Stress Analysis

CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS
See Stress Calculation Spreadsheet for sources of equations,

sources of constants and material properties, and additional
calculations
Impact Analysis
Direct wheel impact at max speed
By using the deflection equation,
EI
Fl
s
192
3
(based upon two fully constrained
rod ends), solving for F, and using a basic kinematic equation (
) ( 2
2 2
s a v v
o f
) to solve for s in terms of F, the force of impact can be
determined (227505 N)
Utilizing shaft stress equations shown below the stress can be determined (400
MPa)
When comparing this to the shafts yield strength, a factor of safety of 1.33 is
calculated
Direct pulley impact at max speed
Utilizing this same force and finding the stress on the shaft due to bending.
I
Mc

=8510 MPa
This means the shaft will permanently bend due to the moment applied on it
The way to avoid this catastrophic failure is to ensure the chassis protects these
open gears by extending past its edges or enclosing it completely. While this may
not completely ensure the modules safety, it will fix nearly every probable
scenario.
Shaft Stress Calculations
Shaft 1 (Diameter=3/8)
Material: 1045 Steel, Yield Strength (S
y
)= 530 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 625MPa
Max Stress
o The shaft is keyed for a 3/32 key, thus a close approximation for the actual
yield strength is the materials yield strength (Keyed Yield Strength=398
MPa)
o Loading is comprised of three components
Moment-Based on cantilevered distance from bearing and radial load
exerted on shaft from the miter gear (2.1 N-m)
Force- Based on axial load exerted on shaft from miter gear (156.12
N)
Torque- Exerted by the stall torque of the motor, through a gear ratio
of 2:1 (9.64 N-m)
o Stress Calculation-
2 / 1 2 2
max
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
+ +

=102 MPa
2 / 1 2 2
3 max
] 64 ) 8 [(
2
T Fd M
d
+ +

= 58.4 MPa
o Factors of Safety-
max
y
S
n
= 3.9
max
2
y
S
n
= 3.4
Fatigue Life
o Infinite Life- 2000RPM (Average operating speed)=33.3 cycles/second
5 year life @ 1 hour operating time (2 hr per week)-approximately
1,908,000 seconds of use
33.3*1,908,000=6.4E7 cycles to failure for infinite life
o The endurance strength can be calculated using the stress concentration
factors from the keyway (197 MPa)
o
F
=S
ut
+345MPa= 970 MPa
o
) 2 log(
) / ' log(
e
e F
N
S
b

=-0.109915548
o
b
ut
F
S
f ) 10 2 (
'
3

=.673
o
e
ut
S
S f
a
2
) (
=900 MPa
o Loads are based on typical operating conditions, not max conditions
Moment-Based on cantilevered distance from bearing and radial load
N)
Torque- Exerted by the operating torque of the motor, through a gear
ratio of 2:1 (2.82 N-m)
o
2 / 1 2 2
3
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
a
+ +
= 39.4 MPa
o
b
a
a
N
1
,
_

= 2.25E12 cycles to failure
Material: 1045 Steel, Yield Strength= 530 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 625MPa
Max Stress
o The shaft is keyed for a 1/8 key, thus the actual yield strength can be equated
to the materials yield strength (Keyed Yield Strength=398 MPa)
Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and radial load
N)
of 2:1 (9.64 N-m)
2 / 1 2 2
max
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
+ +

= 47.2 MPa
2 / 1 2 2
3 max
] 64 ) 8 [(
2
T Fd M
d
+ +

= 26.5 MPa
max
y
S
n
= 8.4
max
2
y
S
n
= 7.5
Fatigue Life
o Infinite Life- 1000RPM=16.67 cycles/second
5 year life @ 1 hour operating time (2 hr per week)-approximately
1,908,000 seconds of use
o
F
=S
ut
+345MPa= 970 MPa
o
) 2 log(
) / ' log(
e
e F
N
S
b

=-0.109915548
o
b
ut
F
S
f ) 10 2 (
'
3

=.673
o
e
ut
S
S f
a
2
) (
=900 MPa
Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and radial load
N)
ratio of 2:1 (2.82 N-m)
o
2 / 1 2 2
3
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
a
+ +
= 25.6 MPa
o
b
a
a
N
1
,
_

