on the shores
of the Bay of Bengal between N. Lat. 10.7906 deg. and 79.8428 Deg. E. Long. An area
of 2715.83 Square kilometers in its fold. The District capital, 'Nagapattinam' lies on the
eastern coast, 350 kilometers down south from the State capital 'Chennai'. Poompuhar
(Sirkazhi block), Tharangampadi (Sembanarkoil block), Velankanni (Velankanni block),
Nagore (Nagapattinam block) and Point Calimere (Vedaranniyam block) are the main
tourist spots in the district. The first 4 tourist spots are visited throughout the year and
the last tourist spot is visited from August to March. The foreign tourist arrivals have
fluctuations and domestic tourist arrivals have been steadily increasing except in the
years 1992-93 and the tourist arrivals both domestic and foreign are estimated at 2,
99,150 during 1996.
Table3.2 Showing profile of Nagapattinam District
1. Total Area 2.7 lakh hectares.

2. Total Population 14.88 Lakhs
3. Urban Population 3.3 Lakhs
4. Rural Population 11.58 Lakhs
6. Number of affected Revenue villages 38
7. No. of affected coastal habitation 73
8. Total Coastal length in Nagapattinam 187.90 Km
Reasons for extensive damage on Nagapattinam coast was,
A) It is believed that the dual wave effect (straight waves plus diffracted waves from Sri
Lankan coast),
B) Gentle slope of continental shelf and
C) Gentle elevation of hinterland
40
D) The presence of Uppanar River and Vedaraniyam canal in the southern side. The run
up level in the northern part of Nagapattinam near Light House is close to 4 m with a
maximum inundation up to 750 mts from the coast.
Map3.2 showing affected villages of Nagapattinam district
Table 3.3 b Breakup of dead in Nagapattinam
Table 3.3 a Scale of tsunami disaster in Nagapattinam
3.4 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE STUDY AREA:
Nagapattinam was one of the most affected districts of the state.

It has a long historical record of water inundation during floods.
Nagapattinam has a strong fishing economic base where by dependency to the coast is
high.
It is also an important pilgrim / tourist attraction center.
On the first level, Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu is chosen on which a next level
analysis of the settlements which got affected by the recent Tsunami is done. After this
analysis the fishing settlement of Chinnangudi is chosen. The reasons are stated in the
next chapter.
Statistics reveal that almost all the coastal villages of Nagapattinam were evenly
affected during Tsunami with major death toll on urban areas. The type of study warrants
details of every household and with the given constrains for data collection in urban
areas (population being enormous) rural settlement is chosen for the study. Chinnangudi
in particular had the peculiarity of perpendicular growth from the coast. Logically the
death toll should have been very less compared to other settlements. But, the presence
of the river on one side and low lying area on the other side and flat terrain of the coast
made water to engulf from all the four sides.
41
SCALE OF TSUNAMI DISASTER IN NAGAPATTINAM
DETAILS TAMIL NADU NAGAPATTINAM %
HUMAN LOSS 8018 6065 76
MISSING 1126 791 70
UNIDENTIFIED 1769 1686 95
INJURED 3446 1922 56
NO. OF PERSONS 4.70 LAKH 1.9 LAKH 42

EVACUATED
TABLE 3.3a SCALE OF TSUNAMI DISASTER

IN NAGAPATTINAM
BREAKUP OF DEAD IN NAGAPATTINAM
DETAILS TAMIL NADU %
MALE 1883 31
FEMALE 2406 39
CHILDREN 887 M/889 F 30
TOTAL 6065
TABLE 3.3b BREAKUP OF DEAD IN

NAGAPATTINAM
MAP 3.2 SHOWING AFFECTED VILLAGES OF NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

CHAPTER 4: ABOUT THE STUDY AREA
Community Development Blocks in the district are: Sirkazhi, Kollidam,

Sembanarkoil, Kuttalam, Mayiladuthurai, Thirumarugal, Nagapattinam, Kilvelur,
Talanayar, and Vedaranniyam. The Nagapattinam district comprises 6 Taluks, 11 Blocks
and 497 Villages. As regards the hierarchy of administrative arrangement, there are 3
Municipalities, 10 Town Panchayat and 433 Village Panchayat in the district.
Map 4.1 a showing various blocks of Nagapattinam district
Map 4.1 b showing various blocks of Nagapattinam district
Name of the Village: Chinnangudi

Name of the Panchayat:Pillaiperumal Nallur
Name of the Block: Sembanarkoil
Location: Chinnangudi is 6 kms from Akkur, and 35 kms north of
Karaikal.
4.1 LOCATION AND REGIONAL SETTING
Chinnangudi is 6 Kms from Akkur, and 35 Kms north of Karaikal…Surrounded by

4 villages in the area Chinnangudi, Kilangal, Mundirithoppu, Kumaragudi and
Chinnamedu. Akkur is the nearest major road network where busses are available
although the district. Chinnangudi solidarity with other fishing communities along the
coast has been a critical aspect of its community life for generations.
Map4.2 showing the location of chinnangudi village in Nagapattinam district.
42
INDIA
CHINNANGUDI
MAP4.2 SHOWING THE LOCATION OF CHINNANGUDI VILLAGE IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT.

AKKUR CHINNAMEDU
KUMARAGUDI CHINNANGUDI
MUNDIRITHOPU KILANGAL
Map4.3 showing the settlements around Chinnangudi
The fishing villages along the Nagapattinam coast are organized into units of
around 16 vilages.Tharangambady is the head village of a unit that Chinnangudi is a
member. For a group of 4 such units along the Nagapattinam coast, Nambiar Nagar is
the head village. Therefore, Nambiar Nagar represents the next tier of leadership as the
leader of the four head villages.
Map 4.4 a showing the regional connectivity of chinnangudi in Nagapattinam district

Map 4.4 b showing the hierarchy of fishing settlements in Nagapattinam district
These formations exist even today, and have played a critical role in facilitating the
interactions between different fishing communities throughout Nagapattinam.
43
AKKUR
Chinnangudi CHINNANGUDI
Tarangambadi THIRUKOVILUR
TARANGAMBADI
Nambiar nagar
Three tier of hierarchy
MAP 4.4 b SHOWING THE HIERARCHY OF FISHING NAGAPATTINAM

SETTLEMENTS IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
NAMBIAR NAGAR
MAP
MAP4.4
4.4 A
a SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF
CHINNANGUDI
CHINNANGUDI IN
IN NAGAPATTINAM
NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
DISTRICT
4.2 GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY
Picture showing the chinnangudi settlement from the coastline
In chinnangudi, there are houses as close as 50 meters from the sea. There is
approximately 150 meters between the sea and the main road. Although along the shore
there are groups of sand dunes, most of those were affected during the tsunami. Along
the western side of the village there is approximately 50 acres of agricultural land.
Map 4.5 showing the pillaiperumal nallur panchayat with chinnangudi settlement
Map 4.6 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi and adjoining villages
The agricultural lands are in and around the cyclone shelter, which is at a distance of 1.5
Kms from the center of the village. There is also a river called Amman Aaru, which flows
alongside the southern side of the village and runs into the sea. This is commonly
utilized for fishing during the rough season.
Map 4.7 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi village
4.3 EVOLUTION OF THE SETTLEMENT
The existence of the village dates back at least up to 150 years. The make-up of the
village has changed significantly as the community has seen incredible growth over the
last 60 years. Physically the households used to be along the shore with the temple also
on the coast. At that time there were 150 households, 3 of which were tiled.
Map 4.8 showing the evolution of the chinnangudi settlements
44
MAP 4.5 SHOWING THE PILLAIPERUMAL
MAP4.4 NALLUR PANCHAYAT
A SHOWING WITH CHINNANGUDI
THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF
SETTLEMENT CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
MAP 4.6 SHOWING THE CONTOUR MAP OF THE
MAP4.4 CHINNANGUDI
A SHOWING AND ADJOINING
THE REGIONAL VILLAGES
CONNECTIVITY OF
CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
This dominant political force of the panchayat has been exercised in a number of
different fashions through the years. The panchayat not only prescribes the set of
principles that the entire village follows, but they also have the power to raise funds
intended for the entire village. One typical manner of collection in the past was for the
panchayat to declare a podu. As the fishermen are returning from the sea, the
panchayat declares a podu and all proceeds of the day’s catch are given directly to the
panchayat.
The streets in Chinnangudi are perpendicular to the beach in east - west direction. There
is an arterial road which is tarred and it connects the village with the nearby towns. The
village has expanded on both sides of the road. Two other streets which run in east west
direction are also quite wide. The other streets are quite narrow.
Photo showing main spine road running from

east to west perpendicular to sea
The pathways and streets together play a very important role in the social life of the
village. People sit on the verandahs fronting the streets and discuss everything from
fishing to politics. Kids have no other place to play but the streets of their village which
are free from vehicular traffic and therefore safe. Women use the streets and pathways
to meet others in the village. A child playing in the street is a quite common sight.
4.4 DEMOGRAPHY
Chinnangudi has a population of 2475 as per the Praxis report which was taken
in 2005 and this was updated by us which shows an increase of 40 numbers in one year.
There were lots of remarriages after the recent Tsunami.
46
Total Population 2515
Men 1295
Women 1220
Total Households 563
No. of children up to 1 year of age 102
No. of children between 1-5 years of age 238
No. of children above 5 years of age (up to 14) 596
No. of elderly people over 60 years of age 112
Total number of fish vendors 361
Total number of fishermen 597
Number of Widowers 9
No. of Widows 64
Photo showing the future generation of chinnangudi.
4.5 OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN
FISHING
The dynamics of the fishing community are at the core of Chinnangudi social and
economic functioning. The political economy of the fishing community would be best
understood by differentiating between livelihood fishery and investment fishery. The
‘artisanal’ or ‘traditional’ fisher folk would fall into the category of livelihood fishery while
trawler fishing would fall into investment fishery.
47
AKKUR
Chinnangudi CHINNANGUDI
Tarangambadi THIRUKOVILUR
TARANGAMBADI
Nambiar nagar
Three tier of hierarchy
MAP 4.4 b SHOWING THE HIERARCHY OF FISHING NAGAPATTINAM

