light-fidelity

SUBMITTED BY : NAZIA ISHRAT ROLL NO: 1005231025

Submitted to the Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Bachelor of Technology In ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY G.B. Technical University [2012-2013]

Student Name:NAZIA ISHRAT Seminar Guide Name: ER. DIVYA TRIPATHI

Student Signature: 1

Seminar Guide signature:

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Miss NAZIA ISHRAT prepared this B.Tech seminar report titled LIGHT FIDELITY(LI-FI) under the esteemed guidance of Er. Divya Tripathi .This seminar report is submitted to the department of Electronics Engineering in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Seminar Guide Name ER.DIVYA TRIPATHI

Head of Department Dr. NEELAM SRIVASTAVA

Seminar Guide Signature

H.O.D Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me a great sense of pleasure to present the B.Tech Seminar report undertaken during B. Tech. Third Year. I owe special debt of gratitude to respected H.O.D Neelam Srivastava for her guidance. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my seminar guide Er.Divya Tripathi for her constant support and guidance throughout the course of my work. Her

sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for me. It is only her cognizant efforts that mine endeavor have seen light of the day. I also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all dignitary Staff-members of I.E.T. Lucknow for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of my Seminar report. Last but not the least, I acknowledge my friends for their contribution in the completion of the seminar report. Apart from the efforts of me, the success of this project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this report.

ABSTRACT

Whether youre using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door, or competing for bandwidth at a conference, youve probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you face when more than one device is tapped into the network. As more and more people and their many devices access wireless internet, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. But radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. What if we could use other waves to surf the internet? One German physicist,DR. Harald Haas, has come up with a solution he callsData Through Illuminationtaking the fiber out of fiber optics by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. Its the same idea behind infrared remote controls, but far more powerful. Haas says his invention, which he calls D-Light, can produce data rates faster than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier than your average broadband connection. He envisions a future where data for laptops,smartphones, and tablets is transmitted through the light in a room. And security would be a snapif you cant see the light,you cant access the data.

INDEX

SERIAL NO.
CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 2.1 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 3 3.1 LIGHT FIDELITY (LI-FI) CHAPTER 4 4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN 4.2 METHODS OF VLC CHAPTER 5 5.1 WORKING TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 6 6.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN LI-FI&WI-FI 6.2 ISSUES WITH RADIO WAVES 6.3 HOW IS LI-FI DIFFERENT CHAPTER 7 7.1 FUTURE PROSPECTS 7.2 APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 8 8.1 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 9 9.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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07-08 07 09-10 09 11-14 11 15-17 15 15 18-21 18 22-24 22 23 24 25-31 25 26 32-32 32 33-33 33

List of figures

Figure no.
Fig 1.1 Fig 2.1 Fig 3.1 Fig 3.2 Fig 4.1 Fig 5.1 Fig 5.2 Fig 5.3 Fig 6.1 Fig 7.1 Fig 7.2 Fig 7.3 Fig 7.4 Fig 7.5 Fig 7.6

Figure name
2.4 GHz Wireless Router Electromagnetic spectrum Coinage of LI-FI Transfer of data through light Communication system Working of Li-fi Block diagram Transfer of data from internet to user Four aspects of WI-FI Anticipated uses of LI-FI Use in medical field Use in airlines Use in power plants Under sea awsomeness Use of LI-FI in traffic control

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08 09 11 13 16 19 20 21 23 25 27 28 29 30 31

CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber optics by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless-communication system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The term was first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. At the heart of this technology is a new generation of high brightness light-emitting diodes, says Harald Haas from the University of Edinburgh, UK.Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you transmit a 0.Haas says,They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted data.It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate. Terms at the University of Oxford and the University of Edingburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using array of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other group are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light frequency encoding a different data channel.Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard white-light LED. The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data using light of varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten metres In October 2011 a number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-F Consortium, to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio based wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The consortium believes it is possible to achieve more than 10Gbps, theoretically allowing a high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds. Most of us are familiar with Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), which uses 2.4-5GHz RF to deliver wireless Internet access around our homes, schools, offices and in public places. We have become quite dependent upon this nearly ubiquitous service. But like most technologies, it has its
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limitations. While Wi-Fi can cover an entire house, its bandwidth is typically limited to 50-100 megabits per second (Mbps) today using the IEEE802.11n standard. This is a good match to the speed of most current Internet services, but insufficient for moving large data files like HDTV movies, music libraries and video games

Figure 1.1 . Linksys 2.4 Ghz Wireless Router The more we become dependent upon the cloud or our own media servers to store all of our files, including movies, music, pictures and games, the more we will want bandwidth and speed. Therefore RF-based technologies such as todays Wi-Fi are not the optimal way.

CHAPTER 2 2.1 VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

Many peoples first exposure to optical wireless technology was VLC. This emerging technology offers optical wireless communications by using visible light. Today, it is seen as an alternative to different RF-based communication services in wireless personal-area networks. An additional opportunity is arising by using current state-of-the-art LED lighting solutions for illumination and communication at the same time and with the same module. This can be done due to the ability to modulate LEDs at speeds far faster than the human eye can detect while still providing artificial lighting. Thus while LEDs will be used for illumination, their secondary duty could be to piggyback data communication onto lighting systems. This will be particularly relevant in indoor smart lighting systems, where the light is always on. In contrast to infrared, the so-called what you see is what you send feature can be used to improve the usability of transmitting data at shorter point-to-point distances between different portable or fixed devices. There, illumination can be used for beamguiding, discovery or generating an alarm for misalignment.

Fig 2.1 Electromagnetic spectrum The premise behind VLC is that because lighting is nearly everywhere, communications can ride along for nearly free. Think of a TV remote in every LED light bulb and youll soon r ealise the possibilities of this technology.
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One of the biggest attractions of VLC is the energy saving of LED technology. Nineteen per cent of the worldwide electricity is used for lighting. Thirty billion light bulbs are in use worldwide. Assuming that all the light bulbs are exchanged with LEDs, one billion barrels of oil could be saved every year, which again translates into energy production of 250 nuclear power plants. Driven by the progress of LED technology, visible light communication is gaining attention in research and development. The VLC Consortium (VLCC) in Japan was one of the first to introduce this technology. After establishing a VLC interest group within the IEEE 802.15 wireless personal-area networks working group, the IEEE 802.15.7 task group was established by the industry, research institutes and universities in 2008. The final standard was approved in 2011. It specifies VLC comprising mobile-to-mobile (M2M), fixed-to-mobile (F2M) and infrastructure-to-mobile (I2M)

communications. There, the focus is on low-speed, medium-range communications for intelligent traffic systems and on high-speed, shortrange M2M and F2M communications to exchange, for example, multimedia data. Data rates are supported from some 100 kbps up to 100 Mbps using different modulation schemes. Other standardisation groups are working on standardised optical wireless communication (OWC) solutions using visible and infrared light. The most important groups are IrDA with its new 10 Giga-IR working group, ISO and ICSA.

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CHAPTER 3 3.1 LIGHT FIDELITY(Li-Fi)

VLC represents only a fraction of what appears to be a much larger movement towards optical wireless technologies in general. This larger word has been dubbed Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) by Dr Harald Haas of Edinburgh University and organisations such as the Li-Fi Consortium.

