Sunteți pe pagina 1din 13

Mason 1 Akailah Mason Enc 1102 Professor Wolcott 15 March 2013 This annotated bibliography intended to provide an overview

of the effects on the baby, physical and neurological/mental, of substance abuse during pregnancy. Investigations have demonstrated that agents that are relatively harmless to the mother may have significant negative consequences to the fetus. However, providing ways to prevent any of the negative effects from forming is beyond the scope of this investigation. This collection references peer-reviewed academic articles which exist as research reports that came from an academic database. Most of the individuals who wrote the article were either from medical/graduate schools or health institutions. Majority of the articles date from 1980s- 1990s. However there are a few from the 2000s. Other researchers and possibly counselors of pregnant women who use drugs during pregnancy to provide a display of how the negative consequence substance use during pregnancy can have on the baby may benefit from reading this bibliography. The goal of this bibliography is to bring attention to the fact that substance use during pregnancy is an increasing problem in the United States and also show that while substance use during pregnancy have no serious effects on the mother, there are much more serious and interminable effects on the child, physically and mentally. Astley, Susan J, et al. Analysis of Facial Shape in Children Gestationally Exposed to Marijuana, Alcohol, and/or Cocaine. Pediatrics 89.1 (1992):67-77. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

Mason 2 The Division of Embryology, Teratology and Congenital Defects, and the Department of Pediatrics from the University of Washington evaluated the facial shapes in children who were exposed to marijuana, alcohol, and/or cocaine while in the womb. The researchers did not give the mothers the drugs, the drugs were taken on the mothers free will. Lateral and frontal facial pictures were taken of 40 children, 5 to 7 years of age, whose mothers used marijuana during pregnancy and 40 children whose mothers did not uses marijuana during pregnancy. All children were grouped based on alcohol exposure, sex, race, and age at time of assessment. Fetal alcohol syndrome-like facial features were not associated with marijuana exposure. There was a non-consistent facial feature pattern among the marijuana exposed infants. Maternal consumption of two or more ounces of alcohol per day, on average, was linked to fetal alcohol syndrome-like facial features. Cocaine use was independently associated with mild facial dysmorphic features of hypertelorism and mid-facial flattening. This is important to my research topic because the results demonstrate the usefulness of this diagnostic technique for quantifying anomalies apparently unique to fetal alcohol syndrome and for targeting clusters of anomalies in new conditions for future evaluation. Barr, Helen M. Infant Size at 8 Months of Age: Relationship to Maternal Use of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Caffeine During Pregnancy. Pediatrics 74.3 (1984): 335-341. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Researchers from the University of Washingtons Department and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences analyze the relationship of maternal alcohol consumption, caffeine use, and smoking to infant size at 8 months of age. Maternal smoking and caffeine did

Mason 3 not have an effect on weight, but alcohol use was significantly related to infant weight and length. A sample of 462 infants was examined at 8 months of age to asses length, weight, and head circumference without knowledge of parental history, alcohol use, or smoking. Maternal usage of alcohol, caffeine, drugs, and cigarettes; diet; and pregnancy history were assessed by an interview conducted in each mothers home during the fifth month of pregnancy. The follow-up sample was selected prior to delivery to include approximately half infants of the heaviest drinkers and smokers. The demographics of the mothers were predominantly married (86%) and white (87%), and they had some college education (54%). The average amount of alcohol consumed daily was 1.0 oz. The mean weight of the infants at 8 months of age was 8.7 kg; mean length was 70.2 cm; and the mean head circumference was 44.8 cm. Using the multiple regression model, nicotine and caffeine use were not significantly related to length weight or head circumference. These findings indicate that alcohol-related decrements in birth weight and birth length are still apparent in infants during the second half of the first year of life. Bennett, David S., et al. Childrens Cognitive Ability From 4 to 9 Years Old as a Function of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Environmental Risk, and Maternal Verbal Intelligence. Developmental Psychology 44. 4 (2008):919928. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Individuals from Drexel University College of Medicine and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School researched the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and maternal verbal intelligence on childrens cognitive ability form 4 to 9 years of age.