SETTLEMENTS IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
NAMBIAR NAGAR
MAP
MAP4.4
4.4 A
a SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF
CHINNANGUDI
CHINNANGUDI IN
IN NAGAPATTINAM
NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
DISTRICT
Photo showing the fisherman on chinnangudi coast
The term ‘artisanal’ would better describe the 597 men who are fishing in Chinnangudi,
even though the use of motors and new nets has modernized their equipment a great
deal.
“Artisanal” fishermen broadly use three types of equipment:
(a) Sail Kattumaram,
(b) Kattumaram with Out-Board Motor (OBM), and
(c) Fiberglass boats with engines.
The investments for these various categories would be in the order of 15-16 thousand,
1.5 Lakhs and 2 - 2.5 lakhs, respectively.
Despite differences in income, they form one single group where mobility from one
category to the other is quite common.
In fishing, equipment is only one part of the game. In actuality, the three critical
components that influence returns are:
(a) Hard work

(b) Skill and knowledge, and
(c) Chance. Hence, having additional equipment does not necessarily
Translate into higher returns.
48
Photo showing the fisherman on construction and maintenance of fishing accessories
FISH FOR LOCAL MARKETS
THE FISHERMEN THEMSELVES auction the fish that are reserved for local
markets.
The buyers of these fish are typically:
1) Local Women Fish Vendors,
2) Women Fish Vendors from other villages, and
Photo showing the fisherwoman drying fish and vending fish
49
AGRICULTURE
Apart from fishery, some Chinnangudi villagers do have agricultural lands at the
outskirts of this village. It is estimated that there is approximately 50 acres of land
holdings that the villagers possess. The community members are not directly involved in
the cultivation of land, but instead view the land as an investment. The land-owning
fishermen of Chinnangudi employ laborers from the Dalit community of the next village
to tend the land. Normally agriculture work commences in the end of September and
cultivation is completed by December.
4.6 HOUSING TYPOLOGY
The government carried out a colony housing scheme in the village in the early
eighties. More than 200 houses were built in brick and cement for the walls and
reinforced concrete for the roof. Because of the poor quality of construction, many of
them deteriorated very fast. In many cases, the villagers changed the RCC roof into
thatch or tiled according to their financial capacity.
Chart 4.1 showing the housing typology in Chinnangudi settlement.
A few houses have been abandoned by their owners. Now there are only 53
houses which survive more or less in the original condition. All these 53 houses are in a
very bad shape today, but people are living in them because of no alternative. Other
than this most of the houses are tiled and thatched except few concrete houses.
51
3) Cycle Vendors.
Considering the limited period when fish is fresh, vendors often partake in the
process of fish drying, when the local market is unable to absorb a catch. This occurs
when a particular day’s catch is not sold or when there is a “bumper catch”. A “bumper
catch” refers to an unusually high catch. Since the demand for fresh fish will not
significantly increase despite variations of supply, when there is an abundant catch, the
drying of fish becomes quite popular. Typically, the process of fish drying is undertaken
by larger fish vendors, because of the investment that is required to hold stock during
the lag-time of drying. Dried fish last for a period of 6 months to one year, and merchants
come to Chinnangudi to purchase the dry fish from local vendors.
Local Market Vending Patterns
1 SMAL L WOMEN FISH VENDORS
a. Travel a maximum of 5 kilometers by foot
b. Sell to nearby villages
c. Typically occasional sellers in the market
d. Off-take will be between Rs. 100-1000 daily
e. Short-term credit is available
2 LARGE WOMEN FISH VENDORS
a. Travel by bus up to a distance of 50 kms away (Kumbakonam)
b. Typically daily fish sellers (but also occasional as well)
c. Off-take will be between Rs. 500-5000 daily
d. Short-term credit is available
3 CYCLE VENDORS
a. Travel by moped up to a distance of 50 kms away
b. No credit is available - occasionally a local resident will stand as a
Guarantor for the vendor which will allow them to receive credit
c. Typically Dalits
50
The water they receive through the taps is used for drinking and cooking only, because
the water is very salty and not potable. The families complained that the water that they
get (2 or 3 pots on an average) is not enough for all their household needs. A family of 5
needs at least 10 pots per day to cover all their needs like drinking, cooking, bathing,
washing, etc. It is the women who fetch water from the taps. They spend at least an hour
fetching water everyday. Many people in Chinnangudi do not bathe in fresh water
everyday. If they stay in the village itself they use the salt water from the hand pumps to
wash themselves.
53
4.7 INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
The connectivity to Chinnangudi is quite good. Every half an hour there is a bus
servicing Chinnangudi between 5:30 am to 6 pm. In addition to government buses, there
is also a mini-bus and private bus regularly providing service. The availability of transport
facilities has allowed a number of the Chinnangudi women to partake in vending. The
Chinnangudi bus stop is located at the center of the village across from the ration shop.
In terms of communication facilities, there are 40 private telephone connections within
the community. There are also 15 community members that have mobile phones. Yet,
there is no public telephone facility in the village.
Chinnangudi is equipped with a public address facility that is in the temple.
WATER FACILITIES
In chinnangudi, there are two water tanks and 54 piped connections throughout the
village. There is an average of 5 tap connections on every street.
The water they receive comes from Madapuram which is about 10 Kms from
Chinnangudi. A bore hole there pumps water to 5 villages in the area Chinnangudi,
Kilangal, Mundirithoppu, Kumaragudi and Chinnamedu.
Photo showing water tank in the settlement
52
CHAPTER 5: IMPACT OF TSUNAMI
Chinnangudi was devastated by the tsunami with 137 houses fully destroyed,
and an additional 131 partially damaged. Houses were damaged along with Lakhs worth
of fishing gear and nets. These material losses are trivial in comparison to the 48 deaths
which the village suffered, 22 of which were children.
5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE- AFTER TSUNAMI
Total Households 563

Women headed households 110
No. of houses partially destroyed 123
No. of houses fully destroyed 134
No. of Total Deaths by Tsunami 48
Photo showing tsunami devastation
5.2 RESPONSE TO THE TSUNAMI
The enormity of the emergency was very slow to sink in for both the government
and civil society. Like in most emergencies, the government was slow to step in. Civil
society including NGOs, the public, religious groups, immediately swung into initially
chaotic and later more organized relief work. After the immediate search and clearing
operation was over, NGOs have stepped in with a variety of relief measures ranging
from providing food, shelter, water, etc. to psycho-social counseling.
54
Photo showing tsunami temporary shelters and reconstruction activity.
The government has constructed 140 temporary shelters, while NGOs have established
an additional 45 shelters.
SIFFS and SNEHA have made a commitment to the rehabilitation of the village and
have begun initiating some long-term livelihood programming.
Additional NGO’s such as EFFICOR, KNH- Germany, and CCYA Bangalore have also
initiated post tsunami reconstruction activities.
Source: www, praxis.org,
TSUNAMI WAVE
The water flow pattern of the wave was dictated by the topography of the land to
a considerable extent. The core of the village is on higher ground compared to the
peripheral areas of the village, which caused the wave to rush in faster around the
northern and southern peripheries of the village. These waters came in with great force
(unimpeded, due the flat profile of the land, the lack of any obstruction in the form of
vegetation or man made structures) and met each other at the far end of the village
(close to the temple) causing great damage to life and property.
Map 5.1 showing the inundated area during recent tsunami
This analysis is validated by the data on death pattern vis-à-vis the spread of dead
bodies which shows that 60% of the dead bodies were found at the seaward end of the
village (with which the wave made first contact) and the 40% at the western end of the
55
B
A
Y
O
WATER UNENTERED
AREA
F
B
E
LEGEND N
G
HOUSES
Amm A
CONTOUR LINES
an A L
25MTS GRID aru
SEA
TSUNAMI INUNDATION
WATER UNENTERED
AREA
MAP 5.1 SHOWING THE INUNDATED AREA DURING RECENT TSUNAMI

village, close to the temple area. The built environment and open spaces also had a role
to play in dictating the inundation pattern.
Map 5.2 showing the extend of damage during recent tsunami
5.3 PEOPLES PERCEPTION
For generations the fishing community has been in possession of the coastal
land of chinnangudi. Considering the nature of the fishing community’s history, many of
its members do not possess “official paperwork” in reference to the land that they have
inhabited for generations. In the chaos following the tsunami, it is critical that the fishing
community retains possession of their land. In all likelihood, the politicians and private
companies may manipulate this tragedy to gain control of the precious land that has
rightfully been out of their reach for years. The government has already pressured the
fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they are willing to move off of their land if new
housing is provided elsewhere.
Photos showing reconstruction activities after tsunami
The Chinnangudi community members are quite clear about how they want to approach
the controversial issue of resettlement. As they see it, they have an inalienable right to
the coastal land that has been with their community for generations, and is an
inseparable aspect of their lives and livelihood. On the other hand, after the events of the
tsunami they also see it as necessary to build secure houses for their families at a safe
distance away from the coast.
56
B
A
OHT
O
F
B
LEGEND E
N
Damaged before Tsunami (Major) - Amm
Damaged before Tsunami (Minor) - an A G
aru
Damaged afterTsunami (Major) - A
Damaged after Tsunami (Minor) -
L
No damage -
MAP 5.2 SHOWING THE EXTEND OF DAMAGE DURING RECENT TSUNAMI