Figure 3.1Li Fi- The Term Coined By Dr Harald Haas Li-Fi is a VLC, visible light communication, technology developed by a team of scientists including Dr Gordon Povey, Prof. Harald Haas and Dr Mostafa Afgani at the University of Edinburgh. The term Li-Fi was coined by Prof. Haas when he amazed people by streaming highdefinition video from a standard LED lamp,at TED Global in July 2011. Li-Fi is now part of the Visible Light Communications (VLC) PAN IEEE 802.15.7 standard. Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs. These devices are normally used for illumination by applying a constant current through the LED. However, by fast and subtle
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variations of the current, the optical output can be made to vary at extremely high speeds.Unseen by the human eye, this variation is used to carry high-speed data, says Dr Povey, , Product Manager of the University of Edinburgh's Li-Fi ProgramD-Light Project. Li-Fi is a short term of light fidelity. Just like the more commonly known wireless fidelity,it aims to transfer data through light. It is a technology based on LEDs for the exchange of data. Data will be sent via light, all kinds of light, regardless the part of the spectrum where they belong. Li-Fi has been developed by Haas whose expertise is on the mobile communications at Edinburgh University, known as the head over heels in LED from his teenage years. In that connection, Li-Fi comprises several optical wireless technologies such as optical wireless communication, navigation and gesture recognition applied for natural user interfaces .Thus it provides a completely new set of optical technologies and techniques to offer users add-on as well as complementary functionalities compared to well-known and established RF services. This could reach from a new user experience regarding communication speeds in the gigabitclass to bridge the well-known spectrum crunch, over to precise indoor positioning or controlling video games, machines or robots with entirely new natural user interfaces. Finally, these and many more could be merged to a full-featured Li-Fi cloud providing wireless services for other future applications as well. Li-Fi comprises a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths, from the infrared through visible and down to the ultraviolet spectrum. It includes sub-gigabit and gigabit-class communication speeds for short, medium and long ranges, and unidirectional and bidirectional data transfer using line-of-sight or diffuse links, reflections and much more. It is not limited to LED or laser technologies or to a particular receiving technique. Li-Fi is a framework for all of these providing new capabilities to current and future services, applications and end users.

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Fig 3.2 Transfer of data through light Within a local Li-Fi cloud several databased services are supported through a heterogeneous communication system. In an initial approach, the Li-Fi Consortium defined different types of technologies to provide secure, reliable and ultra-high-speed wireless communication interfaces. These technologies included giga-speed technologies, optical mobility technologies, and navigation, precision location and gesture recognition technologies.

For giga-speed technologies, the Li-Fi Consortium defined GigaDock, GigaBeam, GigaShower, GigaSpot and GigaMIMO models to address different user scenarios for wireless indoor and indoor-like data transfers. While GigaDock is a

wireless docking solution including wireless charging for smartphones, tablets or notebooks, with speeds up to 10 Gbps, the GigaBeam model is a point-to-point data link for kiosk applications or portable-to-portable data exchanges. Thus a two-hour full HDTV movie (5 GB) can be transferred from one device to another within four seconds.

GigaShower, GigaSpot and Giga- MIMO are the other models for in-house communication. There a transmitter or receiver is mounted into the ceiling connected to, for example, a media server. On the other side are portable or fixed devices on a desk in an office, in an operating room, in a production hall or at an airport. GigaShower provides unidirectional data services via several channels to multiple users with gigabit-class communication speed over several metres.
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This is like watching TV channels or listening to different radio stations where no uplink channel is needed. In case GigaShower is used to sell books, music or movies, the connected media server can be accessed via Wi-Fi to process payment via a mobile device. GigaSpot and GigaMIMO are optical wireless single- and multi-channel HotSpot solutions offering bidirectional gigabit-class communication in a room, hall or shopping mall for example.

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CHAPTER 4 4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs at the downlink transmitter. These devices are normally used for illumination only by applying a constant current. However, by fast and subtle variations of the current, the optical output can be made to vary at extremely high speeds. This very property of optical current is used in Li- Fi setup. The operational procedure is very simple-,data from the internet and local network is used to modulate the intensity of the LED light source if any undetectable to the human eye. The photo detector picks up signal, which is converted back into a data stream and sent to the client. The client can communicate through its own LED output or over the existing network. An overhead lamp fitted with an LED with signal-processing technology streams data embedded in its beam at ultra-high speeds to the photo-detector. A receiver dongle then converts the tiny changes in amplitude into an electrical signal, which is then converted back into a data stream and transmitted to a computer or mobile device.

