Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
\
|
2
2
2
1
x
N
N
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
r
1
x
01
R
01
X
D
A
O
L
1
V
1
2
V
2
2
2
1
1 1
r
N
N
r R
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
C
I
m
I
O
I
01
R
01
X
2
2
2
1
1 1
x
N
N
x X
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2
V
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
3
O.C. Test :
Suppose the readings of all meters in this test are given below.
Applied Voltage =V
1
reading of wattmeter W
0
Current drawn =I
0
I
C
, I
m
, R
01
are calculated from the above readings as below.
Where I
m
, I
C
are the magnetizing Component, Iron loss (working) component of no load
current respectively.
V
1
I
0
Cos
0
=W
0
;
0
=No-Load p.f. angle.
I
C
=I
0
Cos
0
; I
m
= ) Cos I I (
0
2 2
0
2
0
R
01
=V
1
/ I
C
; X
01
=V
1
/Im.
The reading of the wattmeter gives the iron loss of the transformer for the rated
terminal voltage applied in the test.
Iron Loss =W
0
S.C. Test:
In this test with the secondary / L.V. winding short circuited, a reduced voltage is applied to
the H.V. winding in this till full load current flows. Let following be the readings
obtained.
Applied Voltage =Vs Watt meter reading =Ws
Current Drawn =Is
R
1
, X
1
and Z
1
are calculated from the readings as below.
R
1
=W
s
/I
s
2
; Z
1
=V
s
/I
s
; X
1
=
2
1
2
1
R Z
Copper Loss at full load (I
full
)=W
s
EFFI CI ENCY & REGULATION:
Efficiency of the transformer at a given load I
2
and Power factor cos
2
is given
) ) I / I ( W W Cos I V ( / ) Cos I V (
2
full 2 s i 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + | = q
Regulation of the transformer at a given load I
2
and power factor Cos
2
| is found
from the formula.
% Regulation =((E
2
V
2
)/V
2
) x 100, Where E
2
and V
2
are related by the equation E
2
2
=
(V
2
Cos
2
| +I
2
R
2
)
2
+(V
2
Sin
2
| +I
2
X
2
)
2
; Where E
2
=Secondary induced voltage
V
2
=Secondary terminal voltage
The approximate formula of the above is given as
E
2
V
2
=I
2
R
2
Cos
2
| +I
2
X
2
sin
2
| .
Note: For all lagging loads
2
| is positive and for leading loads
2
| is negative in the above
formulae.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
4
PROCEDURE:
- Make connection as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1 (a) for the O.C.
test.
- Apply rated voltage to the primary of the transformer and note the readings of
all meters.
- Make connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1(b) for the S.C.
test.
- By means of the variac, apply a reduced voltage till full load current flows in
the winding. Note readings of all meters.
- Evaluate R
01
, X
01
, R
1
and X
1
and insert the values in the equivalent circuit.
- Find the regulation and efficiency of the Transformer at
(a) , , , 1, and 1 of full load current and at power factors of 0.8 lag,
unity and 0.8 leading.
- Draw the approximate equivalent circuit and insert the values calculated as
discussed in theory.
- (i) Taking Load current on the x axis draw efficiency vs load current graph
at various power factors.
ii) Taking load current on the x-axis draw the regulation vs Load current
curve for various power factors.
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. Why is the Iron Loss negligible in the S.C. test? Why is the copper Loss
negligible in the O.C. Test.
2. Under what conditions do you get negative regulation for transformer?
3. Using the approximate formula find the power factor for zero regulation?
4. Why are percentage values used more commonly for the resistance, reactance
and impedance of the transformer instead of absolute values?
5. What is the significance of leakage reactance in the transformer?
6. What steps are taken in the design of transformer to reduce the leakage fluxes?
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
5
2.SUMPNERS TEST ON A PAIR OF SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMERS.
AI M:
To conduct the back to back test on two identical 1-phase transformers and
predetermine.
1. Efficiency and Regulation at various at various loads and power factors, and
2. Parameters of the equivalent circuit.
APPARATUS:
S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 0-2 A 1
2 Ammeter MI 0-10 A 1
3 Voltmeter MI 0-150V 1
4 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
5 Wattmeter LPF 2.5A, 300V, 60W 1
6 Wattmeter UPF 10A, 150V, 300W 1
CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:
10A
Supply . C . A
Hz 50
, V 230
MI
A) 2 0 (
MI
A) 10 0 (
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230
Waltmeter LPF
W A V 60 , 5 . 2 , 300
S
W
Wattmeter UPF
W A V 300 , 10 , 150
2
V
3
V
1
V
1
A
A
switch
DPST
VariacI
A
A
B
B
E
E
C
C
1
S
2
S
V 230
V 415 V 415
MI
V) 150 0 (
MI
V) 1000 0 (
MI
V) 300 0 (
fuse
fuse
fuse
0
W
C
M L
V
V 230
C
M L
V
VariacII
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
6
THEORY:
In this test two identical transformers are connected Back-to-Back as shown in fig.2
with correct polarity. The polarities of the secondaries are checked by noting the reading of
voltmeter V
2
. Zero reading of voltmeter V
2
ensures correct polarity and Back to Back
connection of the secondaries.