Material: 1045 Steel, Yield Strength= 530 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 625MPa
Max Stress
o The shaft is keyed for a 3/16 key, thus the actual yield strength can be
equated to the materials yield strength (Keyed Yield Strength=398 MPa)
Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and the force
exerted by the weight of the system (21.53 N-m)
Force- Based on axial load exerted on the shaft from turning forces
(235.44 N)
of 8:1 (38.56 N-m)
2 / 1 2 2
max
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
+ +

= 59.0 MPa
2 / 1 2 2
3 max
] 64 ) 8 [(
2
T Fd M
d
+ +

= 32.7 MPa
max
y
S
n
= 6.7
max
2
y
S
n
= 6.1
Fatigue Life
o Infinite Life- 500RPM=8.34 cycles/second
5 year life @ 1 hour operating time (2 hr per week)-apprx 1,908,000
seconds of use
o
F
=S
ut
+345MPa= 970 MPa
o
) 2 log(
) / ' log(
e
e F
N
S
b

=-0.109915548
o
b
ut
F
S
f ) 10 2 (
'
3

=.673
o
e
ut
S
S f
a
2
) (
=900 MPa
Moment-Based on the axle length between bearings and the force
exerted by the weight of the system (21.53 N-m)
Force- Based on axial load exerted on the shaft from turning forces
(235.4 N)
ratio of 8:1 (11.28 N-m)
o
2 / 1 2 2
3
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
a
+ +
= 35.6 MPa
o
b
a
a
N
1
,
_

Steering Shaft (Diameter=1/4)
Material: 303 Stainless Steel, Yield Strength= 240 MPa, Ultimate Strength= 620 MPa
Max Stress
o Loading is based on torque alone (0.745 N-m)
2 / 1 2 2
max
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
+ +

= 25.7 MPa
2 / 1 2 2
3 max
] 64 ) 8 [(
2
T Fd M
d
+ +

= 14.8 MPa
max
y
S
n
= 9.4
max
2
y
S
n
= 8.1
Fatigue Life
o
F
=S
ut
+345MPa=965E6 MPa
o
) 2 log(
) / ' log(
e
e F
N
S
b

=-0.07772
o
b
ut
F
S
f ) 10 2 (
'
3

=.862
o
e
ut
S
S f
a
2
) (
=914 MPa
o Load is comprised of torque alone (.745 N-m)
o
2 / 1 2 2
3
] 48 ) 8 [(
4
T Fd M
d
a
+ +
= 25.7 MPa
o
b
a
a
N
1
,
_

Spur Gears (Calculated using ANSI standards)
Driving Spur
Material- Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi, Modulus of Elasticity=30E6
psi, Poissons Ratio=.29, Brunell Hardness 179
Max Bending Stress
o
V
H
W
t

33000
= 306.8 lbf
o K
o
= 1.25 - Overload Factor, based on light shocks encountered
o K
v
= 1.15 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o K
s
= 1 - Size Factor
o P
d
= .833 Pitch diameter
o F= .25 face width
o K
m
= 1.20 Load-Distribution factor, based on geometry
o K
B
= 1 Rim Thickness factor, based on geometry
o J= .325- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
o
J
K K
F
P
K K K W
B m d
s v o
t
=5357.1 psi
o
max
y
S
n = 9.0
Endurance Stress
o
2 / 1
2
2
)
1
1
(
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
G
G
p
p
p
E
v
E
v
C
=2284.7 lbf/in
2
o C
f
=1
o I=0.08- Geometry Factor
o
2 / 1
) (
I
C
F P
K
K K W C
f
d
m
s o
t
p
=56972.4 psi
o Sc= 180000 psi- Repeatedly applied contact strength @ 10
7
cycles,
material property
o Z
n
=.59 - Stress cycle life factor, based on hardness and number of cycles
o C
H
=1 -Hardness ratio factor
o K
T
= 1- Temperature factor
o K
R
= 1 Reliability factor
o
) /(
R T H N c
H
K K C Z S
S =1.9
o Comparable factor of safety= S
H
2
=3.5
Driven Spur
Material- Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi, Modulus of Elasticity=30E6
psi, Poissons Ratio=.29, Brunell Hardness 179
Max Bending Stress
o
V
H
W
t