The following reasons explain Chinnangudi position towards resettlement:
TO RETAIN EXISTING LAND:

- Inalienable right to coastal land
- Sense of Belonging, lived there for generations
- Proximity to the sea is essential for fishing operations
-Storage of equipment
- On-shore activities (maintenance of nets, etc.)
TO BUI LD NEW SETTLEMENT:

- Safety
- The security of their families, while they are at sea
It is necessary for the fisher folk to retain their existing land in order to facilitate their
fishing activities. It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats
And nets, every morning at 2 am to the coast and prepares to go out to sea.
Therefore, it is essential that the community owns the coastal land in order to store the
equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe distance
from the sea.
The panchayat has established a unified position amongst the whole village,
Photo showing reminders of the recent tsunami
57
CHAPTER 6: VULNERABILITY INDICES
Examination of published tsunami risk maps indicates that tsunami flood risk
(and therefore damage to people and structures) is traditionally assumed to be uniform
within the expected flood zone. However, recent tsunami showed that population and
infrastructure within a given flood zone are not uniformly at risk (Papathoma, 2003;
Papathoma et al., 2003). This is because risk, that is the probability of damage, is
intimately related to vulnerability, which measures the potential for damage. Vulnerability
in turn, is related to a series of parameters that include amongst others: the presence of
on and off-shore protective barriers , distance from the shore, depth of flood water,
building construction standards, preparedness activities, socio-economic status and
means, level of understanding and hazard perception and amount of warning and ability
to move away from the flood zone.
6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE INUNDATION ZONE
This study is interested in applying a method that is easy to utilize by different

end-users and flexible enough to be applied in other places of the coast with minimal
changes. This study considers the identification of the inundation zone without taking
into consideration the tsunami source and offshore bathymetry in order to be simple,
easy and realistic.
59
The run-up does not equal the tsunami height on the shore and the run-up heights will
show variation along the coastline due to several factors (Camfield F. E.: Tsunami
effects on coastal structures, J. Coast. Res., Special Issue No 12, Coastal Hazards,
177–187, 1994.) .Since the run-up cannot be calculated, the safest option for the
identification of the potential inundation zone is to define it as the area between the
coastline and the contour of the highest recorded tsunami. Therefore in an area where
the highest recorded tsunami (in the settlement) was 2.5 m, the inundation zone will be
the area between the coastline and the 2.5m contour. It is understood that the depth of
water during a tsunami will differ according to the ground elevation.
Therefore, the inundation zone in chinnangudi village will be divided into Inundation
Depth Zones or
IDZs on the basis of the topographic contours:
High IDZ (ground elevation 0 − 1 m),

Medium IDZ (ground elevation 1−1.5m),
Low IDZ (ground elevation 1.5−2 m)
and Very Low IDZ (ground elevation 2 − 2.5 m).
The IDZ’s are used as a background for the maps that display the spatial distribution of
the vulnerability of individual buildings. It is understood that buildings located within the
high IDZ will have to be the priority of the local authorities/ planners etc. since the
damage of the buildings will be more significant.
Map 6.1 showing zones of different zones of inundation
6.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT THE

VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS AND PEOPLE
Field surveys of tsunami events in previous Tsunami's (Maramai, A. and Tinti, S.:
Coastal effects and damage due to the 3rd June Java tsunami. in: Perspectives on
60
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)
B
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
A
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
Y
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.) O

F
LEGEND
PLOT BOUNDARY B
HOUSES ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)
CONTOUR LINES E
25MTS GRID
SEA Amm N
RIVER an A G
ZONE A (0-1 mtr.) aru ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)
ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.) A
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.) L
MAP 6.1 SHOWING ZONES OF DIFFERENT ZONES OF INUNDATION

5.4 VIEWS ON RESETTLEMENT PLANNING
FOR GENERATIONS THE fishing community has been in possession of the coastal
land of Chinnangudi.
The government has already pressured the fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they
are willing to move off of their land if new housing is provided elsewhere.
It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats and nets, every morning at 2 am to the
coast and prepare to go out to sea.
Therefore, it is essential that the community should own the coastal land in order to store
the equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe
distance from the sea.
For the women, their premier concern is the safety of their children, and they believe
that living 1 km. from the sea is the best way to ensure that.
Photo showing community gathering discussing on

issues of the recent tsunami
Keeping this in mind three situations are worked out of total, partial and no relocation of
the settlement and various aspects of legal, financial and functional are worked out.
58
The importance of the criteria is connected with the mitigation measures that may
Be taken. This is why the criteria that are concerned with the condition of the house are
higher in the range of importance than the criteria that relate to the surroundings.
This is because it is felt that the condition of the house can change more easily and with
less cost than its location. Relocation of buildings, construction of break waters and sea
defenses or coastal engineering works is frequently very expensive. On the other hand,
reinforcement of buildings and protection with surrounding walls is easier and cheaper
and may protect the building from other types of natural disasters.
The vulnerability of each building (BV) in the inundation zone is then calculated as
follows:
BV = (7xa)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)
Where:
(a) The standardized score that is related to the material of the building;
(b) The standardized score that is related to the elevation of the building from MSL;
(c) The standardized score that is related to the distance from sea of the building;
(d) The standardized score that is related to the number of floors;
(e) The standardized score that is related to the condition of the building (age);
(f) The standardized score that is related to the presence of surroundings in front of the
building and;
(g) The standardized score that is related to the natural barriers in front of the
settlement.
HV = BV x P
(where HV- Human vulnerability, BV- Building Vulnerability ),
Building Vulnerability = {(7x a)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)}

(Where a,b,c,d,e,f,g-standardization score )
Population (house hold) = {A x male population +B x female population +C x
62
children population}
It was evident from the recent Tsunami the entire population was not evenly affected.
Children were the most affected and next were female population and least was male
population. So the household population is also given a standardization score.
6.3 CALCULATING STANDARDIZATION SCORE
BUILDING COMPONENT
(a) The standardized score that is related to the material of the building;
Ultimately it depends on the building material type of the settlement. Lot of incidents
could be related from the recent Tsunami for examples a stretch of concrete houses very
near to the coast were un-affected because of the solidity of construction and materials.
At the same time building material is not the sole criteria for people to be saved from
tsunami.
a = summation of a1+a2+a3
Photo showing a typical thatched roof house
Photo showing a tiled roof house
63
Tsunami Hazard Reduction, edited by Hebenstreit, D., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1–
20, 1997.) demonstrate the importance of several characteristics of buildings that
contribute to their vulnerability. These characteristics were identified and collected for
each building within the potential inundation zone together with data concerning the
population, building use and so forth. The empirical data were collected from the field
survey. The entire settlement of 563 families was surveyed (scheduled interview).
The data collected for each building may be divided into three categories:
(A) Quantitative (population, population density, number of households);
(B) Qualitative (condition, building surroundings, natural environment, etc.) and
(c) Descriptive (e.g. land use).
The qualitative data are used for the calculation of the vulnerability of individual
buildings. The first step is the standardization of the raw data collected using the
following formula:
Standardized score I = raw score I / maximum raw score
Since the factors do not affect vulnerability equally, they have to be ranked according to
their importance. The criteria are arranged in order of importance and a weight factor is
applied
The criteria, their ranking and weight factor
CRITERIA WEIGHT FACTOR

Building component(roof ,wall &floor) 7
Elevation of house from MSL 6
Row (distance from the sea ) 5
No of floors 4
Condition of ground floor (age of the building) 3
Surrounding (compound wall &vegetation) 2
Natural environment 1
61
Photo showing a typical concrete house
ROOF: (a1)
Thatched, Palm leaves, etc. ---------- Raw Score -4

Tiled-------------------------------------- Raw Score -3
Asbestos------------------------------- Raw Score -2
Concrete-------------------------------- Raw Score- 1
Standardized Score for Thatched roof is = 4/4
Standardized Score for Tiled roof is = 3/4
Map 6.2 showing houses with different type of roof materials
WALL: (a2)
Thatched, Palm leaves, etc. ---- Raw Score -3

Mud wall-------------------------- Raw Score - 2
Brick ---------------------------------Raw Score -1
Standardized Score for Thatched wall = 3/3
Standardized Score for Mud wall = 2/3
Map 6.3 showing houses with different type of wall materials
FLOOR: (a3)
Mud --------------------------------- Raw Score -3

Cement----------------------------- Raw Score -2
Mosaic---------------------------- - Raw Score -1
Standardized Score for Mud floor is = 3/3
64
B
A
Y
O
F
LEGEND
B
CONTOUR LINES
25MTS GRID
E
SEA
RIVER Amm N
THATCHED,PALMS an A G
TILED aru
ASBESTORS
CONCRETE
A
L
MAP 6.2 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF ROOF