4.2 Methods of Visible Light Communication

Devices used for Visible Light Communication Communication using Image Sensors

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Devices used for Visible Light Communication

Visible light

TRANSMITTER Fig 4.1 Communication system Transmitter devices of visible light communication 1.>Visible Light LED LED light intensity is modulated by controlling its current.

RECEIVER

Data rate: low speed to very high speed (up to several hundred Mbps)

2.> Fluorescent Lamp FSK modulation of high frequency fluorescent light. Data rate: up to several kilo bps.

Receiver devices of visible light communication 1.>PIN diode A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, lightly doped 'near' intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. The p-type and n-type regions are typically heavily doped because they are used for Ohmic contacts.

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The wide intrinsic region is in contrast to an ordinary PN diode. The wide intrinsic region makes the PIN diode an inferior rectifier (one typical function of a diode), but it makes the PIN diode suitable for attenuators, fast switches, photo detectors, and high voltage power electronics applications. 2.>Avalanche photodiode An avalanche photodiode (APD) is a highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device that exploits the photoelectric effect to convert light to electricity. APDs can be thought of as photo detectors that provide a built-in first stage of gain through avalanche multiplication. From a functional standpoint, they can be regarded as the semiconductor analog to photo multipliers .By applying a high reverse bias voltage (typically 100-200 V in silicon), APDs show an internal current gain effect (around 100) due to impact ionization (avalanche effect). However, some silicon APDs employ alternative doping and beveling techniques compared to traditional APDs that allow greater voltage to be applied (> 1500 V) before breakdown is reached and hence a greater operating gain (>1000).In general, the higher the reverse voltage the higher the gain.

Communication through image sensors An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used mostly in digital cameras, camera modules and other imaging devices. Early analog sensors were video camera tubes; most currently used are digital charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensors.

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CHAPTER 5 5.1 WORKING TECHNOLOGY

VLC uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data transmission and illumination. It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. The main components of this communication system are 1) a high brightness white LED, Which acts as a communication source and 2) a silicon photodiode which shows good response to visible wavelength region serving as the receiving element. LED can be switched on and off to generate digital strings of 1s and 0s. Data can be encoded in the light to generate a new data stream by varying the flickering rate of the LED. To be clearer, by modulating the LED light with the data signal, the LED illumination can be used as a communication source. As the flickering rate is so fast, the LED output appears constant to the human eye. A data rate of greater than 100 Mbps is possible by using high speed LEDs with appropriate multiplexing techniques. VLC data rate can be increased by parallel data transmission using LED arrays where each LED transmits a different data stream. There are reasons to prefer LED as the light source in VLC while a lot of other illumination devices like fluorescent lamp, incandescent bulb etc. are available. Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you transmit a 0,Haas says, They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted data.It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate. Terms at the University of Oxford and the University of Edingburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using array of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other group are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light frequency encoding a different data channel.Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard
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white-light LED. The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data using light of varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten metres.

Figure 5.1 Working of LI-FI So what you require at all are some LEDs and a controller that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LEDs flicker depending upon the data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in this method, like using an array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the lights frequency with International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.7 No.11 (2012) Research India Publications; http://www.ripublication.com/ijaer.htm each frequency encoding is a different data channel. Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps meaning
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you can download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds. Simply awesome! But blazingly fast data rates and depleting bandwidths worldwide are not the only reasons that give this technology an upper hand. Since Li-Fi uses just the light, it can be used safely in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to interference from radio waves. This can even work underwater where Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military operations. Imagine only needing to hover under a street lamp to get public internet access, or downloading a movie from the lamp on your desk. There's a new technology on the block which could, quite literally as well as metaphorically, 'throw light on' how to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-speed wireless connectivity. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in a new method of data transmission which is being called Li-Fi Light-emitting diodes can be switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to be on continuously.