Mason 4 Gender and age were examined as moderators of potential cocaine exposure effects. The StanfordBinet IV intelligence test was administered to 231 children (91 cocaine exposed, 140 unexposed) at ages 4, 6, and 9 years. Neonatal medical risk and other prenatal exposures (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) were also examined for their unique effects on child IQ. Cocaine exposed boys had lower composite IQ scores. Age at assessment did not moderate this relation, indicating that cocaine-exposed boys had lower IQs across this age period. A stimulating home environment and high maternal verbal IQ also predicted higher composite IQ scores. The findings indicate that cocaine exposure continues to place children at risk for mild cognitive deficits into preadolescence. This is important to my topic because it demonstrates the mental effects that substance use during pregnancy has on the offspring. Carmody, Dennis P., et al. The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and gender on inhibitory control and attention. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 33 (2011): 51-58. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Researchers from Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and Drexel College of Medicine examined the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and gender on attention and inhibitory control in 203 children at ages 6, 9, and 11. This study consisted of mothers who were urban clinic patients, predominantly African American (87%), with 10% Caucasian and 3% Hispanic. Babies that were born before 32 weeks, required oxygen therapy for man than 24 hours, or had mothers that were infected with HIV were not included in this study. To obtain measure of drug exposure

Mason 5 interviewers interviewed the mothers within two weeks of birth questioning the frequency and the amount of cocaine, alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, opiates, and phencyclidine during pregnancy. Lightly exposed children were those whose mothers used cocaine less than twice weekly throughout pregnancy while heavily exposed children were those whose mother used cocaine twice or more weekly throughout pregnancy. Children were given the task of to remembering instructions and to inhibit a prepotent response. Looking at task completion rates, the heavily exposed males had a completion rate of 79% compared to 93% for lightly exposed males and 97% for unexposed males The results of this study show that the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on attention and inhibition are closely related Cornelius, Marie D., et al. Prenatal Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among Adolescence Effects on Offspring Gestational Age, Growth, and Morphology. Pediatrics 95.5 (1995): 738-743. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Researchers from the departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, from the University of Pittsburgh evaluated the effects of prenatal tobacco and marijuana use among adolescence on offspring gestational age, growth, and morphology. This longitudinal study examines the effects of tobacco and marijuana use during pregnancy on the gestational age, growth, and morphology of 310 offspring of adolescents. The adolescent girls were interviewed mid pregnancy and at delivery to obtain information on tobacco, marijuana, and other substance use before and during

Mason 6 pregnancy. The average age was 16.1 (range 12to 18 years); 70% were AfricanAmerican. It was reported that lower levels of tobacco and marijuana were consumed in adolescent mother compared to older mothers. Prenatal tobacco use was associated with reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference, but not gestational age or the number of morphological abnormalities. Prenatal marijuana exposure was associated with reduced gestational age. Among whites, first trimester marijuana exposure was associated with an increased rate of minor physical anomalies. Young maternal age may increase the offspring risk of negative effects from prenatal tobacco and marijuana exposure. In conclusion, these effects of prenatal tobacco and marijuana use were prominent despite lower levels of prenatal exposure in the offspring of adolescent mothers as compared with the offspring of adult mothers from the same clinic. This study also shows that young maternal age may increase the offsprings risk of negative effects from prenatal tobacco and marijuana exposure. Goldschmidt, Lidush, et al. School achievement in 14-year-old youths prenatally exposed to marijuana. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 34 (2012): 161-167. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Researchers from University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, department of psychiatry, and the Universitys Medical Clinic analyzed the relation between prenatal marijuana exposure and school achievement in 14 year olds. 524 women were recruited during pregnancy and assessed, along with their offspring, at multiple phases from infancy to early adulthood. During their fourth and fifth month visit, the women were questioned about their first trimester marijuana use. The women

