ME540/ECE515 HW#3

Due February 17, 2011

0. Reading Exercise: Read Chapters 1-3 from the Lecture Notes on Control System Theory and Design 1. Let X be the vector space of of n n matrices with reals as the scalars. Let V be the set of n n skew symmetric matrices (a matrix A is skew symmetric if A = AT ) and let W be the set of n n symmetric matrices. Show that X = V W. 2. Let (v1 , v2 , v3 ) be a basis for the vector space V and let A : V V be a linear operator such that Av1 = v1 + v2 ; Av2 = v3 and Av3 = v1 v2 . Find the matrix representation of A with respect to this basis. Let v 1 , . . . , v 3 be another basis for V related to the basis of the previous problem by v 1 = v1 v2 ; v 2 = v1 + v2 ; v 3 = v1 v3 . Obtain the matrix representation with respect to the new basis. 3. Let V and W be a vector space and let [V, W ] represent the collection of all linear operators from V to W , where (A1 + A2 )v = A1 v + A2 v and (A)v = (Av ). Show that [V, W ] is a vector space and dim([V, W ]) = nm where dim(V ) = n and dim(W ) = m. 4. Let Rnn be the vector space of real matrices dened over scalars in R. Let S denote the set of symmetric matrices and R denote the set of skew symmetric matrices. Dene the inner product on Rnn by < A, B >= T r(AT B ) where Trace of a matrix A, denoted by T r(A), is the sum of its diagonal elements [A]ii . (a) show that the inner product dened here satises the properties of an inner product. (b) show that R = S with respect to this inner product. 5. Let {1, t, t2 } be the basis of P2 - the space of all polynomials of degree less than or equal 1 to 2. Assume an inner product on P2 dened by < p, q >= 1 p(x)q (x)dx. Determine an orthonormal basis for inner product space P2 . 6. Let A : R22 R22 be dened by AX = P XQ, where P = are in R22 . (a) Show that A is a linear operator (b) Find a matrix representation of the linear operator A with respect to the basis 1 0 0 0 , 0 1 0 0 , 0 0 1 0 , 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 and Q = 1 0 2 0

for R22 . (c) Find range and null spaces of A, that is nd R(A) and N (A). 3 0 (d) Solve for X in the equation P XQ = C where C = . 1 0

MORE PRACTICE PROBLEMS (Note that the following problems are for you to solve and gain more familiarity with the concepts. DO NOT submit the the solutions to these problems. They will NOT be graded.) 1. Consider vectors v1 = (2 1)T and v2 = (3 1)T . Show that v1 and v2 form a basis for R2 . Find the coordinates of v = (4 1)T in this basis. What are the coordinates of v in the basis e1 = (1 0)T and e2 = (0 1)T . 2. Let A : V V denote the operator where the vector space V is space of polynomials of degrees less than or equal to n and A is dened by Av = v 2 . Show that A is not linear. 3. Determine the bases for the range and null spaces of the linear operator A : R3 R2 dened by 1 1 1 1 2 Av := 2 2 2 3 where v = (1 , 2 , 3 )T . 4. Let Rnn denote the vector space of n n matrices with usual matrix product and scalar multiplication. Let A : Rnn R denote an operator dened by AX = aT Xb where a = [a1 a2 an ]T and b = [b1 b2 bn ]T are given constant column vectors in Rn with aT b = 0. (a) Prove that A is a linear operator.

(b) Let {ei }, 1 i n denote the natural basis of Rn where ei is a column vector with 1 in T T T T T the ith row and zero in the remaining rows. Prove that B = {e1 eT 1 , e2 e1 , . . . , en e1 , e1 e2 , e2 e2 , . . . , en e2 , . . forms a basis of Rnn . (c) Let X = [xij ] in Rnn . Find its coordinate vector xv with respect to the basis B . (d) Prove that matrix representation of A with respect to bases B for Rnn and {1} for R 2 is given by A = (b1 aT b2 aT bn aT ) in Rn (e) Conclude that the equation aT Xb = c is equivalent to the matrix equation Axv = c. Use this to nd one solution to aT Xb = 1. (f) Find the range of A. Find the rank of A.