Figure 5.2 Block Diagram

A flickering light can be incredibly annoying, but has turned out to have its upside, being precisely what makes it possible to use light for wireless data transmission. Light-emitting diodes can be switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to be on continuously, even though it is in fact 'flickering'. This invisible on-off activity
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enables a kind of data transmission using binary codes. Information can therefore be encoded in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly is technically referred to as Visible Light Communication (VLC), though its potential to compete with conventional Wi-Fi has inspired the popular characterisation Li-Fi.

Fig 5.3 Data from internet to user through light

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CHAPTER 6 6.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN LI-FI&WI-FI

LI-FI is a term of one used to describe visible light communication technology applied to high speed wireless communication. It acquired this name due to the similarity to WI-FI, only using light instead of radio WI-FI is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, and li-fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio interference issues, so the two technologies can be considered complimentary.

Table 6.1Comparison between current and future wireless technologies

The table also contains the current wireless technologies that can be used for transferring data between devices today, i.e. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and IrDA. Only Wi-Fi currently offers very high data rates. The IEEE 802.11.n in most implementations provides up to 150Mbit/s (in theory the

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standard can go to 600Mbit/s) although in practice you receive considerably less than this. Note that one out of three of these is an optical technology.

6.2 ISSUES WITH WI-FI USING RADIO WAVES

There are four issues with the current wi-fi scenario , which are :-

Fig 6.1 Four aspects of WI-FI 1.>CAPACITY: We transmit wireless data is by using electromagnetic waves -- inparticular, radio waves. Radio waves are scarce, expensive and we only have a certain range of it. Due to this limitation one cant forever hope to cope with the demand of wireless data transmissions and the number of bytes and data which are transmitted every month.

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2.>EFFICIENCY There are 1.4 million cellular radio masts deployed worldwide. Most of the energy consumed, is not used to transmit the radio waves,but is used to cool the base stations. The efficiency of such a base station is only at about five percent.

3.>AVAILABILITY Availability of radio waves or RW signals causes another concern We have to switch off our mobile devices in aero planes It is not advisable to use mobiles at places like petrochemical plants and petrol pumps

4.>SECURITY The radio waves penetrate through walls. They can be intercepted, and somebody can make use of ones network.

6.3 How LI-FI is different?

Li-Fi technology is based on LEDs for the transfer of data. The transfer of the data can be with the help of all kinds of light, no matter the part of the spectrum that they belong. That is, the light can belong to the invisible, ultraviolet or the visible part of the spectrum. Also, the speed of the internet is incredibly high and you can download movies, games, music etc in just a few minutes with the help of this technology. Also, the technology removes limitations that have been put on the user by the Wi-Fi. You no more need to be in a region that is Wi-Fi enabled to have access to the internet. You can simply stand under any form of light and surf the internet as the connection is made in case of any light presence. There cannot be anything better than this technology.

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CHAPTER 7 7.1 FUTURE PROSPECTS

First applications of Li-Fi have been put to use already, for example,in hospitals where RF signal are a threat due to interference problems with medical equipment such as blood pumps and other life supporting instruments. Axiomtek Europe presented such a product at the Embedded World exhibition in Nurnberg, Germany. The prototype of a mobile phone with an incorporated VLC system was presented by Casio at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas in January this year. In the coming years, we will see more Li-Fi products entering the market, both in the industrial as well as consumer markets.

Fig 7.1 Anticipated uses of VLC Technology

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7.2 APLICATIONS 7.2.1 Enhanced & Exclusive Shopping Experience

Imagine yourself walking into a mall where GPS signals are unavailable but the mall is equipped with ceiling bulbs that create their own constellation of navigation beacons. As the camera of your cellphone automatically receives these signals, it switches your navigation software to use this looking information to guide you to the ATM machine youre for.