B
A
Y
O
F
LEGEND B
CONTOUR LINES
25MTS GRID
E
SEA
Amm N
RIVER
an A G
THATCHED
MUD
aru
BRICK WALL
A
L
MAP 6.3 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF WALL

Standardized Score for Cement floor = 2/3
Map 6.4 showing houses with different type of floors
ELEVATION OF HOUSE FROM MSL
(b) The standardized score that is related to elevation of the building from MSL;
Elevation and population affected have close relation during tsunami. Settlement, which
has elevation more than 3m, in cuddalore district, had no property damage or human
loss during recent TSUNAMI (sustainable development plan for tsunami affected coastal
stretch of Cuddalore, Planning Project -SAP, chennai, 2004)
FOUR ZONES ARE FORMULATED

Zone A (0-1m) ------------------ Raw Score -4
Zone B (1-1.5m) ---------------- Raw Score -3
Zone C (1.5-2m) ---------------- Raw Score -2
Zone D (2-2.5m) ---------------- Raw Score- 1
Standardized Score for Zone A is = 4/4
Standardized Score for Zone B is = ¾
Map 6.5 showing houses in different elevation zones
ROW (DISTANCE FROM THE SEA)
(c) The standardized score that is related to the distance from sea of the building;
Maximum inundation on Tamil Nadu coast during recent tsunami was 1.2 Kms. Here
water entered into the settlement from all four direction which quite dissimilar from the
other settlements. So the general calculation of no of row of the house has to be slightly
modified.
DISTANCE OF HOUSE FROM HTL---- C

Row 1---------------Raw Score - 4
Row 2---------------Raw Score - 3
Row 3---------------Raw Score - 2
65
B
A
Y
O
F
LEGEND B
CONTOUR LINES
25MTS GRID
E
SEA
Amm N
RIVER
an A G
CEMENT FLOORING
MUD /COW DUNG
aru
MOSAIC,TILES A
L
MAP 6.4 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF FLOORS

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)
B
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
A
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
Y
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

F
LEGEND
PLOT BOUNDARY B
HOUSES ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)
CONTOUR LINES E
25MTS GRID
SEA Amm N
RIVER an A G
ZONE A (0-1 mtr.) aru ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)
ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.) A
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.) L
MAP 6.5 SHOWING ZONES OF DIFFERENT ZONES OF INUNDATION

Row 4---------------Raw Score – 1
Standardized Score for Row 1 is = 4/4
Standardized Score for Row 2 is = 2/4
Map 6.6 showing distance of houses from the coast
NO OF FLOORS
(d) The standardized score that is related to the number of floors;

The field survey has given us the details of building height and no. of floors. Settlement
being a village and the type of occupation and the housing typology they have gone for
did not warrant for a vertical growth of the buildings. Out of 563 houses less than 10
buildings had more than one floor.
Photo showing building which has a first floor-a rare case
CONDITION OF GROUND FLOOR (AGE OF THE BUILDING)
(e) The standardized score that is related to the condition of the building (age);
FOUR ZONES ARE FORMULATED

A (15 years and above) ------------- Raw Score -4
B (10-15 years of age) -------------- Raw Score -3
C (5-10 years of age) --------------- Raw Score -2
D (0-5 years of age) ---------------- Raw Score- 1
66
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)
B
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
A
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
Y
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

Row 4 Row 3
F
LEGEND
PLOT BOUNDARY
Row 1
HOUSES
CONTOUR LINES
B
ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)
25MTS GRID
SEA
Row 2 E
RIVER
ZONE A (0-1 mtr.) Amm N
ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)
an A G
ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)
ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)
aru ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)
ROW 1 A
ROW 2
ROW 3 L
ROW 4
MAP 6.6 SHOWING DISTANCE OF HOUSES FROM THE COAST

Standardized Score for A is = 4/4
Standardized Score for B is = ¾
SURROUNDING (COMPOUND WALL &VEGETATION)
(f) The standardized score that is related to the presence of surroundings in front of the
building and;
VEGETATION AND COMPOUND WALL
No vegetation cover--------------- Raw Score - 3

Scrub and low vegetation---------------Raw Score - 2
Trees and dense scrub--------------- Raw Score - 1
Standardized Score for No vegetation is = 3/3
Standardized Score for Scrub & low veg. is = 2/3
Map 6.7 showing compound wall and vegetation of settlement
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
(g) The standardized score that is related to the natural barriers in front of the
settlement.
During the present episode of tsunami in the Indian coast, the following preliminary
observations are made:
a) The maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast.
b) High causalities are found in most thickly populated areas.
c) The mangroves, forests, sand dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural
barriers against the tsunami.
67
d) Heavy damage is reported in areas where sand dunes were heavily mined (e.g.
Nagapattinam & Kolachal) and where coastal vegetation was less.
Vegetation to a greater extent reduce the impact of tsunami
VEGETATION AND NATURAL BARRIERS:
No vegetation covers (high vulnerability).

Scrub and low vegetation (moderate vulnerability).
Trees and dense scrub (low vulnerability).
No vegetation cover--------------- Raw Score - 3

Scrub and low vegetation---------------Raw Score - 2
Trees and dense scrub--------------- Raw Score - 1
Standardized Score for No vegetation is = 3/3
Standardized Score for Scrub & low veg. is = 2/3
6.4 CALCULATING VULNERABILITY INDICES
HUMAN VULNERABILITY = BUILDINGVULNERABILITY X POPULATION
Human vulnerability is a factor of building vulnerability and population .The recent

Tsunami reinstated very clearly that age and gender determined the degree of
vulnerability. With this as the basis the standardization score for the population is worked
for the entire settlement. For example if a household has a population of six members
with adult male population of two, adult female population of two and children population
of two. Then, the standardization score is:
Male population ---------- Raw score- 1

Female population ------ Raw score- 2
Children population ----- Raw score- 3
68
Standardization score for male population = 1/3
Standardization score for female population = 2/3
Standardization score for children population = 3/3
Calculation of the vulnerable population with respect to age and gender =
Male population X standardization score for male population

+ Female population X standardization score for Female population
+ Children population X stand. Score for Children population
For the above household with a population of six numbers the vulnerable
population is (i.e. age and gender) is,
= 2X 1/3 +2X 2/3 +2 X 3/3.
= 4.
Four members are vulnerable (i.e. age and gender) in that particular house which has
population of six.
Let us calculate the Human vulnerability of a house hold with the following: brick wall,
thatched roof, cement flooring, elevation zone of A, distance row 2, single floor, newly
built building and good surroundings (compound wall and trees), poor natural
surroundings.
BV = (7xa)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)
BV= (7x (1/3+3/3+2/3) + (6x3/3) + (5x2/4) + (4x2/2) + (3x1/4) + (2x2/3) + (1x2/3))
Building Vulnerability Index=29.3
Human vulnerability index = 29.3 x 4 = 117.3
Same way the building and human vulnerability index is calculated for the entire
settlement.
69
6.5 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING AND WORST CASE SCENARIO
The existing situation refers to the Tsunami which occurred recently wherein we
had a wave height of 2.1 mts. in the chinnangudi settlement and a worst case scenario
refers to the situation wherein a hypothetical assumption of 4 mts wave height from the
mean sea level. For both the scenario the vulnerability index for human and buildings
are calculated. The parameter of the index mainly the elevation gets changed in both the
scenario. The results showing increase of vulnerability Index validates the assumption
on vulnerability index. Based on these analyses the issues are raised and the proposals
are worked out.
70
CHAPTER 7: ISSUES AND PROPOSALS
7.1 BUILDING VULNERABILITY
From The analysis of the vulnerability indices for building vulnerability as

discussed in the previous chapter we have arrived at the following:
200 houses are very highly vulnerable (35%)

150 houses are highly vulnerable (27%)
100 houses are moderately vulnerable (18%)
113 houses are less vulnerable (20%)
Considering the above figures we conclude that 62% (35% + 27%) of the buildings are
extremely vulnerable in case of an occurrence of a tsunami.
7.2 HUMAN VULNERABILITY
Human vulnerability in the context of tsunami depends both on spatial and

temporal factors. There is always a flux in the density of the population along the coastal
areas during the Day and night times, summer and winter, week days and week ends,
festive and non festive seasons.
Due to The limited scope of the study the assumptions for chinnangudi is that at any
given point of time, the entire household population is in the house (during night time).
When we consider the Human vulnerability for tsunami, gender and age of the
population play an important role as it was well seen in the recent tsunami. Even in the
case of Chinnangudi, the total death toll was 46, of which the numbers of children were
22.
Children, female, elderly and disabled were the most vulnerable.
As far as the land use pattern of Chinnangudi is considered, almost 98% of the
settlement area comes under Residential use wherein the building vulnerability is the
dominant deciding criteria for human vulnerability along with age and gender.
Human vulnerability as discussed in the previous chapters is a factor of building
71
vulnerability and population.
From The analysis of the vulnerability indices for human vulnerability as discussed in the
previous chapter we have arrived at the following:
800 people very highly vulnerable (32%)