Mason 7 selected for the studies were interviewed again at their seventh month prenatal visit and after delivery, when they were asked about their second and third trimester substance use. Women and their offspring were assessed at birth, 8 and 18 months, 3, 6, 10, 14, 16, and 22 years of age. This sample represents a low income population. Half of the adolescents are male and 55% were African American. School achievement was assessed with the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) Screener. There was a clear demarcation in WIAT scores between those with heavy use (ADJ1) compared to those with no exposure and those with low to moderate exposure. The mean WIAT composite, reading, and mathematics scores of adolescents who were exposed to an average of one or more joints of marijuana/day during first trimester of gestation were significantly lower than those of their peers. This is beneficial to my research because it does show that the use of marijuana have negative consequences on the mental health of the child. Graham, John M., et al. Independent Dysmorphology Evaluations at Birth and 4 years of Age for Children Exposed to Varying Amounts of Alcohol in Utero. Pediatrics 81.6 (1988): 772-778. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Researchers from the Dysmorphology and Clinical Genetics Program and Department of Maternal and Child Health at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Pediatrics from University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences from the University of Washingtons School of Medicine evaluated groups of 4 year olds to assess the effects of varying amounts of alcohol exposed prenatally.

Mason 8 Dysmorphology is the branch of clinical genetics concerned with the study of structural birth defects, especially congenital malformations. Two groups of children were compared for this study: 108 were born to mother who drink heavily and 97 who used as a comparison who had mother that drinks never or infrequently. Of 108 children born to heavier drinking mothers, 20.4% were judged to show fetal alcohol effects at 4 years of age. Nicotine, caffeine, and marijuana together are not significantly associated with fetal alcohol effects. However, an intake of more than 30 mL per day is significantly related to fetal alcohol effects. Facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome include a smooth philtrum, a flat midface, small eye opening, short nose, and many more. When fetal alcohol effects were studied in relation to only the alcohol concentration intake, there was a significantly greater chance of a child being classified as having fetal alcohol effect with increasing levels of alcohol exposure prior to recognition of pregnancy. This knowledge is significant to my study because it shows that aside from alcohol affecting a babys birth weight, length, and head circumference; it can affect a babys facial features as well. Hingson, Ralph, et al. Effects of Maternal Drinking Marijuana Use on Fetal Growth and Development. Pediatrics 70.4 (1982): 539-546. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Researchers from the Department of Socio-Medical Sciences and Community Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine assessed the impact of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal development when confounding variables were controlled.

Mason 9 1384 newborns received a physical examination including detailed neurologic, morphologic, and growth assessment by pediatricians before their third day of life. New findings in this study include a negative association between maternal marijuana use during pregnancy and fetal growth. Each infant was then rated according to the following criteria: (1) small size for gestation age; (2) head circumference less that the third percentile; (3) short palpebral fissures; and (4) multiple dysmorhpic features including broad low nasal bridge, long philtrum, epicanthic folds etc. Of the 1384 infants, 31 had features that were compatible with fetal alcohol syndrome. Women who smoked marijuana during pregnancy were five times more likely than nonusers to deliver a child with fetal alcohol features These findings imply that maternal marijuana use during pregnancy was associated with smaller infant size at birth and features considered compatible with the fetal alcohol syndrome. Lumeng, Julie C. et al. Pre-natal exposures to cocaine and alcohol and physical growth patterns to age 8 years. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 29 (2007): 446-457. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Scholars from the University of Michigans Center for Human Growth and Development evaluated the effects prenatal exposures and alcohol had on the physical growth patterns of children up to 8 years old. 204 African American/Caribbean children were measured repeatedly from birth to 8 years old. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome were excluded from this study. At birth, cocaine and alcohol exposures were significantly and independently associated with