You conclude your ATM transaction and notice the GigaSpot sign for instant digital movie downloads. You pick out that new Tom Cruise movie using your phones payment facility, and then download within a few seconds the high-definition movie into the GigaLink flash drive plugged into the USB port of your smartphone.

As you walk away, your phone notifies you that the leather jacket Tom featured in the movie is on sale nearby. You walk over towards the show window and your image comes up on the screen, wearing that coveted jacket. You turn and pose while the image matches your orientation and body gestures for a digital fitting. When you walk into the store, the clerk hands you the actual jacket in exactly your size.

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7.2.2 You Might Just Live Longer

For a long time, medical technology has lagged behind the rest of the wireless world. Operating rooms do not allow Wi-Fi over radiation concerns, and there is also that whole lack of dedicated spectrum. While Wi-Fi is in place in many hospitals, interference from cell phones and computers can block signals from monitoring equipment. Li-Fi solves both problems: lights are not only allowed in operating rooms, but tend to be the most glaring (pun intended) fixtures in the room. And, as Haas mentions in his TED Talk, Li-Fi has 10,000 times the spectrum of Wi-Fi, so maybe we can delegate red light to priority medical data. Code Red!

Figure 7.2 Use In Medical Field

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7.2.3 Airlines ( Data on the go!)

Nothing says captive audience like having to pay for the "service" of dial-up speed Wi-Fi on the plane. And dont get me started on the pricing. The best Ive heard so far is that passengers will "soon" be offered a "high-speed like" connection on some airlines. United is planning on speeds as high as 9.8 Mbps per plane. Uh, I have twice that capacity in my living room. And at the same price as checking a bag, I expect it. Li-Fi could easily introduce that sort of speed to each seat's reading light. Ill be the guy WoWing next to you. Its better than listening to you tell me about your wildly successful son, maam.

Figure 7.3 Use in airlines

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7.2.3 Smarter Power Plants

Wi-Fi and many other radiation types are bad for sensitive areas. Like those surrounding power plants. But power plants need fast, inter-connected data systems to monitor things like demand, grid integrity and (in nuclear plants) core temperature. The savings from proper monitoring at a single power plant can add up to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Li-Fi could offer safe, abundant connectivity for all areas of these sensitive locations. Not only would this save money related to currently implemented solutions, but the draw on a power plants own reserves could be lessened if they havent yet converted to LED lighting.

Figure 7.4 Use in power plants

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7.2.4 Undersea Awesomeness

Underwater ROVs, those favourite toys of treasure seekers and James Cameron, operate from large cables that supply their power and allow them to receive signals from their pilots above. ROVs work great, except when the tether isnt long enough to explore an area, or when it gets stuck on something. If their wires were cut and replaced with light say from a submerged, high-powered lamp then they would be much freer to explore. They could also use their headlamps to communicate with each other, processing data autonomously and referring findings periodically back to the surface, all the while obtaining their next batch of orders.

Figure 7.5 Under sea awesomeness

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7.2.5 It Could Keep You Informed and Save Lives

Say theres an earthquake in New Delhi,or a hurricane. Take your pick its a wacky city. The average Delhiite may not know what the protocols are for those kinds of disasters. Until they pass under a street light, that is. Remember, with Li-Fi, if theres light, youre online. Metro stations and tunnels, common dead zones for most emergency communications, pose no obstruction. Plus, in times less stressing cities could opt to provide cheap high-speed Web access to every street corner.

Figure 7.6 Use of li fi in traffic control

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CHAPTER 8 8.1 CONCLUSION

The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of interest, not least because it may offer a genuine and very efficient alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing number of people and their any devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless isnt allowed such as aircraft or hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is that it only work in direct line of sight.

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CHAPTER 9 9.1 Bibliography

1. http://ted.com 2 http://visiblelightcomm.com/ 3 http://teleinfobd.blogspot.in/2012/01/what-is-lifi.html 4 technopits.blogspot.comtechnology.cgap.org/2012/01/11/a-lifi-world/ 5 www.lificonsortium.org/

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