With S
1
closed and S
2
open apply rated voltage V
1
to the primaries of both the
transformers under test. Let A
1
, V
1
and W
0
be the readings of the meters. Then,
Applied Primary Voltage = V
1
No-load current of transformer = I
0
=A
1
/2
Iron Loss of each transformer = W
i
=W
0
/2
Since the two transformers are identical, the no-load of the same and iron losses are also
equally divided.
R
01
and X
01
of each transformer is determined as below.
V
1
I
0
Cos
0
| =W
i
I
C
=I
0
Cos
0
|
Im =I
0
Sin
0
| =
2 2
0 C
I I
R
01
=V
1
/ I
C
; X
01
=V
1
/ Im
After ensuring the correct Back-to-Back connection switch S
2
is closed and reduced
voltage is applied by the adjustment of the variac booster till full load current flows in the
tow secondaries. Let the readings of the meters be noted as below.
Secondary current = I
2
full = Is
Applied Voltage to the secondary = Vs
Reading of wattmeter = Ws
Assuming that the copper loss is equally divided between the two transformers,
Copper Loss at full load =W
c
=W
s
/2.
The equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance are determined from the readings as
given below :
R
2
=W
c
/ I
s
2
; Z
2
=V
s
/ 2 x Is ; X
2
=
2
2
2
2
R Z
Using the above value regulation and Efficiency can be calculated as explained in experiment
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
7
PROCEDURE:
- Make connections as shown in fig.2 by choosing meters of appropriate type
and range.
- With the Switch S
2
open, close the Switch S
1
. By the adjustment of the variac
I, apply rated terminal voltage to both the primaries and note the readings of
meters.
- Observe the reading of Voltmeter V
2
. Ensure correct polarities by noting zero
reading of voltmeter.
- Plot the Efficiency vs Load current graph taking load current (a) (b) 1/2
(c) (d) 1 (e) 1 of full load current at power factors of 0.8 lag. Unity and
0.8 p.f. leaf.
Find the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit as explained in
experiment 1.
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. Why is the Sumpners test called Heat run test ? In what respects the test is
superior to O.C and S.C. tests.
2. A transformer has 1 % resistance & 5 % leakage reactance. What is its regulation
at a p.f. of (a) 0.8 lag (b) Unity (c) 0.8 lead.
3. What is All-day-Efficiency? How is it different from the ordinary Efficiency?
For what type of transformer is this efficiency more suitable?
4. What is a conservator? What material does it contain?
5. What is the purpose of transformer oil ? What for is the Bucholzs relay used.
6. Why the voltmeter V
2
used in this test should have a range equal to twice the
secondary voltage of each transformer.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
8
Main Transformer
3.SCOTT CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
AI M:
To study the Scott connection of two 1-phase transformers for converting 3-phase a.c.
supply to 2-phase a.c. supply.
APPARATUS:
S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 0-5 A 3
2 Ammeter MI 0-10 A 2
3 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 4
CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:
A
R TRANSFORME
TEASER
0.5 N1
B
D
C
2
N
M 2
I
LM
R
A
A
A
A
V
V
V
V
R
Y
B
1
N
2
3
866 . 0
T 2
I F
2
N
G
A
m
I
1
m
I
1
MI A) 5 0 (
MI A) 5 0 (
MI A) 5 0 (
MI
V) 300 0 (
MI
V) 300 0 (
MI V) 300 0 (
MI
A) 10 0 (
E
SUPPLY
A.C. 415V,
,50HZ, 3
MI A) 10 0 (
D
A
O
L
LOAD
switch
TPST
MI
V) 300 0 (
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse fuse
5A
10A
10A
Fig.3(a)
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
9
THEORY:
The Scott-connection of transformers for the conversion of 3-phase to 2-phase a.c.
requires two transformers called main transformer and teaser transformer.
The main transformer has a 50% tap on its primary. The teaser transformer has
) 866 . 0 ( 2 / 3 tap on its primary.
Consider the connection diagram shown in fig. 3 (a). The primary of the main
transformer having N
1
turns is connected between the terminals CB of a 3-phase supply. If
the supply line voltage is V then from fig. 3 (b).
V
AB
=V
BC
=V
CA
=V
Voltage between A and D =V x ( 2 / 3 )
Let the number of turns between A and D be ( 2 / 3 ) x N1. This makes the
volts/turns same in the primaries of both the transformers. If the secondaries of the two
transformer units have the same turns, the two secondary voltages will be equal in magnitude
and in quadrature as seen from the vector diagram shown in fig. 3.1 (b).
For unity power factor balanced load (purely resistive load) as show, the phase
voltages and phase currents of the main and teaser transformer are as shown in fig 3 (c).
Thus for balanced 3 phase 3 wire a.c. supply, we get a 2 phase, 4 wire balanced output.
For getting 2-phase 3 wire supply, any two leads say E and G ca be joined.
The V
2T
=V
2M
=V
Ph
V
L
= 2 V
Ph
.
3
2
3
1
2
V
2
V
V
V
T 2
V
T 2
I
M 2
I M 2
V
N
A
B
C
Fig.3(b) Fig.3(c)
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
10
PROCEDURE:
- Make connections as per the circuit diagram and connect meters of suitable
ranges.
- Connect loads R
LT
and R
LM
to the secondaries of the two transformer units.
Note V
2M
and V
2M
. Check that V
2
= 2 V
Ph
, where V
ph
=V
2M
=V
2T
.