700 people are highly vulnerable (28%)
400 people are moderately vulnerable (16%)
600 people are less vulnerable (24%)
Considering the above figures we conclude that 60% (32% + 28%) of the people are
extremely vulnerable in case of an occurrence of a tsunami.
7.3 RESETTLEMNT VIEWS
Based on these findings and the perception of the people the planning issues
have to be addressed. After tsunami the major issues to be addressed is the
resettlement planning are
FOR GENERATIONS THE fishing community has been in possession of the coastal
land of Chinnangudi.
The government has already pressured the fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they
are willing to move off of their land if new housing is provided elsewhere.
It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats and nets, every morning at 2 am to the
coast and prepare to go out to sea.
Therefore, it is essential that the community should own the coastal land in order to store
the equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe
distance from the sea.
For the women, their premier concern is the safety of their children, and they believe
that living 1 km. from the sea is the best way to ensure that.
72
The Author has done a detailed study on the current status of the Rehabilitation
measures and Resettlement proposals of all the settlements of Nagapattinam district.
Neatly tabulated in the ANNEXURE - 4.
It is very clear that ample of funds we available at disposal for the rehabilitation
measures. Most of them addressed the short term requirements of the fishing
settlement. The non governmental organizations played a key role in these activities.
When it comes to the issue of resettlement planning lot of questions are unanswered.
For any coastal resettlement planning after tsunami, three broad methods are
applicable:
TOTAL RELOCATION
Total relocation is the idealistic way to battle against tsunami. With the assurance
and efforts made by the governmental and non governmental agencies to pool up funds
for the rehabilitation measures definitely opens scope for total relocation. But the real
question lies whether the entire coast afford for a total relocation. Nagapattinam alone
has more than 73 settlements which got affected by Tsunami.
ISSUE 1: Identification of land
The issue starts in the identification of the new land. In chinnangudi the
government is willing to give a land (one km. from the coast) at free of cost for total
relocation. But that land (13 acres) alone will not be sufficient. Private land owners have
seen this as opportunity and raised their land value to many folds. Land alone will cost
around Six Crores as per the market value.
ISSUE 2: Allocation of plot area
Pie chart shows the size of land holdings of each household which on an
average is more than three cents. But there is mechanism or provisions to pay
compensation for people who have existing land of more than 3 cents. This amounts to
30 percent of the house hold who are strongly refusing for relocation.
73
ISSUE 3: Allocation of plinth area
Pie chart shows the plinth area sizes in existing settlement. Government is willing
to build 250-300 Sq.ft. of plinth area. But, majority of the houses have more plinth area
than 300 Sq.Ft.
ISSUE 4: How is the government going to protect the existing land when there is
going to be total relocation of the settlement?
The total relocation can also lead to other complications like the protection the
existing land which the fishermen are not willing to give away. So, ultimately the issue of
safety is not going to be addressed. They will hold the existing land as well as get newly
proposed houses.
ISSUE 5: Transportation of fishing gear.
As it was evident from the study of their fishing timing (they go and come back at
odd hours). Safety and transportation of their nets and motor will be a major issue. This
74
issue creates a need to develop a work area and dormant settlement concept.
Conceptual sketch of this is shown in the map 7.1.
Map 7.1 showing concept of work and dormant settlement
PARTIAL RELOCATION
Around 136 houses got totally damaged in the recent tsunami which the NGO’s
and the governmental agencies have given a commitment to rebuild. But the problem
with the partial relocation is the separation of the settlement’s community living. 25 % of
the settlement will be relocated. As we have seen from the nature of the fishing
settlement to live close knitted and closer to the coast partial relocation also seems to be
questionable.
NO RELOCATION
The fabric of the settlement will be appreciated best when it regains its
existing form prior to tsunami since the settlement had taken years to evolve.
That is where the real challenge lies to the planners to not to disturb the existing
conditions as well as to protect the settlement from vulnerabilities.
As discussed above on the resettlement views considering the occupational

difficulties, legal difficulties. Ancestral attachment to their properties, cost involved in
total relocation, it seems practical to accept that total relocation cannot take place.
75
B
A
Y
DORMANT SETTLEMENT
AUCTION CENTRE O
F
B
WORK AREA
E
LEGEND
N
CONTOUR LINES
25MTS GRID EMBARKMENT G
SEA
RIVER A
WORK AREA
O
EMBARKMENT L
DORMANT SETTLEMENT
MAP 7.1 SHOWING CONCEPT OF WORK AND DORMANT SETTLEMENT

B
A
MANGROVE
VEGETATION Y
O
CRZ 50 MTS
F
CRZ 200 MTS
B
CASURINA VEGITATION
E
LEGEND
N
CONTOUR LINES
25MTS GRID G
SEA
RIVER A
O L
MAP 7.2 SHOWING CONCEPT BUFFER ZONE

7.4 PROPOSALS
The resettlement planning should focus on methods by which the vulnerability
indices can be brought down to acceptable levels through various planning measures.
This can be achieved through changes in the vulnerability index shown below.
Building component(roof ,wall &floor)

Elevation of house from MSL
Row (distance from the sea )
No of floors
Condition of ground floor (age of the building)
Surrounding (compound wall &vegetation)
Natural environment
BUILDING COMPONENT
Floor, Wall and Roof are the basic components of a building. Weight ages to these
components in arriving at the human vulnerability are very high as the entire population
is assumed to be inside the building.
FLOOR MATERIAL
Majority of the houses in chinnangudi are having cement flooring in their houses.
Cleanliness is the main reason for having cement as flooring material.
Chart 7.1 Showing distribution of floor

74% of the houses have cement and
76
mosaic flooring put together. To improvise the index against vulnerability only 26% of the
houses have to be reworked.
Chart 7.2 Showing distribution of plinth area in sq.ft.
COST FOR CEMENT FLOORING

On a average the plinth area of the houses are 400 sq.ft.
26 % of the house amounts to 145 nos.
Cost of P.C.C. and cement flooring over it per square feet = 50 Rs/-
Total cost required – 145 X 50 X 400 – Approximately 25 lakh.
WALL MATERIAL
The superstructure of 75% of the houses in chinnangudi is built with bricks .the locally
available natural material. Remaining only 25% of the houses needs attention
Chart 7.3 Showing distribution of wall
77
COST FOR BRICK WALL
25 % of the house amounts to 140 nos.
Cost of brick wall per square feet = 150 Rs/-( inclusive of foundation)
9” brick wall ( 10’ height) 120 Rft for 400 sq.ft
Total cost required – 140 X 600 Cft X 400 – Approximately 1 crore.
ROOF MATERIAL
About 59% of the houses are having thatch which are made from either coconut or palm
thatch. 19% of the houses are made of R.C.C. roof.
Chart 7.4 Showing distribution of roof materials
About 300 Houses Have To Be Provided With R.C.C. Roof. Out of which 140 houses
have been totally damaged by Tsunami any how that has to be rebuilt.
COST FOR R.C.C. ROOF

59 % of the house amounts to 300 nos minus 140 houses = 160 nos.
Cost of R.C.C. roof @ Rs. 125 per square feet
Total cost required – 160 X .375 X 400 X 125 – Approximately 3 crore.
78
ELEVATION
Elevating the existing building is not practically possible. But there are around
140 houses which are totally damaged for which the elevation can be improved by
having them in stills. This gives the flexibility for water to pass through the event of
tsunami. Present average elevation of the settlement is about 1 mtr. From mean sea
level this can be improvised to 2- 2.5 mts. from mean sea level.
COST FOR NEW HOUSES

140 houses to be reconstructed.
Cost of construction@ Rs. 300 per square feet
Total cost required – 300 X 400 X 140 – Approximately 1 crore.
DISTANCE FROM SEA
During recent Tsunami water entered from all four directions and this made the
settlement more vulnerable. Reasons for this are: Low lying wetland on the northern side
of the settlement and river on the southern side formed a channel for the water to
surround the village. If we can curtail the entry of the water from the river on the
southern side with bankment on northern side slightly higher (1 mtr. From other bank)
than southern side and from the lowlands on northern side by having mangrove
vegetation.
NUMBER OF FLOORS
In the present less than 10 buildings out of 563 buildings have first floor to get elevated
during event of disaster. As we have planned to go for R.C.C. roof for the entire
settlement it creates scope to be used as mode of escape during tsunami.
MAP SHOWING THE PROPOSALS OF EMBANKMENT AND MANGROVE VEGETATION.
79
COST FOR BANKMENT AND MANGROVE CULTIVATION
Approximate area of mangrove a forestation 2 sq.km.
Cost of forestation @ Rs. 1 per square meter
Total cost required – Approximately 20 lakh.
Bankment for a length of 700 mts.( random rubble masonry)
Cost @ Rs/- 1000 per running meter.
Total cost required Rs/- 7,00,000
BUILDING SURROUNDINGS AND COMPOUND WALL
Vegetation, scrubs, creepers can to a great extent reduce the impact of tsunami on
buildings. Compound wall has in-fact saved lot of houses on the southern side of the
settlement. Compound wall could be built for the entire settlement which will reduce the
direct impact of Tsunami on buildings. Already 20 % of the houses have compound wall
Chart 7.5 Showing distribution of plot Area
80
COST FOR BUILDING COMPOUND WALL
Assuming average plot size of 4 cents
Total running feet – 180
Compound wall height- 5 feet
Cost of hollow block construction with material @ Rs. 50 per sq.ft.
Total cost required –450 X 30 X 5X 180 Approximately 50 lakh.
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS
Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding
on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild
to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and
management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and
off shore breakers as artificial barriers.
ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION
One town in Thailand that survived almost unscathed had built a sea wall of huge
concrete pyramids across their coastline. A new-type seawall constructed in Japan. This
seawall has a buffer zone to prevent coastal inundation due to overtopping waves. The
waves overtopped the front face of the seawall can permeate a buffer zone installed in
front of the original seawall
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION
Among the major disadvantages are the high cost of building these structures,
particularly off shore breakwaters and seawalls. Maintaining these structures is
expensive. Most of these structural coastal defenses also have a high impact on
shoreline sediment transport, coastal ecosystems and environmental assets such as
81
scenic beaches. Encroachment of structures on sea access by local communities can
also impact livelihoods.
NATURAL BARRIERS
Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami on the
coast.
With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and CRZ can be
utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. These tsunami forests should
be handed over to the local communities.
PHASE I [0-2 YEARS]: RECOVERING THE COAST
• Community projects may include the planting that will provide a vegetative buffer.
• Along with the extensive mangrove reforestation, planting of a variety of other coastal
species that have been lost
• Intercrops to be planted and harvested between trees to stabilize and protect the soil.
The species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion after tsunami
would still be present in the soil and ground water and protect the soil.
PHASE II [2-5 YEARS]: ESTABLISHING YOUNG COASTAL FORESTS
• Forest biomass increases as plants and tree species mature.