Mason 10 lower weight, length and head circumference in cross-sectional multiple studies. The effects of pre-natal alcohol exposure persisted for weight, height, and head circumference. The exposed infants caught up by six months of age. The effects of these substances on post-natal growth are not as well understood. Children with heavier cocaine exposure had larger head circumferences at 24 months than the unexposed. This finding must be interpreted with caution given the relatively small cell size for the heavily exposed. This is still unclear larger head circumference at age 24 months raises the possibility that the normal process of synaptic pruning may have been disrupted. Exposure to alcohol in our sample had a statistically significant persistent negative effect on weight, height, and head circumference during the first 8 years of life. This is important to my research topic because it does validate the fact that there are prenatal effects of substance use on the babies. However it does not completely answer what are the long lasting effects of substance use of the baby/infant. Murray, James et al. "Cocaine/ Polydrug Use In Pregnancy: Two-Year Follow-Up." Pediatrics 89.2 (1992): 284-289. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. In this scholarly journal article, researchers from the Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry from the Northwestern University Medical School evaluate the effects of cocaine and drug use during pregnancy on the offspring. In the study there were 3 groups of infants who had been exposed to substances in pregnancy by the choice of the mother. Group 1 infants were exposes to cocaine and usually marijuana and/or alcohol. Group 2 infants were exposed to marijuana and/or alcohol, but no cocaine. Group 3 infants, the control group, were not exposed to any

Mason 11 drugs during pregnancy. Group 1 infants showed significant decrease in birth weight, length, and head circumference. Group 2 only showed decreased head circumference at birth. Cocaine exposure was predicted the cause of decreased head circumference. At 6 months of age there was a significant lower Mental Developmental Index (MDI) scores in group 1 and group 2, both having a mean of 101.7, while the mean MDI of group 3 was 110.0. This article is relevant to my research because it is able to show the effects of drugs on the offspring, both physically and mentally. The authors have concluded that cocaine exposure during pregnancy can be a cause of decreased head circumference at birth and lower MDI, this is shown in the data and tables from the research. Scher, Mark S. et al. Effects of Prenatal Cocaine/Crack and Other Drug Exposure on Electroencephalographic Sleep Studies at Birth and One Year. Pediatrics 105.1 (2000): 39-48. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. In this article, Mark Scher, as well as other researchers from the Division of Pediatric Neurology of University Hospitals of Cleveland, investigated the effects of prenatal use on electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns, a marker of central nervous system development. EEG sleep recordings were obtained on a sample of full term infants on their second day of life and at 1 year post-partum. There were 37 infants whose mothers used one or more lines of cocaine during their first trimester. And for comparison there were 34 infants who did not use crack/cocaine. There were no differences in infant birth weight, length, head circumference, or gestational age between the two exposure groups. However

Mason 12 prenatal cocaine exposure was associated with less well developed spectral correlation between homologoes brain regions at birth, with lower EEG power values at 1 year of age. The neurotoxic effects of prenatal crack/cocaine can be detected with EEG measures. This is important to my research topic because its showing that there arent really any physical effects on the infant, however there are more neurological effects. Smith, Lynne M., et al. The Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle Study: Effects of prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure, Polydrug Exposure, and Poverty on Intrauterine Growth. Pediatrics 118.3 (2006): 1149-1156. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Scholars from medical schools at UCLA, Brown University, University of Hawaii, University of Oklahoma, and other universities, assessed the effects of prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure, Polydrug Exposure, and Poverty on Intrauterine Growth The Infant Development, Environment and Lifestyle study screened 1618 eligible and consenting subjects, among which 84 were methamphetamine exposed, and 1534 were unexposed. Both groups included prenatal alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana use, but excluded use of opiates, LSD, PCP or cocaine only. Neonatal parameters included birth weight and gestational age in weeks. The relationship of methamphetamine exposure and the incidence of small for gestational age was analyzed using multivariate logisticregression analyses. The methamphetamine exposed group was 3.5 times more likely to be small for gestational age than the unexposed group. Mothers who used tobacco during pregnancy were nearly 2 times more likely to have small-for-gestational age infants. In

Mason 13 addition, less maternal weight gain during pregnancy was more likely to result in a smallfor-gestational-age infant. Birthweight in the methamphetamine exposed group was lower than the unexposed group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that prenatal methamphetamine use is associated with fetal growth restriction after adjusting for covariates.

S-ar putea să vă placă și