- Gradually increase the above loads keeping R
LT
=R
LM
and note the load
currents I
2T
and I
2M
. Take about five readings till you get full load currents
I
A
, I
B
, I
C
and tabulate the results as below..
S.NO. I
2L
I
2T
I
A
I
B
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. Why is the primary of the Teaser transformer has 2 / 3 times the turns of the
primary of the main transformer.
2. If N
1
and N
2
are the number of turns of the Main Transformer, what is the turn ratio of
the teaser transformer?
3. Under balanced conditions, show that the rating of the main transformer is 15%
greater than the teaser.
4. Where is the neutral of the given balanced 3-phase supply.
5. What is the application of Scott-connection in industry?
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
11
4.REGULATION OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS
I MPEDANCE METHOD AND MMF METHOD
AI M:
To determine the regulation of the given 3-phase alternator by
(a) Synchronous Impedance method and
(b) Ampere turn or m.m.f method.
S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 0-10 A 1
2 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
3 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
I RCUI T DI AGRAM:
Fig 5.1 (a)
1
L
fuse
Supply C D
V
.
220
L A F
A
AA
Z
ZZ
A 7 . 1 / 300O
+
A
A
V
X
X
S
S
S
XX
f
I
R
B Y
2
L
switch
TPST
output c d Variable . .
XX
fuse
fuse
RECTIFIER
+
+
fuse
MC ) A 2 0 (
MI ) A 10 0 (
MI ) V 600 0 (
1
F
2
F
DPST
switch
. .
230
C A
V
Ph
N
DPST
switch
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
12
THEORY:
In this experiment the 3-phase alternator is driven by the D.C. shunt motor at rated
speed. The field is excited by a variable d.c. voltage output drawn from a rectifier.
The regulation of the alternator is determined by (a) synchronous impedance and (b)
M.M.F method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C tests.
Open Circuit Test :
The open circuit characteristic (O.C.C.) or the magnetizing characteristic of the
alternator is obtained by plotting the variation of induced voltage E as the field current is
gradually increased. The shape of the O.C.C. is as shown in Fig. 5(b). This curve actually
shows a small voltage at zero field current due to the residual magnetism. But this is
neglected and not shown. In the initial stages when the field current is small O.C.C. is a
straight line since the field is unsaturated. With higher field currents E increases slowly and
finally reaches a fixed due to magnetic saturation.
S.C. Test :
In this the machine is run at constant speed and the armature terminal are short-
circuited. A reduced excitation is applied to the field. The S.C.C. is obtained by plotting
armature current I on the y-axis and the field current on the x-axis. This is characteristic is a
straight line as shown in fig. 5(b).
Regulation of alternator at a given load current I
a
and p.f. Cos is an index of the
drop of voltage with load. It is given by
% Regulation =((E-V)/V) x 100 -------- (1)
Where E is the induced voltage in the armature / phase.
V is the rated terminal voltage of the armature / phase.
The phasor diagram of the alternator is given in fig. 5 (c)
fig. 5 (b)
volts in E
ph
. C . C . O
. C . C . S
V
1
E
a
I
fa
I 2 f
I
Current Field
fa
I
2 f
I
2 f
I
u
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
13
E
2
=(V COS +I
a
R
a
)
2
+(V sin +I
a
X
s
)
2
- - - - - - - (2)
Where E and V are phase values, and
I
a
= Armature current / phase
R
a
= Armature resistance / phase.
X
s
= Synchronous reactance / phase.
Note: For lagging power factor is positive and for leading power factors is negative.
Regulation by synchronous impedance method:
Suppose it is required to find the synchronous impedance and synchronous reactance
of the alternator at a load current of I
a
.
For the armature current I
a
, find the field current I
fa
required from the S.S.C. From
the O.C.C. find E
1
corresponding to I
fa
. Then Z
a
the synchronous impedance is given by
Z
s
=E
1
/I
a
.
X
s
, the synchronous reactance of the alternator is given by
Xs =
2
a
2
s
R Z , Where Ra is the a.c. resistance of the armature.
Knowing Ra and Xs, for a given rated terminal voltage V, Regulation at any given load
current and power factor can be found from equation (1) and (2).
Regulation by amp turn or MMF method :
Suppose, it is required to find regulation at any armature current Ia and power factor
Cos | . This is determined by the amp-turn method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C. as below.
Corresponding to Ia, find the field current required I
fa
from the S.S.C.
Corresponding to V1 the rated terminal voltage, find the field current required If from
the O.C.C. shown in fig 5(b). Construct the phasor diagram of these mmfs as in fig (b).
Fig 5PHASOR DIAGRAM OF ALTERNATOR
u
a
I
s a
X I
a a
R I
s a
Z I
E
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
14
Corresponding to I
fr
, find the induced voltage E from the O.C.C. then regulation at the
given load current and p.f. is given by
% regulation =(E V)/V) x 100
PROCEDURE:
- Make connections as per the circuit diagram for obtaining the O.C.C. or
magnetization curve. Keep the switch S is open.
- Start the D.C. motor by means of the 3-point starter and adjust the speed of the
set to the rated value.
- Switch on the rectifier and supply the field current to the field terminals of the
alternator.
- Starting with zero field current, gradually vary the field current and obtain the
corresponding reading of voltmeter connected across the armature. Continue
this till you get nearly a constant voltage in the armature.