33000
= 306.7 lbf
o K
o
o K
v
o K
s
= 1 - Size Factor
o P
d
= 1.667 Pitch diameter
o F= .25 face width
o K
m
o K
B
o
J
K K
F
P
K K K W
B m d
s v o
t
=9011.0 psi
o
max
y
S
n = 5.4
Endurance Stress
o
2 / 1
2
2
)
1
1
(
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
G
G
p
p
p
E
v
E
v
C
=2284.7 lbf/in
2
o C
f
=1
o I=0.08- Geometry Factor
o
2 / 1
) (
I
C
F P
K
K K W C
f
d
m
s o
t
p
= 40010.7 psi
o Sc= 180000 psi- Repeatedly applied contact strength @ 10
7
cycles,
material property
o Z
n
=.60 - Stress cycle life factor, based on hardness and number of cycles
o C
H
=1 -Hardness ratio factor
o K
T
= 1- Temperature factor
o K
R
= 1 Reliability factor
o
) /(
R T H N c
H
K K C Z S
S = 2.70
o Comparable factor of safety= S
H
2
=7.2
Ring/Pinion Gears (Calculated using ANSI standards)
Steering Spur
Material- 2024-T4 Aluminum, Yield Strength=47000 psi, Modulus of
Elasticity=10.4E6 psi, Poissons Ratio=.333
Max Bending Stress
o
V
H
W
t

33000
= 39.3 lbf
o K
o
o K
v
o K
s
= 1 - Size Factor
o P
d
= .4375 Pitch diameter
o F= .125 face width
o K
m
o K
B
o
J
K K
F
P
K K K W
B m d
s v o
t
=951.8 psi
o
max
y
S
n = 44.1
Steering Ring
Material- 2024-T4 Aluminum, Yield Strength=47000 psi, Modulus of
Elasticity=10.4E6 psi, Poissons Ratio=.333
Max Bending Stress
o
V
H
W
t

33000
= 39.3 lbf
o K
o
o K
v
o K
s
= 1 - Size Factor
o P
d
o F= .125 face width
o K
m
o K
B
o
J
K K
F
P
K K K W
B m d
s v o
t
= 3996.0 psi
o
max
y
S
n = 10.5
Miter Gears (Calculated using ANSI standards)
Both Miters (At max torque)
Material- Medium Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi
Max Bending Stress
o P
d
o
o
d
t
P
T
W

2
= 84.7 lbf
o K
o
o K
v
= 1 - Dynamic Factor, based on quality and velocity of gears
o K
s
= .5 - Size Factor
o F= .27 face width
o K
m
o J= 0.175- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
o K
x
= 1, Lengthwise curvature factor
o
J K
K K
K K P
F
W
x
m s
v o d
t
=14922.2 psi
o
max
y
S
n = 5.15
Both Miters (At max speed)
Material- Medium Carbon Steel, Yield Strength=76900 psi
Max Bending Stress
o P
d
o
o
d
t
P
T
W

2
= 4 lbf
o K
o
o K
v
o K
s
= .5 - Size Factor
o F= .27 face width
o K
m
o J= 0.175- Geometry factor, based on number of teeth of gears
o K
x
= 1, Lengthwise curvature factor
o
J K
K K
K K P
F
W
x
m s
v o d
t
=901.6 psi
o
max
y
S
n = 85.3
Forces
o Knowing max torque on miter (9.63 N-m), we can find the max tangential
force by dividing by half the pitch diameter=> F
tan
=606.6 N
o = 20 degress -pressure angle
o d= 45 degrees
o
cos
tan
F
F
n
=645.5 N
o
sin
1
n
F
F =220.8 N
o d F F F
radial axial
sin
1
=156.1 N
Retaining Rings
On 3/8 shaft
o Ring can withstand 542.7 N of axial force
o Miter gear provides axial load= 156.1 N
o Factor of safety= 3.48
On 1/2 shaft
o Miter gear provides axial load= 156.1 N
On 3/4 shaft
o Axial load is from turning
Assume wheel instantaneously turns 90 degrees, the max force that
can be applied axially would be equivalent to the frictional force
W F F
friction axial =235.4 N (assuming =.6)
Mechanical Brake
Max Temperature
Assuming all kinetic energy is converted directly into heat energy,
T C m v m
v plate veh veh