• Salt content in the soil and aquifers may go down due to leeching and other natural
phenomena.
• planting of mesophytic vegetation as an inter crop to the existing salt resistant trees.
PHASE III [5-10 YEARS]: MATURING COASTAL FORESTS
• Trees like coconut, casuarinas etc are ready to harvest.

• The new trees to be planted on the leeward side.
• Slowly, the salt resistant varieties to be phased out and • commercially & ecologically
beneficial species to be planted
82
83
CHAPTER 08- ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE - 1
Ravi Shankar.S, (DEC’ -2005), PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI,

Dissertation, School of architecture and Planning, Anna university
ABSTRACT
The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal
areas involves more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is
vulnerable to natural disasters. This Review is above all a practical document. However,
it is not a manual. Its Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk
reduction initiatives along the coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points
and how to address them. It has been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a
broad and diverse subject, and there are inevitable gaps and this being a new
phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited.
Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The descriptions and discussions
are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range and diversity of
practical approaches that can be used.
Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable
development, especially in developing countries. The human and economic cost of
disasters is rising, mainly because societies are becoming more vulnerable to hazards.
Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted. The weaker groups in
society suffer most from disasters. Many persistent myths about disasters should be
discarded. Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future disasters.
The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and
PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in both
quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies.
In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian
coast the maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast and High
84
causalities are found in most thickly populated areas, mangroves, forests, sand dunes
and coastal cliffs provided the best natural barriers against the tsunami. Validation of the
CRZ after the recent Tsunami is to be viewed seriously.
Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding
on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild
to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and
management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and
off shore breakers as artificial barriers. Sea walls should be viewed as an option in areas
which are well developed, densely populated, low lying and very near the coast. (Density
of coastal area of Kerala is 2147 per sq.km. in Pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts
from the coast North Chennai high density and absence of lengthier coast). Critical
infrastructure facilities which require foreshore can be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall
could never be an option for the entire coast.
Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural buffers,
were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been damaged and
mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly planned beachfront
hotels. Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami
on the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and
CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. This tsunami
forest should be handed over to the local communities. The rebuilding of the forest could
be phased in stages.
Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements with
better connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads facilitated
immediate relief measures.
Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use planning
can mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be prevented in high-
hazard areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be prevented, land use
intensity, building value, and occupancy should be kept to a minimum.
85
In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use
planning measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of
development and uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-
occupancy uses to the greatest degree possible.
Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a
comprehensive tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the
location and vulnerability to damage of existing and planned land uses.
The infrastructure facilities have to be segregated as non critical and critical

infrastructure with respect to Tsunami and compatibility analysis of these infra. With
respect to coast and CRZ. .To formulate list of infrastructure to be permitted along the
coast.
86
ANNEXURE 2
NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT AREAS TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGE
SL. Taluk Serial

Name of Taluk TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGES
No No.
1 North Poiyur
2 Akkaraipettai
3 Keechankuppam
4 Theederkuppam
5 Velipalayam
6 Nambiyarnagar
7 Velipalayam Beach
8 1 Nagapattinam Ariyanattu Street
9 Nalliyanthottam
10 Pattinacherry
11 Palpannaicherry
12 Samanthappettai
13 Silladi
14 Pandagasalai Street
15 Beerodum Street
SL. Taluk Serial

No No.
16 Vellankani
17 South Poigainallur
18 Kallar
19 Veerangudikadu
2 Keevelur
20 Prathamaramapuram
21 Seruthur
22 Kameshwaram
23 Vairavankadu
87
24 Manaimedu
25 Vilunthamavadi
SL. Taluk Serial

No No.
26 Pudupalli
27 Vettaikkaraniruppu
28 Vanavanmadevi
29 Vellapallam
30 Naluvedapathy
31 Kovilpathu
32 Pushpavanam
33 3 Vedaranyam Periyakuthagai
34 Arkattuthurai
35 Kollitheevu
36 Maniyantheevu
37 Mottandithoppu
38 Agasthiyampalli
39 Kodiyakkadu
40 Kodiyakkarai
SL. Taluk Serial

No No.
41 Thirumulaivasal
42 Thoduvai
43 Valuthalagudi
4 Sirkali
44 Thianthottam
45 Vanagiri
46 Poombukar
88
47 Pudukuppam
48 Vellapallam
49 76.Perunthottam
50 Nayakkarkuppam/Chavadikuppam
51 Kosalakuppam
52 Kadaikkadu
53 Keelamoovarkarai
54 Melamoovarkarai
55 Koolaiyar
56 Palaiyar
57 Madavamadu
58 Kettavaimadu
59 Olakattaimedu
60 Kottaimedu
61 Kodiyampalayam
62 Chinnurpettai
63 Chandrapadi
64 Tarangampadi
65 Perumlpettai
66 Vellakoil
67 Perumlpettai
5 Tarangampadi
68 Thalampettai
69 Kuttiyandiyur
70 Veppancherry
71 Chinnangudi
72 Chinnamedu
89
ANNEXURE – 3
Case Study: Assessing tsunami vulnerability, example Greece, Crete:
S•1 Identification of field site
S•2 Estimation of worst case

scenario
The worse case scenario has an H
(m) max of c. +5 m and correlates
with a tsunami int. of Ko IV.
S•3 Parameters for vulnerability

Built environment (one floor / two
floor) Building materials, age,
design
Population density (day/ night)
Land use STUDY AREA OF TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP
Land cover/ barriers GREECE, CRETE
Other indicators
S•4 GIS base map and generation of database

Spatial data (aerial photo & topo map) 1:5000
Attribute data (for parameters)
TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE
S•5 Results
Disaster Planners, Local Authorities, Insurance Co
P•4 vulnerability
map
90
ANNEXURE – 4
Village wise Activities Undertaken and Proposed to be Undertaken
by NGOs
No Village Agency Activity
North Poiganallur 1.International Association for Human Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counseling,
1 Values (IAHV) Medical Camps & Livelihood.
2. Salvation Army 50 permanent shelters
3. World Vision 500 permanent shelters
2 Akkaraipettai 1.KK Shah Charitable Trust 146 temporary shelters
250 permanent shelters, temporary
2.World Vision India shelters(256), infrastructure
devlopment,livelihood restoration
3.SOS 40 temporary shelters
4.National Monument Trust
5.Tata Relief Committee 900 permanent shelters
Permanent Shelter-300,temporary shelter-
350,relief materials, play materials, trauma
6.TMSSS-GGF counseling, healthcare and education,
rehabilitation of orphans,semi-
orphans,disabled and widows,afforestation
of coastal area, livelihood infrastructure
180 temporary shelters, a monument
7.Gandeepam global erecting
100 permanent houses, Relief items,
Collection of Statistics, counseling,
8.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Education for children &Promoting child
Development Trust) center.
9. Alternative for India Devpt. information centre, mobile health clinic
100 temporary shelters,100 houses,
mangrove plantation, social forestry,
10.Welfare Organization for Rural baseline survey,counselling,health and
Development sanitation
11.TAPWA 50 houses
mobile clinics,evening classes,skill
training, intend to build & fullfledged
12.Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation medicare
13.International Association for Human Relief Materials, Trauma care,
Values (IAHV) Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.
14.Environment Conservation Group (ECG) water and sanitation

15.Sethu Seva Sangh
16.Seva Bharati
food grains,micro credit program,nets and
17.Help a Child of India boats repairing,medical care
50 houses, cash for work and food for
Keechankuppam 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
3 work programme
2.Seva Bharati
permanent shelter,infrastructure
3.World Vision
4.Sethu Seva Sangh
Collection of Statistics, counselling,
91
7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic
100 temporary shelters,100
8.Welfare Organisation for Rural houses,mangrove plantation,social
Development forestry
9.TAPWA 50 houses and one school
supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and
12.SIFFS OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer
education and scholerships

14.Red Swastik Society 1150 temporary shleters
Theederkuppam
4 Welfare Organisation for Rural Development 50 temporary shelters,50 houses
permanent houses, Relief items,
Velipalayam
5 Development Trust) center.
3.Dist.Women & Children Development permanent shelter, health,education,water
Society and sanitation
Nambiyarnagar 1.TMSSS 330,relief materials,play materials,trauma
6 counseling,healthcare and education,
of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure
4.Welfare Organisation for Rural 50 temporary shelters,50 houses,mangrov
Development plantation,social forestry
100 houses,livelihood support for six
years,sponsorship for orphan and semi-
5.CSI Day Care Centre, Kadambadi orphan,school fees and other provisions
6.TAPWA 50 houses
152 toilets,38 individual bathrooms for
women,3 common bathroom for men,
7.EFICOR houses,health supplements
10.World Vision India temporary shelthers-280
Velipalayam Beach 1.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Collection of Statistics, counselling,
7 Development Trust) Education for children
& Promoting child center.