- Plot the O.C.C. taking I
f
on the x-axis and E-phase on the y-axis. This will be
obtained as shown in fig 5(b).
- For obtaining he S.C.C. make connections as per the circuit diagram in fig
5(a). Replace all the meters with meters of new ranges.
- Start the set by means of the 3-pt starter of the d.c. motor and adjust speed to
the rated value by the field regulator.
- Close the switch S. Switch on the rectifier. Starting with zero field current,
gradually increase the field current and note the corresponding armature
current. Continue this till full load current flows through the armature.
- The d.c. resistance of the armature is found using the drop method. Allow
20% extra fro the skin effect and find the R
ac
.
- Calculate Xs the synchronous reactance of the armature at a given Ia and find
the regulation from equations (1) and (2) as explained in theory. Similarly
find the regulation using the m.m.f. method as per the procedure given in
theory.
- Draw the regulation vs load curve graphs at (a) 0.8 lag (b) unity and (c) 0.8
lead power factors both the above methods.
RESULT:
QUIZ:
1. How is armature reaction considered in the determination of regulation of alternator?
2. Why synchronous impedance is called fictitious impedance? Is it constant for all field
currents?
3. The regulation determined by synchronous impedance method is called pessimistic
method, while the m.m.f method is called optimistic. Why?
4. Do you get zero or negative regulation for some loads? Explain.
5. What are the errors in the two methods of finding regulation?
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
15
5.EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF 1- INDUCTION MOTOR
AI M:
To calculate and determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 1- Induction
motor.
S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 0-5 A 1
2 Ammeter MI 0-10 A 1
3 Voltmeter MI 0-75V 1
4 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
5 Wattmeter LPF 5A, 300V, 60W 1
6 Wattmeter UPF 10A, 75V, 300W 1
CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:
NO LOAD TEST
MI
V) 300 0 (
1
SW
2
SW
1
RW
1
C
2
C
Supply
C A
Hz v
. . , 1
50 , 230
Ph
N
M
L
C V
A
V
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230
A
B
E
C
fuse
fuse
DPST
switch
5A
X
XX
2
RW
MI
A) 5 0 (
wattmeter LPF
W A V 60 , 5 , 300
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
16
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
THEORY:
Any uni-axial alternating quantity can be represented by two rotating vectors of half
the magnitude of alternating quantity and each rotating at
p
f 120
= N
S
. Accordingly an
alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes each of equal
magnitude and half the value of the alternating flux, and rotating at synchronous speed
p
f 120
= N
S
in opposite directions.
Assume that the flux that is rotating in the same direction as that of rotor as forward
flux and other as backward flux.
Slip of the rotor w.r.t forward flux
N
N - N
= S
S
S
f
Then the slip of the rotor w.r.t backward flux = =
S
S
b
N
) N (- - N
S
+
=
S
S
N
N N
f
S - 2 =
Supply
C A
Hz v
. . , 1
50 , 230
MI
V) 75 0 (
1
SW
2
SW
1
RW
2
RW
1
C
2
C
1
S
2
S
Ph
N
M L
C V
A
V
DPST
switch
fuse
fuse
10A
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230
A
B
E
C
X
XX
wattmeter UPF
W V A 300 , 75 , 10
MI
) A 10 0 (
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
17
Each of the two component fluxes, while revolving round the stator cuts the rotor,
induces an emf, thus produces its own torque.
Power developed by the torque
2
2
2
R I
S
S 1
(
=
Rotor i/p: Rotor cu loss: Rotor o/p =1: S: 1-S.
S
S - 1
losses copper Rotor
put out Rotor
=
2
2
2
R I
S
S - 1
put out Rotor |
.
|
\
|
=
Rotor power developed
60
NT 2t
=
S 2
R KI
T ;
S
R KI
T
R I
S
S 1
N 2
60
T
60
NT 2
R I
S
S 1
2
2
2
b
2
2
2
f
2
2
2 g
2
2
2
= =
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
=
t
= |
.
|
\
|
Equivalent circuit of a 1- I.M. based on rotating field theory when the rotor is rotating at a
slips.
The parameters of 1- I.M. can be determined by no load and blocked rotor test an in
the case poly phase induction motor.
1
V
2 / r
1 2 / x
1
2 / x
1
2
f
E
b
E
2
xm
2
xm
2 / x
1
2
2
1
2
r
) 2 (
1
2
s
r
2 / x
1
2 / r
1
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
18
NO LOAD TEST:
In no load test, the slip is very small.
s 2
r
1
2
in the forward equivalent circuit is
considered as and so the corresponding rotor circuit may be taken as open circuit.
In the backward sequence circuit,
2
x
m
is omitted because
2
x
,
4
r
2
1
1
2
are less
then
2
x
m
.
Then the iron loss
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
4
r
r I P
1
2
1
2
0 1
The no load impedance is
0 0
0
0
0
jX R
I
V
Z + = =
2
x
x X
2
x
2
x
2
x
x x
2
x
2
x
x j
4
r
r Z
1
2
1 0
m
1
2 m
1 0
1
2 m
1
1
2
1 0
=
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: When the rotor is at standstill, slip s=1, then the circuit
reduced to the form
Hence
2
r
2
x
1
2 m
>> . The losses are only cu losses since iron losses are negligible.