2
2 / 1
Assume emergency brake will not be used continuously, but rather for one cycle
during the emergency
Assume initial temperature of 23 Celcius
Solving the above equation for T
final
we find it to be 38.9 Celcius
Heat Dissipation
Assuming Free Convection, the time required for heat dissipation can be
calculated
Utilizing the properties of air at room temperature, the Rayleigh number, Nusselt
number, and convection heat transfer coefficient can be calculated
Using this information the heat transfer rate is determined
q
E
t

gives the time to dissipate the heat (4.8 minutes)
This resultant was later verified by the manufacturer of the brake
Keys
On 3/8 Shaft
Key is High carbon steel, Yield Strength 427 MPa, 3/32 square
Knowing the diameter of and torque on the shaft, the shear force on the key can
be calculated (2024.1 N)
Assuming a factor of safety of 4, the required length of the key is calculated
(.63)
On 1/2 Shaft
(.35)
On 3/4 Shaft
(.63)
Keyways
Keyway analysis was done using Cosmos FEA software
By utilizing shaft diameters and torques, forces on keyway surfaces were
calculated and input into the program
Factor of Safety
o Driving Miter=16
o Driven Miter=15
o Driving Pulley=3.4
o Driven Pulley=8.4
o Driven Spur=8.1
o Wheel=1.8, but in reality, failure would result in the slip of a pressed
insert, rather than physical failure of the wheel
Set Screws
To connect spur gear to 5/16 drive motor shaft
By choosing a screw size and quantity (2- #8s), the maximum force at the shaft
surface can be calculated (3425.1 N)
The torque and diameter of the shaft is used to determine the actual force seen at
this shaft surface (1214.5 N)
By comparing these two values the factor of safety is determined (2.82)
To connect spur gear to 8mm steering motor shaft
By choosing a screw size and quantity (2-#6s), the maximum force at the shaft
surface can be calculated (2224.1 N)
The torque and diameter of the shaft is used to determine the actual force seen at
this shaft surface (234.6 N)
By comparing these two values the factor of safety is determined (9.5)
Timing Belt and Pulleys
Utilizing MITCalc simulation software and inputting various parameters
including distance between centers, power applied to belt, operating
speeds, and other operating conditions a belt type and specific model was
selected
From this the 5M Powergrip GT2 belt was chosen and matched with
pulleys of 18 and 72 teeth
The selection of these parts was also verified with an engineer at the
supplier sdp-si.com
Bearings
C
10
= Catalog Load Rating (lb
f
)
L
R
= Rating Life (hrs)
n
R
= Rating Speed (RPM)
F
D
= Desired Radial Load (lb
f
)
L
D
= Desired Life (hrs)
n
D
= Desired Speed (RPM)
F
R
= Radial Force (lb
f
)
F
A
= Axial Force (lb
f
)
F
e
= Equivalent Radial Load (lb
f
)
C
0
= Static Load Rating (lb
f
)
X
2
= Factor dependent on bearing geometry
Y
2
= Factor dependent on bearing geometry
V = Rotation Factor
a = 3 (ball bearing)
e = abscissa
Lower Drive Bearing
C10 (lbs) 1171 Upper Drive Bearing Center Bearing
LR * nR 1.0E+06 C10 (lbs) 1187 C10 (lbs) 691
FD (lbs) 44.125 LR * nR 1.0E+06 LR * nR 1.0E+06
nD (RPM) 5.0E+02 Fe (lbs) 84.6 Fe (lbs) 70.6
a 3 nD (RPM) 2000 nD (RPM) 4000
A R e
D
R R
a
D
D
F Y VF X F
n
n L
F
C
L
2 2
10
*
+
,
_
,
_
LD (hrs) 3.74E+07 FA (lbs) 35.1 FA (lbs) 35.1