Ariyanaatu Street 1.TMSSS 100,relief materials,play materials,trauma
92
3.TTK-LIG Limited Construction of permanent houses
7.World Vision 600 temporary shelters
8.EFICOR cash for work,health supplement
9.YMCA Southern Region 50 houses
9 Nalliyanthottam 1.EFFICOR cash for work,health supplement
Pattinacherry 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
10 work programme
2.EFICOR 100 temporary shelters, 60 toilets,18

bathrooms,houses,health supplements
3.World Vision
4.GOAL community klitchen
6.Matha Amrithananthamayi Madam 298 permanent shelters

8.Water Aid UK GRAMALAYA ECG- construction of children's toilets+toilet
SELVALAYA complexes, temporary shelters
9.TAPWA 50 houses and one school
11.Government temporary shelthers-300

11 Palpannaicherry 1.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic
Samanthanpettai 1.TMSSS-DHURGA 218,relief materials,play materials,trauma
2.EFICOR 52 toilets,14 individual + 1 common

bathrooms for gents,health supplements
permanent shelter(37.5 lacs),school
building(28 lacs),orphanage building(12-13
3.ROTARY lacs),students fee(8 lacs-2 years)
4.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of
Development Trust)
93
Education for children
& Promoting child center.
5.Matha Amrithananthamayi Madam 449 permanent shelters

6.YMCA Southern Region 50 permanent houses

10.New Life Medical and Educational Trust 300 houses, clothing and utensils

12.ECI Relief Team temporary shelters-40
13.Impact International temporary shelters-40
14. Government of Chattisgarh 200 permanent shelters

14 Silladi 1.GOAL
2.NNCRHSC
Pandagasalai Street
15
16 Beerodum Street NNCRHSC
Permanent Shelter-1200,temporary
shelter-950,relief materials,play
Velankanni 1.TMSSS
materials,trauma counseling,healthcare
17 and education,
2.World Vision temporary shelters-500
3.Tata Relief Committee
50 permanent shelters,rehabilitation of 50
4.All India Ambedkar Trust families
5.Poople's Dev Association permanent houses and other infrastructure
6.T-Re ART REAL 200 permanent houses
Orientation Courses, Random Survey,
Desalination, Fertilizing soil, Saline bed
South Poigainallur
raising paddy cultivation, Soil & Water test
18 1.Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers Trust .
19 Kallar 1.REAL 125 temporary shelters
permanent shelter,infrastructure
2.World Vision
3.GOAL
94
4.SALVATION ARMY 50 houses
5.India Development &Relief Fund Inc.

Rehabilitation of 43 families
health camps,tution sponsorship,long-term
6.Karunakariya Trust
rehabilitation of children
7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinics

boats-10,medical clinic,balavadi,vocational
13.Hope Foundation,New Delhi
training centre
20 Veerangudikadu
Prathamaramapuram
21
22 Seruthur 1.Seva Bharati
2.Sethu Seva Sangh
5.Dayanand Education Trust temporary shelters-260, 200 permanent

houses and restructure of school building
6.Poople's Dev Association 25 houses and other infrastructure
7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinics
9.Center For Rural Education And Boats & nets, construction of Permanent
Development (cred) Shelter, Food matrials.
11.Gandeepan Global Foundation temporary shelters-150
12.Government temporary shelters-12
Permanent Shelter-72,relief materials,play
Kameshwaram 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS materials,trauma counseling,healthcare
23 and education,
3.GOAL
4.Peoples Watch
5.Peoples Dev Association 25 houses and other infrastructure
6.Development Promotion Group 120 permanent shelters, 20 boats
95
7.KARAM, CODISSIA 105 housses
Relief Items,Health Camps,Tution hall,
Livelihood,Permanent shelter, Community
9.CEO Development Promotion YROYP. Hall.
desilting of clay in farm field, distributing
nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health
10.DHAN Foundation care support, internet centres in villages
11.Government 155 temporary shelters
24 Vairavankadu Tata Relief Committee
25 Manalmedu 1.Church's Auxiliary for S A 106 houses
Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary
Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi
awareness program & Educational
2.Sawami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy Program.
Agricultural Reforms, 50 Temparorary
Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care
3.Social Welfare Foundation center,Balvadi awareness education.
Agricultural Reforms, 50 number of
Temravory Shellter, Child care
4.Physically Handicapped Association center,Balvadi awareness education.
Vilunthamavadi 1.TMSSS 26,relief materials,play materials,trauma
3.GOAL
5.The Rural Development Trust
6.Development Promotion Group 142 permanent shelters
9.Swami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy Program.
13. CASA 200 permanent shelters
Pudupalli
27 1.Swami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy Program.
Vettaikkaraniruppu 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
28 work programme
96
29 Vanavanmadevi 1.TMSSS
2.World Vision
4.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act 200 permanent houses
6.Peace Trust 50 permanent shelters, Rlief Materials
Health awareness programes medical
relief..
11.TERT temporary shelters-140
Vellapallam 1.TMSSS 150,relief materials,play materials,trauma
temporary shelters-75,25 houses and
3.Peoples Dev Association other infrastructure
5.Peace Trust 50 Houses, 50 OBMS, Fishing nets.
Health awareness programes medical
relief.
8.World Vision
Naluvedapathy nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health
31 1.DHAN Foundation care support, internet centres in villages
2.GOAL
97
Kovilpathu nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health
32 DHAN Foundation care support, internet centres in villages
Pushpavanam 1.TMSSS 50,relief materials,play materials,trauma
2.Peace Trust Rlief Materials Health awareness
programes medical relief..
5.Church's Auxillary for Social Action temporary shelters-75
6.Government temporary shelters -50
Periyakuthagai nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health
Arkattuthurai 1.SIFFS OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer
34 education and scholerships
2.Peace Trust Rlief Materials Health awareness
programes medical relief..
3.TMSSS 56,relief materials,play materials,trauma
counseling,healthcare and education,
4.World Vision
5.CREATE 125 temporary shelters
Kollitheevu
36 Maniyantheevu 1.GOAL
37 Mottandithoppu
Agasthiyampalli 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
38 work programme
2.ECI Relief Team 40 temporary shelters
Kodiyakkadu TMSSS
39 work programme
Kodiyakkarai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
40 work programme
3.GOAL
Thirumullaivasal 1.SIFFS OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer
41 education and scholerships
2.IGSSS
3.OXFAM GB
5.Institute of Opthalmology, Joseph Eye
Hospital(TELC) houses, distribution of boats and nets
98
6.IID Trust-Indian Institute of Development
temporary shelters -380
7.Project Concern International temporary shelters-100
42 Thoduvai 1.OXFAM GB
2.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS work programme
permanent houses,temporary
shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and
4.Grameena Social Service Society fishing nets supply,childcare services
5.Jai Sangoyn temporary shelters-200
6.Project Concern International temporary shelters -102
43 Valuthalgudi 1.OXFAM GB
44 Thianthottam OXFAM GB
Vanagiri 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
45 work programme
3.Sethu Seva Sangh
5.IGSSS
6.OXFAM GB
7.EDISA
8.ISED-TALM 100 permanent houses
9.Foundation Life for All
100 permanent houses,170 temporary
shelters,40 fibre boats,engines and 4
10.Hope Kolkotta Foundation types of nets,64 units repaired,
trauma counseling,school furniture
Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs,
Counselling, Mini Health centers Health
11.Sevai Camp, conducting PRA,
Vocational Training, Education &
counselling for Children.
village community centre for widows and
orphans,boats and nets supply,support to
12.Covenant Centre for Development dry fish vendors, land
reclamation efforts, crop diversification
efforts, support to women SHGs
13.Ariya Samaji temporary shelters-100
14.HOPE Temporary shelters-150
15.NCC Temporary shelters-50
16.HOPE Foundation temporary shelters-150
17.Mega
Poombuhar 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
46 work programme
2.Seva Bharati
3.Sethu Seva Sangh
4.IGSSS
5.OXFAM GB
300 temporary shelters, schooling,health
7.TVS Srinivasan Services Trust
services
Pudukuppam 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
47 work programme
99
2.Seva Bharati
3.Sethu Seva Sangh
5.OXFAM GB
temporary shelters-143,160 permanent
6.SOS
houses
(Rs.25 lacs) temporary shelters,
permanent shelters, medical centre, day
8.GRACE Foundation care centre
48 Vellapallam OXFAM GB
6.Peoples Developments Association temporary shelters -75