2
x
m
can be
removed from the equivalent circuit.
2 / x
1
2 / r
1
2
2 / x
1
2
2 / r
1
2 / x
1
2
2 / r
1
2
2 / x
1
2 / r
1
M
L
C V
A
N
Ph
fuse
Supply
C A
Hz v
. . , 1
50 , 230
fuse
wattmeter UPF
W V A 300 , 75 , 10 DPST
switch
MI
) A 10 0 (
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
19
( )
1
2 1
2
sc sc
r r I W + = Then
1 2
sc
sc 1
2
2
sc
sc 1
2 1
r
I
W
r
I
W
r r
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= +
The equivalent resistance of rotor referred to stator.
Now the equivalent impedance
sc
sc
sc
I
V
Z =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2 1
2
sc
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1 sc
r r Z x x
x x r r Z
+ = +
+ + + =
Assuming
2
x x
x x
1
2 1 1
2 1
+
= =
Measurement of stator resistance by drop test:-
a) Circuit diagram
ply sup . C . D
, v 220
A 8 . 2 / 200O
MC ) A 2 0 (
MC
) V 75 0 (
A
V
1
SW
2
SW
1
RW
2
RW
1
C
2
C
+
+
+
9.DETERMINATION OF X
d
& X
q
OF A SALIENT POLE
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
AI M:
To determine the direct axis reactance (X
d
) & quadrature axis reactance (X
q
) of a
Salient pole synchronous machine.
APPARATUS:
S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 0-2 A 1
2 Ammeter MI 0-10 A 1
3 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:
5A
mI
DPST
switch
(0-10A)
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
31
THEORY:
In the E.M.F. method of finding the voltage regulation of an alternator, armature
reaction m.m.f. F
a
is accounted by means of an equivalent armature reaction e.m.f. E
a
and
from this concept of X
s
is evolved. This is permissible only in case of Non-Salient pole
synchronous machine where the air gap is uniform.
In Salient pole synchronous machine the armature m.m.f. cannot be accounted by
introducing the equivalent reactance. This is because air gap is not uniform & the reluctance
among the polar or direct axis is considerably smaller than that along the inter polar or
quadrature axis.
According to two-reaction theory, the sinusoidal armature m.m.f. F
a
is resolved into
two components F
as
along d axis & F
aq
along q axis.
The difference between e.m.f. method & reaction theory method must be carefully
noted. The e.m.f. method introduces the concept of X
s
, which accounts for the both the
armature leakage & armature reaction fluxes. The two reaction theory introduces X
d
& X
q
,
the S
d
accounts for the armature leakage flux & X
q
accounts for the armature reaction flux.
In e.m.f. method, the armature reaction e.m.f. = aq
2
ad
2
E + E , lags I
a
by an angle other than
90
0
.
MEASUREMENT OF X
d
& X
q
:
The synchronous machine is driven by a separate prime mover at a speed slightly
different from synchronous speed. The field winding is left pen & positive sequence balance
voltages of reduced magnitude at rated frequency are applied across the armature terminals
under these conditions. The relative velocity between the field winding & rotating armature
m.m.f. waves are revolving in the same direction and this is the slip speed.
At one instant, when the peak of armature m.m.f. wave is inline with the field poles or
direct axis, the reluctance offered by the small air gap is minimum.
At this instant, the impressed terminal voltage/phase divided by the corresponding
I
a
/phase gives direct axis synchronous reactance X
d
.
After the armature of slip cycle, the peak of armature m.m.f. wave acts on the inter
poles or q-axis of magnetic circuit & the reluctance offered by long air gap is maximum. At
this instant the ratio of armature terminal voltage/phase to corresponding armature current
I
a
/phase gives quadrature axis synchronous reactance (X
q
).
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
32
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. The DC motor is started & its speed is adjusted till ammeter & voltmeter
pointers swing slowly between maximum & minimum points.
3. At this condition maximum & minimum readings of both ammeter &
voltmeter are recorded, in order to determine X
d
& X
q
.
phase per current armtuer Minimum
phase per voltage terminal armature Maximum
= X
d
phase per current armtuer Maximum
phase per voltage terminal armature Minimum
= X
q
TABULAR FORM:
S.NO. V
max
V
min
I
max
I
min
REMARKS
RESULT:
QUIZ QUESTI ONS:
1. What is an alternator? Why alternator is called synchronous generator?
2. What is meant by X
d
and X
q
?
3. What are the conditions for the parallel operation of the alternator?
4. What is Saliency? What is its importance?
5. What are the differences between salient and non-salient pole machines?
6. What is reluctance power?
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
33
10.V & INVERTED V CURVES OF A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
AI M:
To obtain V and inverted curves of synchronous machine.