LD (years) 4267 FR (lbs) 35.1 FR (lbs) 35.1
a 3 a 3
Steering Bearing V 1 V 1
C10 (lbs) 300 e 0.24 e 0.3
LR * nR 1.0E+06 X2 0.56 X2 0.56
FD (lbs) 10 Y2 1.85 Y2 1.45
nD (RPM) 340 LD (hrs) 1.38E+06 LD (hrs) 2.34E+05
a 3 LD (years) 158 LD (years) 27
LD (hrs) 7.94E+07
LD (years) 9065
Screws
Bolts connecting Yoke to Turntable
Bolt type: 4 * 10-32 (SAE)
Torque applied to the turntable
T= 2.38 N-m
Converted ASTM
T = 21 lb-in
Resultant load on each bolt
lb
in
in lb
r
T
V 108 . 8
59 . 2
1
* 21
in lb T M 21
Primary Shear Load per Bolt is
lb
n
V
F 027 . 2
4
108 . 8
'
Since the secondary shear Forces are equal we have
lb
r
M
r
Mr
F 027 . 2
59 . 2 * 4
21
4 4
' '
2

The resultant force is
lb F
r
867 . 2

F
r
= F
a
= F
b
= F
c
= F
d
= 2.867lb
Maximum Shear Stress
A
s
= 0.155
psi
A
F
s
r
497 . 18
155 .
867 . 2

Bolts connecting Brake to Brake plate
Bolt type: 4 * 8-32 (SAE)
Torque applied to the turntable
T = 15 lb-in
Resultant load on each bolt
lb
in
in lb
r
T
V 33 . 13
125 . 1
1
* 15
in lb T M 15
Primary Shear Load per Bolt is
lb
n
V
F 33 . 3
4
33 . 13
'
Since the secondary shear Forces are equal we have
lb
r
M
r
Mr
F 33 . 3
125 . 1 * 4
15
4 4
' '
2

The resultant force is
lb F
r
714 . 4

F
r
= F
a
= F
b
= F
c
= F
d
= 4.714 lb
Maximum Shear Stress
A
s
= .0992
psi
A
F
s
r
9 . 28
0992 .
867 . 2

Yoke
Yoke stress analysis was done using Cosmos FEA software
Loading
o Weight vertically loads lower bearing holes (196.2 N each)
o Turning force loads inside wall (158.3 N)
o Driven Miter axial force loads inside wall (156 N)
o Driven Miter radial force loads upper bearing holes
o Driving Miter axial force loads upward on top plate
Minimum factor of safety= 20
Brake Plate
Brake plate stress analysis was done using Cosmos FEA software
Loading
o Outside edge was fixed, as it is welded to the motor mount assembly
o Each brake mounting hole was loaded with a force corresponding to the
brakes torque output and the holes distance from center
Minimum factor of safety= 200
Turntable
Capable of withstanding 750 lbs, or 340 kg
Actual weight is about 40 kg per module
Factor of Safety= 8.5
Figure X: Shaft Stress and Fatigue Strength Calculations
Figure X: Drive Motor Spur Gear Stress Calculation
Figure X: Miter Gear Stress and Force Calculation
Figure X: Retaining Ring Calculations Figure X: Impact Calculations
Figure
X:
Brake
Temperature and Heat Dissipation Calculations
Figure X: Key and Set Screw Analysis
Figure X: Timing Belt and Pulley Analysis
Figure X: Driven Miter Gear Keyway Analysis
Figure X: Driving Miter Gear Keyway Analysis
Figure X: Driven Pulley Keyway Analysis
Figure X: Driving Pulley Keyway Analysis (Representation)
Figure X: Driven Spur Gear Keyway Analysis
Figure X: Wheel Keyway Analysis (Representation)
Note: Actual wheel utilizes press fit keyway insert, thus failure during stall will result in
slip of this insert, rather than the physical failure of a mechanical part
Figure X: Yoke Displacement

Stress Analysis

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CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS

See Stress Calculation Spreadsheet for sources of equations,

LD (hrs) 3.74E+07 FA (lbs) 35.1 FA (lbs) 35.1

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