7.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS Temporary shelters-150
76, Perunthottam 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
49 work programme
2.OXFAM GB
Permanent Shelter-129,relief
Nayakkarkuppam/Chavadik
1.TMSSS-EDISA materials,play materials,trauma
uppam
2.World Vision
3.OXFAM GB
4.RSVK
cash for work-286 families,health
6.EFICOR supplements
51 Kosalakuppam OXFAM GB
52 Kadaikkadu OXFAM GB
Permanent Shelter-200,relief
Keelamoovarkarai 1.TMSSS-EDISA materials,play materials,trauma
2.World Vision
100
4.OXFAM GB
5.TVS Motor Company 150 temporary houses
Hospital(TELC) houses, distribution of boats and nets
155 temporary shelters and 155
7.TVS Srinivasan Services Trust permanent shelters (Rs.50,000/- for each
dwelling),schooling,health services
Temporary &Permanent Shelters,
9.Sevai Camp, PRA conducting
11.IGSSS
54 Madathukuppam 1.ISED-TALM 50 permanent houses
Melamoovarakarai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
55 work programme
2.OXFAM GB
Temporary shelters-14 &Permanent
Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers
3.Sevai Health Camp, PRA
conducting Vocational Training, Education
& counselling for Children.
56 Koolaiyar 1.OXFAM GB
4.Jai Sangoyn 60 temporary shelters
5.Project Concern International 60 temporary shelters
57 Palaiyar 1.OXFAM GB
2.IGSSS
3.Sri Chaitanya Seva Trust 50 permanent shelter s
4.SEVAI Camp, PRA conducting
Boat Purchase & Repairs, 50 no. of
5.The Salvation Army India South Eastern temravory & permanent Shelter,
Terrritory Vocational training .
1400 permanent shelters, 525 tempory
6.CARE shelthers
58 Madavamedu 1.OXFAM GB Distribution of kattumaram boats and
101
fishing nets for the entire families
2.RCDC
4.CARE 100 tempory shelters
59 Kottavaimedu OXFAM GB
60 Olakattaimedu OXFAM GB
61 Kottaimedu 1.OXFAM GB
2.CARE 100 temporary shelters
62 Kodiyampalayam OXFAM GB
63 Chinnurpettai 1.OXFAM GB
2.Shri.Vallabh Foundation Trust/TRUE
Indian Institute of Development Trust rehabilitation of all families
cash for work-75 families and health
permanent houses-40,temporary shelters-
40,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and
4.Gramiya Social Welfare Society fishing nets supply,childcare services
Chandrapadi 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
64 work programme
2.IGSSS
3.OXFAM GB
Hospital(TELC) 75 houses, distribution of boats and nets
7.BUILD permanent houses, temporary shelters-20
8.Bharat Mata Family Welfare Foundation 100 temporary shelters

1568 permanent shelters,temporary
Tharangambadi 1.SIFFS shelters-262,supply of FRP vallams,
65 kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,
engines,computer education and
scholerships ,
2.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
work programme
4.World Vision
5.Sethu Seva Sangh
6.Seva Bharati 150 temporary houses
100 permanent shelters,reconstruction of
existing school,vocational training center,
7.Rotary Club,Thane Hills community centre,help to orphaned
children,fishing equipments
new&repair,35 boats
50 permanent houses,reconstruction of
existing school,vocational training center,
8.TTK-LIG Limited community centre
102
construction of 10 temporary community
10.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service gathering centres,vocational
Society training,school enrolment
Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal
Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable
11.Marialaya Program.
13.TNVHA(Tamil Nadu Village Housing
Association) temporary shelter-20
14.Tnvha Gsws (Gramia Social Work
Society) termpory shelters-27
15.Grama Shakthi Sharmajivi (GRASS) temporary shelters-276

boats,vocational training centre,medical
18.HOPE Foundation,New Delhi clinic,balwadi.
Perumalpettai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
66 work programme
2.World Vision
3.IGSSS
20 temporary shelter,health
5.EFICOR
supplement,330 families-cash for work
9.SNEHA temporary shelters-100
1.EFICOR
67 Puthupettai supplement
3.Disaster Mitigation Institute(DMI) temporary shelters - 100
4.Impact International temporary shelters - 40
5.Government tempoaray shelters - 100
Vellakoil 1.EFICOR 150 permanent houses,cash for work-123

68 families and health supplement
2.World Vision
5.Grameena Social Service Society shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and
103
fishing nets supply,childcare services

7.Tnvha Gsws ( Gramia Social Work Society
) temporary shelters -44
8.Tnvha temporary shelters-44
Thalampettai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS
69 work programme
2.EFICOR
supplement
5.Government temporary shelters - 44
70 Kuttiyandiyur 1.OXFAM GB
2.EFICOR
supplement
5.DMI-Disaster Mitigation Group 103 temporary shelters
6.TNVHA-TN Village Housing Association 40 temporary shelters

8.Tnvha Gsws (Gramia Social Work Society) temporary shelthers -60

Veppancherry 1.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service gathering centres,vocational
71 Society training,school enrolment
2.EFICOR
supplement
Temporary shelters, supply of FRP
Chinnangudi 1.SIFFS vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar
72 of boats,
engines,computer education and
scholerships
2.IGSSS
construction of 10 temporary
community gathering
3.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service centres,vocational training,school
Society enrolment
village community centre for widows
and orphans,boats and nets
supply,support to dry fish vendors,
4.Covenant Centre for Development land
shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats
and fishing nets supply,childcare
5.Grameena Social Service Society services
104
7.SEVAI 100 temporary shelters
73 Chinnamedu 1.EFICOR cash for work and health supplement
2.Tata Relief Committee 138 temporary shelters
74 Ulavur Nagar Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation medicare
75 Naga Thoppu Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation medicare
Counselling, Mini Health centers, Health
76 Konayampattinam 1.Sevai Camp, PRA conducting
Vocational Training, Education
77 Neithal Vasal 1.Sevai Camp, PRA conducting
Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Health
78 Vedarajapuram 1.Gramium Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .
78 Kalasampadi 1.Gramium Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .
79 Cudalore 1.Gramium Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .
80 Kesavampalayam 1.Marialaya Program.
permanent houses,temporary shelters-
20,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and
3.DMI-Disaster Mitigation Institute 15 temporary shelters
5.Tnvha Gsws ( Gramia Social Work
Society) temporary shelters-20
81 Valluvar Colony 1.Marialaya Program.
82 Manickapangu 4.Covenant Centre for Development dry fish vendors, land
83 Kottucherrymedu 1.SEVAI 40 temporary shelters
2.SNEHA 40 temporary shelters
105
ANNUXURE – 5
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
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Thesis Report On - Planning of Coastal Areas For Tsunami, Case Chinnangudi Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India-1

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POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING

CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Reg. No: 200461209

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

I declare that this Thesis entitled “POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF

Date: Signature of the Candidate

Dissertation Guide Head of the Department

I sincerely acknowledge the contribution made by my guide Mr. K. Pratheep

I have a great pleasure of extending my heartfelt gratitude to Prof.S.Ravi, Dean,

A wave formed due to displacement of the earth’s tectonic plates

The devastation caused by the recent Tsunami has posed

Examination of published tsunami risk maps (FEMA, UNDP.NDM)

This is because risk, that is the probability of damage, is intimately

The inferences from this analysis have given us the status of

Based on these inferences the planning issues pertaining to

JRC Joint Research Committee

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT: The systematic management of administrative decisions, organization,

HAZARD ASSESSMENT OR HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS: The process of estimating, for

INTERDEPENDENCY: The essential external organizational, systems or technical connectivity associated

LATENT RISK: A risk that is presented but not yet apparent.

LIKELIHOOD: Used as a qualitative description of probability and frequency.

RECOVERY: Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the reconstruction or

RISK ACCEPTANCE: An informed decision to accept a particular residual risk.

STRUCTURAL / NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES: Structural measures refer to any physical construction

VULNERABILITY: The susceptibility of stakeholders, communities and environment to consequences of

1.1 General introduction 24

Chapter 2: ESTIMATING WORST CASE SCENARIO 27

2.1 Previous records of Tsunami 28

3.1 Tsunami on Tamil Nadu coast 39

Chapter 4: ABOUT STUDY AREA 42

4.1 Location and Regional Setting 42

Chapter 5: IMPACT OF TSUNAMI 54

5.1 Demographic Profile After Tsunami 54

Chapter 6: VULNERABILITY INDICES 59

6.1 Identification of Inundation Zone 59

Chapter 7: ISSUES AND PROPOSALS 71

7.1 Building vulnerability 71

Chapter 08: ANNEXURE 84

Chapter 09: REFERENCES 121

Table 2.1 Five largest earthquakes in the world since 1900.

Table2.2. A global list of some historical tsunami deaths.

Table2.3 list of tsunami that affected India.

Table 2.5 Summary of events analyzed.

Table 2.6 List of Low / Medium / High Probability events.

Table 2.7 showing possible worst case earth quakes.

of the 2004 event.

Table 2.9 Estimated casualties by the hypothetical tsunami scenarios.

Table3.2 showing profile of Nagapattinam District.

Table 3.3a scale of tsunami disaster In Nagapattinam.

Table 3.3b breakup of dead in Nagapattinam.

Map 1.1 shows impact of tsunami on the Indian ocean.

Map 2.1 showing potential population affected in tsunami inundation zone.

Map 2.2 showing major earth quakes in Indian ocean region.

Map 2.3 showing possible fault lines in the Indian ocean.

Map 2.4 showing no of settlements along the coast.

Map 3.1a showing the southern States of India.

Map 3.2 showing affected villages of Nagapattinam district.

Map 4.2 showing the location of chinnangudi village in Nagapattinam district.

Map4.3 showing the settlements around Chinnangudi.

Map 4.4 a showing the reg. connectivity of chinnangudi in Nagapattinam district.

Map 4.4 b showing the hierarchy of fishing settlements in Nagapattinam district.

Map 4.7 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi village.