APPARATUS:
S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 0-2 A 1
2 Ammeter MC 0-20A 1
3 Pe Meter 1
4 Clampo Ammeter 0-40A 1
5 Frequency meter HZ 1
CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:
A
Hz
C V
M L
R
B
Y
N
METER PF
) A 40 0 (
SIDE
SUPPLY
APSEB
3
L
2
L
1
L
+
x x x
) A 2 0 (
c m
A
+
Supply C D V . . , 220
Supply . C . D
, V 220
+
A
MC A) 0 2 0 (
+
ZZ
A 8 . 2
500 O
A
L F
meter
Frequency
Ammeter
Clampon
A
A A
z
LOAD BANK
3 Point Starter
TPST
SYNCHRONIZING
SWITCH
fuse
fuse
5A
fuse
fuse
DPST
switch
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
34
THEORY :
The armature current of a synchronous motor changes with the change in field
current .If the field current is increased from a small value, the armature current Ia decreases
until the armature current becomes minimum. At this point the armature is operating at UPF
up to this the motor is operating at a lagging power factor. If the field current increased
further, the armature current increases again and the motor will operate at leading pf. When
this variation of Ia with If is plotted for various loads the resultant curves obtained are called
the V curves and since they resemble V in their shape.
A family of curves is obtained by plotting the power factor vs field current. These are
inverted v curves. The highest point on each of these curves indicates unity power factor .It is
noted that the field current for unity power factor at no load is less than field and for unity
power factor at full load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The prime mover is, DC motor and by adjusting its field current the speed can be brought
to the synchronous machine rated speed.
3. The synchronous machine field is excited by varying the resistance is the field circuit of
synchronous machine the voltage can be adjusted to grid voltage.
4. Conditions for parallel operation are to be checked. Once they are satisfied, close three-
pole switch of the synchronous machine.
5. When bulbs are dark close the synchronous switch and open the dc motor supply.
6. Now synchronous machine will run as a motor and dc machine as a dc generator.
7. At no load armature current, field current and power factor readings are to be tabulated.
8. Connect the load and adjust the load current to 3A, 6A and 9A respectively.
9. Take the readings of armature current, field current, power factor readings and tabulate the
readings.
10. Reduce the load and open the synchronous motor 3pole switch and field switch
simultaneously.
11. Draw the V and inverted V curves.
TABULAR FORMS:
AT NO LOAD: AT 3A LOAD:
S.NO I
a
(A) I
f
(A) P.f
S.NO I
a
(A) I
f
(A) Power
Factor
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
35
AT 6A LOAD: AT 9A LOAD:
S.NO
I
a
(A) I
f
(A) P.f
MODEL GRAPHS:
I
a
V CURVE A CURVE
RESULT:
S.NO
I
a
(A) I
f
(A) Power
Factor
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
36
1. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
USING MAT LAB.
AI M:
Create a plot of the induced torque, power converted, power out , and efficiency of
the induction motor as a function of slip of the given system a 440V, 50Hz, two pole Y-
Connected induction motor is rated at 75kW. The equivalent circuit parameters are R
1
=
0.075O, R
2
=0.065O, X
m
=7.2O , X
1
=0.17O . X
2
=0.17O,P
F&W
=1.0kW, P
misc
= 150
W, P
core
=1.1kW, For a slip of 0.04
APPARATUS:
1) PC 1no
2) MAT LAB software
CI RCUI T DI AGRAM :
MODEL CALCULATI ONS:
(a) The easiest way to find the line current (or armature current) is to get the equivalent
impedance
Z
F
of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX
m
, and then calculate the current as the phase
voltage divided by the sum of the series of the impedance , as shown below.
The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX
m
is:
O Z = + =
+
+
O
=
+
=
0
2
2 . 13 58 . 1 364 . 0 539 . 1
17 . 0 1.625
1
j7.2
1
1
Z
1
1
1
j
j jX
z
m
F
The phase voltage is 440 / 3=254 V, so line current
L
I is
R
1
jX
1
J x
2
R
2
jX
M
R
2
(
s
s 1
)
0.075
O
J 0.17O
J 0.17O 0.065 O
J 7.2O
1.56 O
+
-
V
|
I
A
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
37
O + O + O + O
Z
=
+ + +
= =
364 . 0 539 . 1 17 . 0 075 . 0
0 254
0
1 1
j j
V
jX R jX R
V
I I
F F
A L
A 3 . 18 4 . 149
0
Z = =
A L
I I
(b) The stator power factor is
PF =cos (18.3
0
) =0.949 lagging
(c) To find the rotor power factor , we must find the impedance angle of the rotor.
0 1 -
2
2 1 -
R
97 . 5
625 . 1
17 . 0
tan
/
tan = = =
s R
X
There fore the rotor power factor is
Lagging 995 . 0 97 . 5 cos
0
= =
R
PF
(d) The stator copper losses are
( ) ( ) W 1675 075 . 0 149.4A 3 R 3I P
2
1
2
A SCL
= O = =
(e) The air gap power is
F
2
A
2 2
2
R 3I
s
R
I 3 = =
AG
P
(Note that
F
2
A
R 3I is equal to
s
R
I 3
2 2
2
, Since the only resistance in the original rotor
circuit it was R
2
/s, and the resistance in the Thevenin equivalent circuit is R
F
. The
power consumed by the Thevenin equivalent circuit must be the same as the power
consumed by the original circuit.)
( ) ( ) 103kW 1.539 149.4A 3 R 3I
s
R
3I P
2
F
2
A
2 2
2 AG
= = = =
(f) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
( ) ( )( ) kW 98.9 103kW 0.04 1 P s 1 P
AG cosv
= = =
(g) The synchronous speed of this motor is
( ) rad/sec 314
s 60
min 1
1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 3000
r.p.m 3000
2
) 50 ( 120 120
n
sync
sync
= =
= = =
Hz
P
f
s
There fore the induced torque in the motor is
( )
m N =
= = 9 . 327
s 60
min 1
1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 3000
kW 103 P
sync
AG
ind
(h) The out put power of this motor is
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
38
96.6kW 150W - 1.1kW - 1.0kW - kW 98.9 = = =
misc core mech conv OUT
P P P P P
The output speed is
( ) ( ) r.p.m 2880 r.p.m 3000 04 . 0 1 n 1
sync
= = = s n
m
There fore the load torque is
m N
P
m
OUT
=
= = 6 . 327
s 60
min 1
1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 2880
96.6kW
load
(i) The over all efficiency is
% 4 . 89 % 100
cos 3
% 100 = = =
A
OUT
IN
OUT
I V
P
P
P
( )( )
% 4 . 89 % 100
) 3 . 18 cos( A 4 . 149 V 254 3
6 . 96
0
= =
kW
(j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute is 2880 r/min. The motor speed in
radians per second is
( ) rad/s 6 . 301
60s
min 1
1r
rad 2
r/min 2880 = =
n
PROGRAM:-
%First , initialize the values needed in this program.
r 1=0. 075; % St at or r esi st ance
x1=0. 170; % St at or r eact ance
r 2=0. 065; % Rot or r esi st ance
x2=0. 170; % Rot or r eact ance
xm=7. 2; % Magnet i zat i on Br anch
r eact ance
v_phase=440/ sqr t ( 3) ; % phase vol t age
n_sync=3000; % Synchr onous speed ( r pm)
w_sync=314. 2; % Synchr onous speed ( r ad/ s)
p_mech=1000; % Mechani cal l osses ( W)
p_cor e=1100; % Cor e l osses ( W)
p_mi sc=150; % Mi scel l aneous l osses ( W)
%Cal cul at e t he Theveni n Vol t age and i mpedance f r omEquat i ons
v_t h=v_phase*( xm/ sqr t ( r 1^2+( x1+xm) ^2) ) ;
z_t h=( ( j *xm) *( r 1+j *x1) ) / ( r 1+j *( x1+xm) ) ;
r _t h=r eal ( z_t h) ;
x_t h=i mag( z_t h) ;
%Now cal cul at e t he t or que speed char act er st i c f or many sl i ps
bet ween 0 and 0. 1.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
39
%Not e t hat t he f i r st sl i p val ue i s set t o 0. 001 i nst ead of
exact l y 0 t o avoi d
%di vi de by zer o pr obl ems.
s=( 0: 0. 001: 0. 1) ; % Sl i p
s( 1) =0. 001; %
nm=( 1- s) *n_sync; % Mechani cal speed
wm=nm*2*pi / 60; % Mechani cal speed
%Cal cul at e t or que , P_ conv, P_out , and ef f i ci ency ver sus
speed
f or i i = 1: l engt h( s)
% I nduced t or que
t _i nd( i i ) =( 3*v_t h^2*r 2/ s( i i ) ) / ( w_sync*( ( r _t h +
r 2/ s( i i ) ) ^2+( x_t h + x2) ^2) ) ;
% Power conver t ed
p_conv( i i ) =t _i nd( i i ) * wm( i i ) ;
% Power out put
p_out ( i i ) =p_conv( i i ) - p_mech- p_cor e- p_mi sc;
% Power i nput
zf =1/ ( 1/ ( j *xm) +1/ ( r 2/ s( i i ) +j *x2) ) ;
i a=v_phase/ ( r 1+j *x1+zf ) ;
p_i n( i i ) =3*v_phase*abs( i a) *cos( at an( i mag( i a) / r eal ( i a) ) ) ;
%ef f i ci ency
ef f ( i i ) =p_out ( i i ) / p_i n( i i ) *100;
end
%Pl ot t he t or que- speed cur ve
f i gur e( 1) ;
pl ot ( nm, t _i nd, ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
xl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t n_{m} \ r m\ bf ( r / mi n) ' ) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ t au_{i nd} \ r m\ bf ( N- m) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf I nduced Tor que ver sus speed' ) ;
gr i d on;
%Pl ot power conver t ed ver sus speed
f i gur e( 2) ;
pl ot ( nm, p_conv/ 1000, ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
xl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t n_{m} \ r m\ bf ( r / mi n) ' ) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t p\ r m\ bf _{conv} ( kW) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf power conver t ed ver sus speed' ) ;
gr i d on;
%Pl ot out put power ver sus speed
f i gur e( 3) ;
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
40
pl ot ( nm, p_out / 1000, ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
xl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t n_{m} \ r m\ bf ( r / mi n) ' ) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t p\ r m\ bf _{out } ( kW) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf out put power ver sus speed' ) ;
axi s( [ 2700 3000 0 180] ) ;
gr i d on;
%Pl ot t he ef f i ci ency
f i gur e( 4) ;
pl ot ( nm, ef f , ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
xl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t n_{m} \ r m\ bf ( r / mi n) ' ) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ et a ( %) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf ef f i ci ency ver sus speed' ) ;
gr i d on;
PROCEDURE:
1) Double click the Matlab 7.6 icon on the desktop
2) Open the command window, and enter the command with the specifications.
3) Check for the errors, if any clear the errors.
4) Open figure window and draw the curve with all the points.
MODEL GRAPH:
The four plots are shown below:
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
n
m
(r/min)
i
n
d
(
N
-
m
)
Induced Torque versus speed
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
41
.
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
n
m
(r/mi n)
p
c
o
n
v
(
k
W
)
power converted versus speed
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
n
m
(r/mi n)
p
o
u
t
(
k
W
)
output power versus speed
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
42
2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
n
m
(r/mi n)
(
%
)
effi ci ency versus speed
The machine is rated at 75kW. It produces an output power of 75kW at 3.1% slip, or a speed
of 2907 r/min
Result:
Hence the plots of the induced torque, power converted, power output, and efficiency of the
induction motor of as a function of slip of the given system are obtained.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
43
2. SIMULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR BY MATLAB
AI M: Calculate and plot the motors V-Curve for the load condition of the given system a
480-V , 60Hz 400-hp 0.8 PF leading six pole A-connected synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 1.1O and negligible armature resistance. Ignore its friction ,
windage, and core losses for the purposes of this problem
(a) If this motor is initially supplying 400 hp at 0.8 PF lagging, what are the magnitude and
angles of B
A
and I
A
?
(b) How much torque is this motor producing? What is the torque angle d? How near is
this value to the maximum possible induced torque of the motor for this field current
setting?
(c) If EA is increased by 15 percent . What is the new magnitude of the armature current?
What is the motors new power factor?
(d) Calculate and plot the motors V-Curve for this load condition.
APPARATUS:
1) 1PC- 1no
2) MAT LAB Software
MODEL CALCULATI ON:
a) If losses are being ignored, the output power is equal to the input power, so the input
power will be
298.4kW 746W/hp 400hp = =
IN
P
This is situation shown in the Phasor diagram below:
The line current flow under these circumstances is
( )
A 449
) 8 . 0 ( V 480 3
kW 4 . 298
PF V 3
r
= = =
P
I
Because the motor is A connected, the corresponding phase current is
, the angle of the current is
( ) A 87 . 36 259 I so 87 . 36 80 . 0 cos -
0
A
0 -1
Z = = The internal generated voltage
A
E is
A s
I jX =
V E
A
V
A s
I jX
I
A
A 259 3 / 449 = =
A
I
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
44
A
E ( ) ( ) ( ) V 4 . 36 384 A 36.87 - 259 1 . 1 - V 0 480
0 0 0
Z = Z O Z = j
B) This motor has 6 poles and an electrical frequency of 60 Hz, so its rotation speed is
. 1200rpm N
m
= the induced torque is
( )
N.m 2375
1rev
rad 2
sec 60
min 1
r.p.m 1200
298.4kW
m
0ur
ind
= = =
The maximum possible induced torque for the motor at this field seeting is
( )( )
( ) ( )
4000N.m
1.1
s 60
min 1
1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 1200
V 384 480V 3
X
E 3V
s m
A
max ind,
=
= =
(c) If the magnitude of the internal generated voltage
A
E is increased by 15% , the new
torque angle can be found form the fact that constant
constant sin E
A
= P .
441.6V V) 384 ( 15 . 1 E 1.15 E
A1 A2
= = =
1
A2
1 1 -
2
sin
E
E
sin
A
=
0 0 1 -
1 . 31 ) 4 . 36 sin(
441.6V
384V
sin = =
The new armature current is
A 1 . 24 227
1 . 1
V 1 . 31 441.6 - V 0 480
0
0 0
2
A2
Z =
O
Z Z
=
=
j jX
E V
I
s
A
%M- f i l e cr eat e a pl ot of ar mat ur e cur r ent ver sus Ea
%f or t he synchr onous mot or pr obl em
%I ni t i al i ze val ues
Ea = ( 1: 0. 01: 1. 70) *384; % Magni t ude of Ea Vol t s
Ear = 384; % Ref er ence Ea
Del t ar = - 36. 4 * pi / 180; % Ref er ence t or que angl e
Xs = 1. 1; % Synchr onous r eact ance
Vp = 480; % Phase Vol t age at 0
degr ees
Ear = Ear * ( cos( del t ar ) + J * si n ( del t ar ) ) ;
% Cal cul at e del t a 2
Del t a 2= asi n ( abs ( Ear ) . / abs ( Ea) . * si n ( del t ar ) ;
%Cal cul at e t he phasor Ea
Ea = Ea . * ( cos( del t a2) + j . * si n ( del t a2) ) ;
%Cal cul at e I a
I a = ( Vp Ea ) / ( j . Xs) ;
%Pl ot t he v- Cur ve
Fi gur e ( 1) ;
Pl ot ( abs( Ea) , abs ( I a) , b , Li newi dt h , 2. 0) ;
Xl abel 1 ( \ bf \ i t E_{A}\ r m\ bf , ( V) ) ;
Y l abel ( \ bf \ i t I _ {A} \ r m\ bf , ( A) ) ;
Ti t l e ( \ bf Synchr onous Mot or V- Cur ve ) ;
Gr i d on;
ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM
45
PROCEDURE:
1) Double click the Matlab 7.6 icon on the desktop
2) Open the command window, and enter the command with the specifications.
3) Check for the errors , if any clear the errors.
4) Open figure window and draw the curve with all the points.
Model Graph:
The resulting plot is shown below
Result: Hence Plot of the motors V-curve for the load condition is obtained
Synchronous Motor V-Curve
700 650 600 550 500 450
400
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
350 E
A